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it is my first thing we get from the first-aid kit when our children are sick, yes, and when we ourselves feel malaise, and with the advent of the coronavirus in our lives, they began to meet him in clinics and hospitals and even at work, surely you have already guessed what i’m talking about, i ’m talking about a thermometer. and we will also study in detail such a phenomenon as a whole, as the temperature of the body and the human body, we will not limit ourselves to all this in order to prove

that science is always nearby. sometimes we just don't even think about it. this is a new popular science project belty, the radio company of the academy of sciences of belarus in the studio ekaterina gerevskaya. hello and we are starting. thanks to galileo , we will show how the world's first thermometer number 80 looked like in the mendeleev table why the choice of the inventors of the thermometer was dug for mercury and exclusive programs will show how and where electronic thermometers are made in our country. before the appearance of a thermometer in a person’s life, his role was played by the hand of the familiar truth, which means that this folk method is still alive. here, it’s only categorically impossible to call it accurate, and to track the temperature of the human body in such a way way. it's just unrealistic. to whom do we owe the appearance of the thermometer.

i’ll tell you right now the idea of ​​​​inventing a device that would measure temperature arose at the end of the 16th century from the dutch scientist gaments. however , the very first thermometer designed in 1597 by galileo was very large by modern standards and was a glass tube with a spherical ending inside there was water, which under the influence of different air temperatures. changed my state. the first medical mercury thermometer. around the same time, the italian doctor santorio invented it, marking the beginning of a new stage in the development of specific medicine. starting from the middle of the seventeenth century , various versions of thermometers appear, but they differ from each other only constructively, that is , in the form of content, and in this case , the content is mercury alone. hmm, why exactly let’s ask mercury, right now the senior lecturer of the department of general physics

of the belarusian state university, pavel, is in touch with us right now, the scientist physicist, hello ekaterina, in fact, everything is simple, firstly, mercury is in a liquid state of aggregation in the temperature range from -30° to 8° c to 350, which allows the use of mercury as a working fluid in a fairly wide range of temperatures. secondly, the thermal expansion coefficient of mercury is practically independent of temperature, which makes it possible to simplify the production process and achieve a sufficiently high temperature measurement accuracy. well, finally, mercury does not interact with glass. that is, you can use glass, and three production of thermometers, which is very cost-effective pavel thank you everything is simple and clear, as we love. it would seem that not a single century has passed, the mercury thermometer is still relevant for many, but with it now it already has the most popular competitors in home life,

of course, the electronic thermometer produces them today in our country, if something doesn’t handed over modern devices in the course from the assembly line of one of the largest enterprises in the shops my colleagues have already visited and are ready to show exclusive footage of the entire production process in our rubric. how it's done a kind of brain, that is, the key part of electronic thermometers, which creates an integral at a domestic plant, is one single microcircuit, in fact, the entire operation of the device depends on this small part . indicator. and even memory also depends on it. like many other microcircuits, not only the production of an integral begins with quartz sand, from which silicon ingots are formed, which , in fact, are the raw material for

microcircuits produced on the integral. these ingots are in this form, or in this form they are supplied to the auxiliary production of integrals, where they are cut into plates , polished, polished in this form, they arrive at one of the most secret productions of the plant, by the way, to consider, although not completely, this is still a production secret as crystals, that is, chips of future microcircuits, make our film crew let in first to make these exclusive footage. we had to change clothes three times and process the television equipment. such scrupulousness is needed because literally not a single speck of dust should get into the working area, if it settles on the crystal, the marriage will work in production around the clock. it cannot be stopped even for a few minutes if

the crystal does not pass. uh, one of the uh tests in the series, then this crystal is considered defective, and it is placed uh with paint. well , here's how, for example, here further, after controlling 100% of all crystals of the plate arrive at the next operation, where they are placed on a special film. next, the plates are cut lengthwise and across into crystals. the film is slightly stretched and placed on a specialized frame. and only ideal crystals can continue their production path. microcircuits is an integrated circuit, and it is represented here by a crystal; here , crystals are mounted on the base of the case or on the board already, if the thermometers,

ah, the machine automatically doses the glue . uh, one crystal already cut plate and stick on this glue automatically occurs. e, control, dosing, glue , the water crystal is controlled so that there are no chips, no scratches, dirt. no one takes an already fit high-quality crystal, sticks it and automatically the operator already loads it into one device. and while the quality of this installation is being controlled under a microscope , liquid crystal indicators for thermometers are being created at another production site of the integral. and after the brains and devices are made, its assembly begins. we we are located at the assembly site for the production of potions of electronic equipment here. directly at site e, we are engaged in the assembly of a thermometer, that is, the assembly of an electronic unit, then we insert the electronic unit into the housing itself; also preparatory operations with the housing ; gluing the thermistor, cap, and into

the housing; operations. that is, this is a test of functioning at different stages, when we welded the microcircuit on the board. we are performing a functional test. but, if there is a marriage, we give the contribution further for restoration. to protect the crystal from external influences, it is sealed. after the sealing has passed. we again have a functioning check after the next check of the functioning of the board goes to the assembly. uh, a block is assembled on the assembly, an electronic one is inserted there and a liquid crystal indicator , which is made by us here on the integral , there are also only conductive rubber conductors, which gives a connection between the lcd historical indicator and the board itself, that is, an indication that there is a reliable further insert the springs for the batteries and for the button. well, actually once again. we carry out a functional test, then

the blocks are assembled into a housing and quality control is carried out again, this time the accuracy of temperature measurement is checked. you know that he has two decimal places. e, that is , the error of our timur plus or minus 0 years, 1 °. we have at every stage of production and especially at the end in case our thermometer is not included. the parameters we have are digital, customization. that is, we can not disassemble the thermometer at this stage to edit, the quality of our devices is in no way inferior to all imported analogues, and in terms of their accuracy it even surpasses them and also favorably distinguishes the integral thermometer from competitors' devices. the price, they are almost half the price, they can be purchased at the state pharmacies of the country on the air of a new science tv project nearby, we continue to understand such an interesting topic. like body temperature, and that's what we'll talk about next. when 36.6 is no longer norm a, we will check modern thermometers for accuracy right in

the program studio, antipyretic tablets and folk remedies. let's ask the doctor. what methods of dealing with heat really work and the hottest animal and bird on the planet in more detail in a few minutes. good early morning, belarus with svetlana borovskaya, this is a fascinating acquaintance with unusual people. well, let's get closer to your main profession, which means that the photographs are yours. i had binoculars and it runs at me, there are all volkov that is, it turns out. mom once on a tree. no, you can't do that. for what? i just covered i’m sitting like a grid waiting for you to quickly draw everything. how thin you can immediately see. i am so fat fat voice such a world of secrets of good mood. this is how the birds sing - this is such

music, in general, the greatest composition. behind the house there are a lot of interesting stories right away, so this is happening here, maybe our little one is walking , a floorboard screamed around the museum, watch on belarus 24 tv channel . dozens of forums on the internet are devoted to user disputes about which thermometers are the most accurate, how many times they need to be measured temperature and how to resolve disputes on all topics, of course, we are unlikely to be able to, yes, and we do not pretend to be, but from the point of view of science , this problem is necessary. let's see moreover, we will conduct an experiment right in the studio, but first, let's find out, why, in principle, the temperature of our body, increases or decreases and why this mechanism is generally needed by a person's body. what is a very complex

e-e system, yes, and accordingly there is such a thing as thermoregulation. that is , this is just the same for mammals for person. eh, such a property is inherent. this is maintenance, but in a certain rather narrow, but range of internal body temperature at constant levels. that is , regardless of this, it changes with the ambient temperature. or it is cold and hot there, if the body is healthy. if a person is healthy, yes, then our temperature is 36.6 thermoregulation. yes , there is 2%, yes, this is heat generation and heat transfer. so, in a healthy person, these 2 processes are balanced, that is, heat production is formed. uh, respectively, these heat transfers occur yes, that is, uh some of the heat is released. and if suddenly, for example, it is very hot outside. but the receptors that are there in the skin perceive this

temperature and cannot specifically. for example , if it is very hot on the street of your body , a person may develop hyperthermia, that is, an increase in body temperature above 37 °. and if it’s cold outside , the ambient temperature is very low and, accordingly , the body directs all its forces to warm up and increase heat production, but for example, if a person gets into cold water, then time, even if first there is a process of heat generation, yes, then, and then, but all the same, these extreme conditions, they cool the body from the outside, and , accordingly, a person can develop hypothermia, that is, a decrease in body temperature below 35 °, and the main the function is to maintain the level, and the body temperature at a constant level is normal. yes, that is, this is a fairly narrow range in which it can change and the human body, the

animal body will feel comfortable and will go through everything physiologically. the normal level of the metabolic process of the work of the cardiovascular respiratory system of digestion, metabolism. ah, the nervous system. all this will work in the physiological norm, because with an increase in temperature, in particular with fever, of course , changes are observed from all organ systems of the body. which are not normal for a healthy body and which can subsequently lead to a rather negative -negative state of the human body, as it seems to me, and this topic has been disclosed, let's proceed to promised experiment. today we will check the accuracy of a thermometer that can be bought at a modern pharmacy, but we will do this under the supervision of a doctor ekaterina ivanovna

hello hello ekaterina, here we have a variety of thermometers, i offer myself as a test subject. let's begin. let's see which one will be first. let's start with the traditional mercury from the veteran. if possible, so to speak, bring down to a minimum shake. everything is correct, so is the standard story, right armpit tight contact with the skin on 5-7 minutes. and what general temperature standards exist today for adults, because i read somewhere that today even 37.6 is not always considered an elevated temperature, talking about some kind of disease. that's right. today we are no longer talking about the fact that 36.6 is a strict norm that everyone should have. we are all different at different ages, and therefore the temperature depends on age as well. for example, in infants and the elderly , it is slightly lower, because they have a lower ability to thermoregulate than children. older and younger adults depends

on your physical activity on temperature. e air from the time of day. even the temperature in the morning is a little lower than in the evening, so there are a lot of factors that affect the normal temperature and today it is considered good if we have a temperature of about 36. oe and one tenth of a degree to about 37.2 °, moreover, if we measure , for example, in a non-contact way, then the boundaries will be even wider, approximately 35.7 37.6 °. okay, but for now. uh, i have a mercury thermometer, another such moment. sometimes sometimes he took his temperature. not because you feel bad. yes, but i decided to take the temperature, or they measure it at the entrance, yes, and in the clinic in the hospital you understand that it is elevated yes, and they say sit a little, for example, relax there , exhale. that is, it e decreases.

how long can you take it again, let's say, to make sure that everything is in order, change the temperature, you can already in a few minutes, especially if you came, for example, from the street, yes, we measure with a non-contact thermometer, so we sat for a few minutes warmed up wiped under the forehead calmed down and measured, thank god we are sensually well, will the temperature confirm my well-being? let's watch let's. no, just a little higher. see. we have intended almost 37.5. our temperature is normal. it can be different and you are probably now, uh, intensively working. and maybe it’s even hot and exciting and exciting for you, and therefore we have the right to such a temperature and once again confirm that 36.6 is not a hard indicator that you need to hunt for great. let's see what the other cities show. which we have at our disposal today. here is the non-contact most nimble 3 seconds and everything is applied to the forehead and ready or

not everything is so simple everything is not so simple, but really non-contact temperature measurement is very convenient. it's fast. it doesn't require direct skin contact, so it's great to use where there are a lot of people, such as an airport or hospital or business. e or , for example, if we want to estimate the temperature at of a sleeping child, usually in a non-contact way , the temperature is measured on the forehead perpendicular to 3.5 cm. and 37.2 already says, our non-contact thermometer, the thermometer captures infrared radiation, the measurement on the forehead is normal up to 37.6. at 37.2, the screen was burning green, our thermometer said that this is a normal temperature, and the screen is painted red at about 37.7. then. let's test. eh, one more. uh, our copy is an electronic thermometer, we turn it on correctly. we turn on and wait for the signal that the thermometer

ready for work lights up or the degree icon puts the footboard. we are with you today armpit. we're waiting for a beep, but for an axillary measurement, usually. uh, manufacturers also recommend about 5 minutes. well, or a couple of minutes after the beep, that is, wait for the beep in this situation, not to say that the measurements have ended, but that the temperature increase on the sensor is less than 1/10 degree in 16 seconds. well, or get back a little differently from other manufacturers. if we we measure the temperature in the mouth or rectum with this thermometer, then a minute will be enough. i already squeaked there. so let's wait 2 more minutes, like you said, yes, after the beep? let's talk about what for now, but is it always worth drinking an antipyretic and if the temperature is high and is it true that you definitely shouldn’t drink them if the thermometer is less than 38.5, if you set 38.5, well, you feel

well, you are able to eat and drink and your daily activities are not disturbed, then you you may as well not lower this temperature. and what can you say about folk remedies, because the high temperature was once wiped with alcohol. and today they say that you need to apply something cold to those places on the body where large blood vessels are located and wait. uh, when the temperature subsides some of these methods have the right to life in no case wiping with alcohol , vinegar and other aggressive liquids, and the skin is an active suction surface. especially in children and uh, applying alcohol to the skin, we not only cool the child, but also force alcohol to be absorbed through the skin and the health of this child does not add ice to the area of ​​​​large vessels, a completely acceptable story on the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe axillary carotid arteries, for example, some of the methods. we can use yes but uh it's very important

that the method is secure. great, i think you can definitely watch. you see, almost the same as on a mercury thermometer, see 37.5. you and i found absolutely the same temperature of mercury and non-contact. here's one more time. we are convinced that these are devices that are just as accurate and it makes absolutely no sense to take risks using a glass device with mercury and we have another thermometer, but positions it as, uh, non- contact children may be slightly lower than in adults and in general for non-contact measurement, but rather wide boundaries. yes, approximately 35.7 37.6 non-contact measurement will be slightly different again on different parts of the body, in addition, children's thermometers. now many have modes with which you can measure the temperature in the room, not only the temperature of the body and the temperature of the surface, for example, water for bathing a baby or e.

feeding mixes and the last question. ah, tests. what indicators there should alert, let's say, and what indicators react to elevated temperatures. i advise you to start visiting your doctor anyway. he will make a decision. does he need more information about your condition. health, if he needs it, he will recommend. what specific tests you need to pass, what indicators in the tests are of interest to him and then, respectively. the pro will interpret your tests and decide on further treatment tactics. i understand that even in the matter of raising the temperature to self-medicate, as in all other matters relating to health, you should not manage your temperature. you can do it on your own, but any active actions regarding the testing of antibiotics should be discussed with dr. ekaterina thank you very much for that we taught the rules

of temperature measurement and answered the questions relevant to our topic, we consider the experiment completed and successful. you remember the school program well, refresh it in your memory, young intellectuals will help you. is it true that this engraving depicts the chinese philosopher confucius ? and how long have you been at a construction site to avoid it. only if you give the right answers, who saved

the lives of the romulus babies, pitolist, she-wolf even so, then we love the viewers very much, when the tower falls, we don’t like it very much, when all my questions are answered, and it is possible to distribute the brain correctly in the company of belarusian athletes, where the first games of the cis countries were held , let it be kazan. well , i don’t know if i guessed or not, but intuitively watch intellectual projects on belarus 24 tv channel. we talk about the manufacturing enterprises of our country. we make a very amazing and rare product, because there are so many companies that make watches outright doing production. our slogan is guarantor quality. purposeful people work here. our team. this is a team

of like-minded people, united by common goals to achieve the best work results, we share their development history and achievements sometime in the zero years. hey, i set myself a challenge. i told her that there are quite a lot of young people at the enterprise to make a watch with one hand. and it certainly contributes, because, well, the youth of this energy. this is life, see the quality mark program on our tv channel. what is only a body human analyzes this topic, we will not limit ourselves to a word about how important temperature is for animals.

sufficiently high body temperature in animals, this is not a simple physiological norm, in fact it is a mechanism that allows them to survive in a variety of environmental conditions 37.5 to 39, but obviously this is due to revolutionary processes, because animals still did not live in such comfortable conditions they live like a person, therefore they have to adapt. uh, in particular, he talks about this, and that the pokrov most animals regulate their temperature due to their own cover, let's say animals. eh, winter. they are covered with thicker fur so that the heat does not escape. warm-blooded mammals, that is , scientists call almost all animals homeothermic, produce heat. thanks to muscle contraction, about 30% more is provided by the work of the brain, and the rest of the warming occurs due to the work of all internal organs, plus in order to survive in such

harsh conditions. in the same warm-blooded animals, they have, uh, quite wide temperature range during the day, their temperature fluctuates by 1-2 °, unlike humans. if their body temperature, for example, due to winter weather drops to 10 °, they simply go into hibernation . they have enough energy to support life due to brown fat. as for birds, their temperature seems to be even higher, for example, in chickens our normal temperature is considered to be up to 42 degrees, and ducks , even up to 43 degrees, they have a more intense metabolism and are also genetically related to the fact that they have a high energy consumption. e for flights of course, our pets already. well, let's say that a bird is also domestic animals, respectively, they do not fly, but

genetically they have preserved a constant temperature, such a higher range in this regard. even just wondering our migratory birds. basically, it is a carrier, for example, the same ducks. uh, they carry the same flu virus. every year they bring new strains of the virus, but due to the high temperature of 43 ° they themselves do not get sick viruses under such conditions simply do not can be activated if we take our other cold-blooded wards, these are bees, one bee. it cannot regulate body temperature, but bees are a collective organism. they are in the hive in winter. eh, they're getting into a ball. outside this cup, a very dense heat-insulating layer arises from individuals of individual bees, bees create by vibrations of their flying muscles