[000:00:00;00] such people are not of a common goal. such valiant people are unique among us, but if an emergency happens, you need to talk to people, tell where the problem happened, what and what is being done to eliminate it, this is a big policy, important, but complex and where. everything is never said about everything, igor tur's public view of the main events in the country and in the international arena. watch the propaganda project on the tv channel belarus 24.

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belarus is inspired by its own spruce, we use it as food packaging, we take dishes from this material for picnics, and in general, not a single trip to the store is complete without purchasing this inexpensive and incredibly versatile material that has properties that make it ideal for use in many areas and at the same time creating problems, for example, environmental ones, of course, it's all about plastic. today we will talk about it, because, as in all other topics. in this also science is close at hand to convince you of this. i have ekaterina for half an hour. hello and let's get started. from ivory and shell and tortoise to the invention of a complex chemical formula, let's start traditionally with the history of the issue in the middle of the 19th century, there was

a shortage of animal materials, elephants were on the verge of extinction, as they continued to be hunted. let's literally analyze the scientific parts of modern plastic in order to assess the risks to human health and nature , they can be washed out, leached in a different way. enter the soil into the water. well, further along the food chain to move to various organisms, including the human body. we will also see how belarusian scientists create a healthy alternative to the usual plastic. although we perceive plastic as the material of modernity, humanity has long dealt with, as it turned out, with natural high-molecular compounds or polymers. these are horns, tortoise shell, rubber and shellac, animal horns deformed when heated and

various products were made from them, from medallions to table devices, but how and where the synthetic plastic familiar to us appeared, we will find out right now, i propose to study the history of the issue. by the middle of the 19th century, there was a shortage of materials of animal origin, elephants were on the verge of extinction, as they continued to be hunted, or rather, the hunt was not even for them, but for ivory, it was used in the production of many goods, from piano keys to billiard balls for about the same thing happened with some types of turtles , the turtles went to the manufacture of combs, but soon there was a solution to this problem , the artisan and chemist alexander parks in 1862 invented and patented the material parkesin, it was made from nitrocellulose treated with nitric acid and a solvent

in 1866, park creates a company for mass production of the material. however, this is a business. the idea leads him to ruin, instead of parkizin comes to silanite and kisses xylonide. issued by daniel's company sawed off a former employee of the park. saa kisses the company owned. john and this business has become the most successful, so we are still use its product name in russia invent carbolite in america bakelite in germany polyvinyl chloride, and in britain an industrial method of production of polyethylene. the chemical properties that make plastic an incredibly practical and durable material also make it difficult to recycle. this is its main drawback, and the problem of the impact of plastic on the human body and the environment, we will talk with the chief researcher of the laboratory

of transboundary pollution of the institute of environmental management of the academy of sciences of belarus mosquitoes are hoarse. hello hello , the first question, which, well, probably worries everyone without exception. yes, what element in plastic has, uh, a negative impact on the human body, or are there several of these elements in general, considering plastic. of course, we must understand that this is a natural synthetic material. there is definitely nothing there, polymers or a mixture of polymers modified or associated with technological additives, and these are plasticizers, stabilizers, fillers. pigments flame retardant antioxidants and so further, they are all added in order to make fit or obtain the desired characteristics to convey lightness. strength, flexibility, uv degradation resistance, and finally attractiveness, according to some estimates, the total number of such additives is estimated at 2400

or 2.500 names, but they are used for specific plastics and are targeted for a specific application, for example, plastic used for electrical appliances. it's acrylic like den sterol plastic, high impact polystyrene polypropylene, polycarbonate and other thermoplastics. that is a fairly wide list. but to give them the necessary properties, lead cadmium chromium mercury polybromodiphenyl ether can be used in the production of polystyrene, which is intended for thermal insulation or for the production of foam , hexabromo cycle can be used, dtc heavy metals are present in the composition of pigment stabilizers, polyprom dephenyl ethers and hexabrocyclodecane are a class flame retardants, that is, it is used to impart non-combustible properties of materials and to reduce the risk

of ignition of already finished products, these latter substances are persistent organic pollutants. they are toxic to living organisms. they are resistant to decomposition and can survive for hundreds or thousands of years in the environment. they are capable of bioaccumulation, which means even in small concentrations they are able to accumulate down the food chain from lower organisms. in higher mammals, there is another feature of them. they can be transported over long distances, included in various cycles and that is why various persistent organic pollutants, including those named , are found in regions that are in no way connected with industrial activity, for example, in the arctic in the tissues and fat of polar bears in the antarctic in penguin eggs. i mean, it doesn't really matter. why is this plastic made? yes, anyway, one way or another, then he turns out to be near us and in the process of decomposition. the same ingredients. yes

, they return to us, that is, they have a negative impact on our body. by the way, how much decomposing? here is the plastic. this also depends on the type. well, as we say about it, it is a durable material and therefore the period of its decomposition is estimated at hundreds of years, that is , many times exceeds human life. well, realizing that this is a relatively young product invented by a person. we in relation to civilization there are still no such precise estimates of how much it will remain in the soil or in the ocean or in other components of the natural environment. it is clear that such as high-impact polystyrene or acrylic butadiene styrene are some thermoplastics, they are much longer retain their properties and remain virtually undestroyed polyethylene packaging different polypropylene. you see the twines. they are much more susceptible to the effects of the components of the natural environment, but still , their decomposition period is estimated at tens

of years, but speaking of plastic that does not collapse or decompose, one must remember that the so-called biodegradable plastic has already appeared. that's because science doesn't stand still. yes, the volumes of its production are still small, let's say on a global scale. this is estimated at approximately one and a half percent. well but what is nevertheless, that is biodegradable plastic. here it is differentiated roughly into two categories of plasti. which is produced using special additives that help the decomposition process in the environment under natural conditions and plastic , which is called compostable, that is , additives are also introduced, but its decomposition processes can only take place in special industrial installations, under controlled conditions, together with organic fertilizers. that is, in the end we can get compost for use in agriculture or somewhere else. let's then talk about alternatives to once

biodegradable plastic. still quite a bit hope that it will be more. yes, but a lot of people have been actively trying to find an alternative to not using palletized bags. yes, some paper. well, let's say it's more environmentally friendly materials, but they say that in the production of those very alternative options. there are a lot of resources, including emissions into the environment. and as they say alternative, well, so-so plastic. tell me, as a professional, is it really well, everything is not so good, if we are just such an alternative, uh, we take it or still, and this alternative is better than uh. this one here, uh, scary, as you described plastic, replacing plastic with metals or glass or paper is everywhere or total it is impossible, basically, because, well, they are too different.

we are like a consumer. we have our requirements. yes, and we are surrounded by different products. we have different needs, both in industry and in agriculture and so further, if we talk about the actual technological processes for the production of these products, then, of course, they are completely different and differ in the technological chain, the raw materials used, the volume and composition and structure of emissions. discharges and waste generation, that is, to directly compare like this, but to put it mildly, it is not correct, firstly, you need to know the entire life cycle of all these components or all materials, but evaluate the life cycle. let's say glass and metal in different products is quite difficult. in any case, without economic calculations. this is impossible. there are regulatory mechanisms, alternatives have already appeared when choosing some kind of household appliances, for example, an electric kettle. we can choose for ourselves with a glass flask or with a metal flask or with a plastic one. it

depends on whether we want delicious tea. or we say not so fastidious consumers or do not think about it. when you choose. yes , we, for example, with a slow cooker. yes, there are options and such and such things, quality prices and so on, but not all, the product. we can choose. it is difficult to imagine a refrigerator , a washing machine, a hair dryer, in a different design than plastic. so far, yes, and what about packaging? yes, switching to a reusable cloth bag that is easy to fold to take with you and use it. but a long time is certainly necessary and very reasonable when it comes to glass or plastic for drinks. this is a topic for a separate discussion. in my opinion. many of us remember that milk in glass bottles is not always convenient. yes, fine er, from a point of view. how to convey it? then what to do old, therefore collection processing questions. uh,

here is the waste already or has served its service life, this is on the surface and an extremely important issue. well, as i understand it, hmm if there is a choice and there is, uh, a choice between plastic and some alternative, then it’s better that you, as a specialist, recommend making a choice in favor. an alternative option, but we don’t care completely from plastic, probably, at least until we can get away. this is absolutely true, yes, plastic, it is this ubiquitous and it is in demand thanks to those characteristics that are lightness, strength, flexibility, and so on. that is, in many areas. it is simply indispensable there are mechanisms for regulating the content of hazardous substances and one of the mechanisms. for example, the stockholm convention on persistent organizers thanks to this convention

, bans have been adopted on the production and use of these antiferenes and polybromhephenyl ethers of the hexabromine dodecane cycle. and these prohibitions or, let's say, limit-restrictions. they are already in operation and the studies we have carried out the content of diphenyl ethers in polivrom. in various types of plastic approaches obsolete electrical equipment and tv monitors. refrigerators and washing machines have shown that, yes, in about 30% of cases in old equipment , bromine-containing plastic is found, in this case, an indicator of these polybromodiflonyl ethers. i think that over time this trend will be directed to the fact that we will have less and less such equipment or such waste containing dangerous things. substances, and, in principle , regulations have already been adopted in the production of equipment, including the technical regulation in force in belarus on limiting

the use of hazardous chemicals in electrical equipment; this regulation limits the content of lead. cadmium, mercury chromium of calibrated biphenyls and polygrom of dephenyl ethers, that is, the concentrations that should not be exceeded already in finished products are clearly defined, and all thanks. what is right thanks to science and the scientists who work in it direction, probably all over the world and in our country, including this is very nice. thank you for your work, for making everything around us a little cleaner in the truest sense of the word, thank you. thank you. well, we continue. you can imagine a science project nearby today in scientific parts we disassemble the usual plastic and do not miss it further. a plus in karma and help to nature we sort harmful garbage according to

science strictly by numbers, what types of plastics are processed in our country and how it happens and can there be packaging not only safe, but also smart. ah, the club of editors, it turns out that with the help of the media, humanity is being convinced that these people can control us, unravel the formula of information tactics and destroy the technology of inflating panicky servants, some would like us to instantly give an answer to every squeak. in fact. it will be wrong, which means that our opponents are forcing us to react to their hanging. all information coming from there should be divided by 10, and then again

by 10, double-checked many times, only large integrated projects can survive in today's international relations by persistently giving you a negative idea about something. believe me, there will always be finance an open dialogue about the most important social and political events in the country and the world. on channel belarus 24 we will introduce you to belarusians who have exchanged a city for a village. what is this room anyway? that's where we're at right now, barbecue with friends. this is a very interesting solution. it's a pity in a city apartment this is definitely not for you let me. is it on the balcony? well the host will try to get a taste of rural life to find out why they do it, amazing experience, i'm doing this for the first time and more than a lot of it. i have not even seen on tv for you a test to get wool

to make yarn. well, go through the real nomadic path. here is the moment when nothing is clear, but terribly interesting, we go on reconnaissance to the belarusian outback to find out the truth, when my wife after the village asks what you were doing today. i i will say that was a stone hard to believe that i was on a business trip. well, it's okay to go, that's what i was afraid of. well, in the project i am from a village on belarus 24 tv channel. despite the fact that many countries are gradually abandoning plastic , it is almost impossible to replace this material completely, as we found out today, so the only thing we can do

is use it more competently and efficiently and, of course , to look for an eco-friendly replacement for the physical and chemical problems of bsu in it, an alternative we have already found all the details in our next material. working with polymers it is necessary to either pyrolyze them, that is, burn them in simple terms or recycle, which requires large investments, or subject them to chemical decomposition. minimize costs and most importantly, harmful to our nature is possible if the plastic is not synthetic , to which we are accustomed, but literally more natural, for example, raw materials produced from renewable sources in the top, if scientifically polymeric, based on which and ld-lactides. such polymers decompose under

the influence of microorganisms; they can also hydrolyzed in physiological environments to non-toxic for the body, and hydroxycarboxylic acids all predetermine the fact that these polymers can be widely used for technical needs. but as a packaging container for food products. well, for medical purposes, they are also used as suture material for implants of systems for controlled drug delivery. in this laboratory, no physico-chemical problems of belgus university, biodegradable polymers based on lactide and lactone under close scrutiny attention for 15 years. during this time, scientists have developed technologies that allow not only to obtain the material itself in the shortest possible time, but also with the desired properties. our colleagues from the institute of microbiology

receive l and dl lactic acid. and here we are at the institute of physical and chemical problems of the belarusian state university, and we get the monomer lactitol cyclic layer ether and based on it. ah. we learned how to get, and polymers with e, good mass, molecular with good physico-chemical properties are one of the most promising biodegradable polymers scientists tell us. it is derived from cornstarch. polylaxide , this plastic decomposes by the actions of water, but it is worth noting that it does not dissolve in water, namely, it slowly decomposes in its presence. here you see samples. it's a policy-based film. yes, as you can see, it is quite durable, that is, its properties are similar to those plastics that we constantly see in packaging. we conducted a study of its hydrolysis, that is, how

it is decomposed by the action of water. here is a sample after one day, you can see that it has turned white and deformed. this is due to the fact that we carried out the process at an elevated temperature of 60 °, since it is precisely this temperature that is created under conditions when bacteria decompose organic substances, after 5 days the film. still the same. however, on the tenth day. it has already become brittle and collapsed into fairly large sections after 30 days. we see that we have quite small particles, but there are still quite a lot of them even for 50 days. we have few particles, they have a small size, that is, the film is gradually destroyed. despite the fact that polylaxide decomposes under the influence of water , it can also be used in the production of packaging. for various liquids, and all thanks to the technologies for creating long molecular chains of this polymer, the longer the chain. poured oxides. initially, the longer it will retain its mechanical properties, for example, a bottle made of such a polymer can live

for several years without problems. in order to obtain a polymer with a given set of properties, for example, with a given chain length or a with good functionality, which will later allow us to create polymers with some more complex architecture. we need a very pure monomer. we have developed an effective methodology, which we hope to allow to reduce. uh, the price of lactide. hmm, 100 g . loctida costs about 500. or even more rubles, the monomer is active scientific work in this area today with russian colleagues. we work together with the moscow state university with the first medical university, and named after the and develop on the basis of polylaxide, which was obtained in our laboratory, and receive e in implants, which have shown themselves to be

quite effective. during healing of wounds in mice at the same time they expand horizons and what is called at home one of the latest developments of employees, not smart packaging, if very simply it is a secret in a film that contains a biocidal additive in this way the product is protected from spoilage, while there is no chemistry in the product itself . no. every week, the heroes go on an adventure two hours away on a personal by car from minsk and you find yourself in the beautiful clean city. they must complete all the tasks and go through the quest, and the next task sounds like they are tired, which means it's time to relax with them, we will learn

the history of the belarusian mystices. according to legend, supposedly at this source there was once a huge mighty spruce from under the roots, which he just beat. this very source and admire the sights. this catholic church was erected at the expense of the local headman, the owners of the old meat. anthony peel. see the stone in the program, paper scissors on our tv channel. how the working days of belarusians go, the methodology is the same. what you need to work to work, that is , how an athlete gives his best, how an athlete gives himself up in training, that is, this will be the result, when you come to work in civil aviation, you become attached to your soul and body. she becomes part of her life. our task is to make your journey comfortable and safe. representatives of various fields

of activity will tell you about the features of their profession, coaching, the most important thing. well here's to find some common language to have you the athlete understood why he comes to training? why is he doing anything at all? you have learned it. this is explained from here. in the event of a power outage. no, it will continue to operate normally. watch the project one day on our tv channel. not to become a hostage to the problem of waste accumulation can help the efficiency of its processing and the involvement of secondary material resources on how polymer raw materials are processed and, most importantly,

how in this matter. can help each of us created our correspondents. plastic recycling begins with the sorting of all garbage at specialized enterprises from the contents of containers familiar to us. bio-waste and dirt are taken here. and everything that remains is divided strictly into fractions and sent to sorting lines , of which there are already 80 in our country today . republics sorting plastic is also important in science, not only type and prominent material, but even color comes to the rescue here. modern technologies, at some enterprises special separators distinguish plastic by shape. but

the films determine the optical sensors. the main polymer wastes include soft polyethylene, i.e. colored film, transparent stretch film , high-pressure polyethylene. uh, the next classifier coming up is polypropylene. these include bags from raw materials, big bags and hard plastic. these are mainly medical waste pipes, plastic road barriers and pet bottle in the twenty-second year, our company collected, sorted and delivered to the processing enterprises of the republic of belarus more than 1100 tons of polymer waste. enterprises for each type and even thickness of plastic have their own processing method and separate equipment. something is just crushed. although this case is not simple, as it turned out. that the crusher is designed for crushing plastic

with a thickness of no more than 2 cm. we throw products here. with the help of the museum, she crushes products into small fractions with a diameter of 10 mm. basically its work lies in the fact that plastic is crushed with knives. there is a sieve, fine, and everything that is crushed into fractions that sit less here wakes up. already crushed plastic with the help of air flows through scientific pneumatic transport gets into large bags, such big bags filled with crushed grains are delivered to factories where polymers will be given a second life . this machine it is called an agglomerator, it processes soft plastics and films in the emirate, and the smaller the so-called spread in particle size and shape, the better