[000:00:00;00] and i remembered the prices that her late mother once told her about this terrible tragedy, then in the forty-second year the germans shot the women of the children in the forest, the belarusians, a search party using special technologies, examined the area, a kilometer from the village found the remains of those killed during investigation of the case of the genocide of the belarusian people was established on a witness, a native of the village, but who, according to her mother, knows, and that during the years of the great patriotic war uh, the nazi invader invaders are their accomplices. uh, they gathered local residents, supposedly to carry out some kind of work, which means they took them. uh, on this country road right here. here are the villages of bulyshevichi, but literally, and after 200 m from the village itself,

they turned the cut to koe, the forest area, to a specially dug hole? there are plans to reburial the remains in the village and perpetuate this place with a memorial complex. this is the second mass grave, discovered in this village, the employees of the prosecutor's office laid flowers on the already bugging the monument, where 11 fighters and parties killed during the war and buried at 19:00

more information. see you. without exaggeration, in almost every soviet family, on the kitchen shelves and sideboards, there were products made from this material today. it has come into fashion again, both in our country and abroad, and this crystal- clear material got its name from the greek word , which is translated as ice. speech, as you probably already guessed about crystal, that's just in contrast to modern man. our ancestors admired beauty completely and new crystal, we will eliminate the confusion in concepts today and, according to tradition, we will literally analyze the scientific parts, the composition of this perfect , both internal and external material, in order to prove once again that even in the crystal theme, science is nearby in ekaterina’s studio hello and do not miss it in

the next half hour. the sumerians or the british, who first learned how to create crystal? we will find out what is added to glass today so that the crystal sparkles with the right colors and we will figure it out without which component the production of crystal would be impossible. peculiar sound perfect transparency and thin edges for it all, we love and appreciate crystal, but it turns out, he is so thanks to the combination of glass and lead oxide, to whom we owe the appearance of the crystal formula. tell me right now. it is believed that for the first time glass with lead oxide was combined in ancient mesopotamia, where they actually invented the very technology of creating glass. however, historians

have come to the conclusion that, most likely, it was an accident rather than a well-thought-out move, otherwise there would have been some data on the production technology according to in fact archaeologists. in ancient the sumerian city of nepur. only particles of the product were found, in which a small amount of lead oxide was found, therefore it is generally accepted that the british were the first to create crystal, according to historians in 1615, the english king jacob was the first to forbid the use of wood in production , the only exception was the shipbuilding industry , the owners of factories and the current situation they went out as best they could, for example, in factories where glass was produced, wood was replaced with coal and one. the workers found that in the charcoal oven the glass loses its color and becomes crystal clear, conducting similar experiments in 1676 glassmaker and experimenter equals skorot discovered crystal a durable material

that is obtained by combining glass and lead oxide crystal, which we are all used to people saw in 1932 in new york, a group of scientists finalized the formula crystal and made it as transparent as possible. more than 90 years have passed since then, and by this moment the researchers were able to derive the virtually perfect formula of crystal, it is about it to us as far as possible, simple and clear, i promised to tell the deputy dean of the faculty of chemistry belgo from the university, natalya hello. so what is such a crunch from a chemical point of view and how it happens. good afternoon. i am very happy to welcome everyone to the studio. and if we now talk about crystal, then first of all we should decide. we just

want to understand that the word is crystal, and accordingly, if we are talking about rock crystal, like the mineral, then the chemical formula of rock crystal is silit, the sum of two would like to be noted. what an interesting the fact that even in chemistry lessons at school, but they always said that two silicium is the formula of sand, and so, indeed , sand crystal has the same formula from a chemical point of view, however, depending on the location of the structural units of the crystal lattice . we can observe either rock crystal, or, well, it can be sand, if we talk about crystal as dishes , that is, when we talk about crystal dishes, then, accordingly, the main base is still the main base and we are two silicates, but at that same time. and additives are added there , certain crystals, in this case it is especially all the glass, which contains, in addition to selicium, 2 more lead oxide or barium oxide, natalia has one more question. how

does crystal change color? yes, indeed crystal tableware, it can have a different color. we can observe this even relatively speaking in stores, or in some shops where they sell crystal tableware. so the color of crystal gives oxides of various metals. so in particular copper oxide. maybe color crystal green, manganese oxide violet, well, depending on the oxide of the element, crystal can acquire one color or another. in fact, the same thing happens with rock crystal, which is a mineral of natural origin. there are also micro-additives of any other elements in the process. give this absolutely pure transparent crystal its color. no thanks. no questions for you. we don't have any more.

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and yet the main component of crystal was and remains glass, and it, in turn, is made from quartz sand. what should it be like in order for a crystal product to be obtained and mined in our country. find out to him deputy director general of the scientific and practical center for geology of the ministry of nature and environmental protection of belarus galina borisovna hello hello ekaterina galina borisovna let's start with what kind of sands are in general and smoothly approach our main character, the creator of the sands - it's already, well, transformed material from previously such parent rocks, which poured out in antiquity, and now, under different conditions, these rocks were destroyed, forming sands of various compositions, forming, maybe there minerals that are out of the rocks already. given in their composition, they also belong to those, uh, from which they were formed, here

we have the usual ordinary, yes, spar irrigation. quartz. they are also formed from granites from rocks of acidic composition. so, galerites can have different compositions there. here is the sand already enriched with glauconite. that is, it was some kind of shale that contained such a little green additive, but this is pure quartz sand with you. you can see that they are very different in color. quartz sand its origin, two, when the parent rocks were destroyed and there was no access to them, no water, no air sand granules. then they are less rolled, maybe even more durable, but secondary sands are already sands, which then water and air began to flow in, so they began. it is affected by water, washed out the sand , sometimes even carried it over considerable distances,

while washing it and cleaning it because the grains of sand rubbed against each other. they became cleaner, all clay particles, were served and the sand was already becoming of pure quality, where the content of silicon dioxide co2 reaches and then up to 99% of the primary quartz sands we, as it were, do not have. yes, we already have a secondary one, that is, they were carried by water, carried by the wind. we already see, there are, as it were, other superimposed processes on this sand, which is why it is called secondary, that is, these are already transfer processes and processes of the influence of other factors, but this is all sand, all samples. this is in our country. yes, it's sand. yes, this one is belarusian we can see anywhere. here is a sandbox , yes, and on the banks of the rivers of lakes and so on in the hours, probably, here is ordinary yes ordinary sand, yes greenish greenish - this sand more glauconite it, let's say. so especially the direction

of use, even perhaps , glauconite has not been studied more than clay material, so let's say so for construction work. he is not very suitable. the only thing that can be used in some paint is to add somewhere else, that is, for color and the main character. yes, quartz sand, of course, it has a direction use is very large, that is, crystal is not the only direction. most of our e-quartz sands are used in the production of glass and for the production of molding products, the sand is used for the production of glass according to gost , there must be a content of dioxide, the so-called free co2 quartz silicon must be at least 95, and 93% is sufficient for the production of molding products. quartz content. for the production of glass , there are more stringent requirements for the content of iron oxides, because iron is

it gives a harmful impurity. worse melting can impede the color of glass, that is, grades of quartz sand ugu for production are divided from the iron content. here are the glasses according to the iron content. there are, for example, dark glass. this brand t happens. there semi-light ps glass is the best, of course. this is for especially light products. there above you there grades. these are the sands, which are specifically for the production of crystal. yes , the content of iron oxides, it should be no more than 0.01 just a little bit. consider this an impurity that we will not see visually, nor in any other way, that is, no more than one hundredth only then. here it can be used for crystal. ours is natural. the sand is a little, of course, not of the same quality as this one we see now, it is already enriched sand, it has been washed out, it

has been cleaned of all harmful impurities, it has practically no impurities, that is , a serious technological process has already been completed here. yes, here is already the sand that can be used for glass, anyway , here it is in its pure form so that we take it , there are only, well, some samples there or separate deposits where there is such clean sand, but in order to put it into production. he's getting rich anyway. here is the sand. i know that you have a scientific and practical center underway. uh, serious research is precisely quartz sand, which is under scrutiny. but today, first of all, of course , we hmm are aimed at hmm exploring deposits, yes, which could also carry out import substitution processes. and let's just create a mineral resource base for hmm those industries that we have to find,

where to determine the degree of its suitability. to define, let's say, the enrichment technology, that is, what processes are necessary in order to enrich it for production, i already understand correctly, uh, in order to get a crystal product, and quartz sand must be of very high quality with a minimum iron content, right there at all. yes, there are some other criteria and how do we work with such sand, that is, we still take our sand and process it and the technologies work and work on our cheese. yes, the gomel mining and processing plant is the only one for now. here is a porn enrichment plant that works specifically on quartz sand, because you can simply wash, let's say this one, but not enrich it. but enrichment is carried out at the gomel mining and processing plant. yes, and uh, the processes there are quite simple. that is, it is a wash,

a wash. this is a drying hydrosizer, that is , and then there is a classification, because each direction needs its own requirements, if it is the ministry of industry, then there are certain requirements for all raw materials classifies and then sent and delivered to all factories of the belarusian glass company. and also quartz sand is used for sandblasting a thing there, that is, it is anywhere, maybe quartz sand, probably now it is also used in art and draws it with sand. can also tint in different colors and draw and it will also be wonderful. the main thing is to have talent. well, if biologists only have to find this talent too, yes , all the conditions for in order to extract and give the conditions for it to come out of it later it turned out to be an industrial product, but on the planet in general there are, perhaps, some strange ones,

where there are deposits of precisely quartz sand of the kind that is needed for the production of crystal. there is, of course, this is belgium before it was you remember that there were crystals in the czech republic in soviet times. yes, czech glass and plus czech crystal, these are crystal factories in germany, besides the glass itself, there are a lot of all sorts of additives and additives, and uh, everything else. for example, yes, here we have. uh, a reserve, one that still needs to be studied before scouting it. perhaps we will also face the fact that there will be a sufficiently high quality, or at least that it will be possible to enrich it. up to those requirements that are necessary for our factory with crystal products. for some reason i have no

doubt that you will succeed. we will hope for this and we will also work for this. thank you, and we continue and look further. we strain our eyes and ears. how to distinguish real crystal from a fake? find out why all this time, scientists, creating the thinnest and purest glass, were only trying to repeat what nature had already created. and carefully study the real rock crystal. you will meet son, i have nothing to do with him.

igor no longer wants to see anything with you. again you fell on my head, i slept. this. actually, you ran me over with a business proposal. you're asking me to pretend to be your fiancee and pretend to be a bitch in front of other people. are you seriously watching the series coffee flavored love these days? weekend on tv channel belarus 24. contingency management introduces the entire public

state of a certain shock now this is the main strategy that will use the west and beyond the laws through. through elections. radicals to power. they will never come, the people hate them by military means. now belarus cannot be defeated. so, the bet will be made on terror. extremism is not before anything the west will not stop any means for belarus they have scenario one twenty- four twenty-fifth year any attempt at the cost of blowing up the situation from the inside. today we must be ready every day to defend our world, including sovereignty in the project objectively. do not miss new releases on belarus 24 tv channel. real crystal is quite easy to distinguish from

a fake. the main thing is to know how my colleague valeria vasilyeva went to the company store of an enterprise and a leader in the production of crystal products in our country in order to learn how to choose a really high-quality product. it is best to buy a trusted manufacturer with a long history, in our there is a brand in the country, whose products are valued without exaggeration all over the world, will tell you how to choose crystal, what to focus on. what is the difference between glass and crystal, mainly it is transparency, thin beautiful ringing

of the density of the product, naturally, the play of light with the help of facets, which is applied to crystal products. and now about everything in order, for example, a lot of thin edges on products. their appearance is possible thanks to a special technology that combines manual labor and naturally plays a big role the material itself is on crystal, they can be made so subtly and in large quantities. it is possible to make them on glass, but it is on crystal that they reveal this possibility of refraction of light, which gives such a beautiful shine. the density of the product is also a key criterion, crystal products are never light, so they are hard enough to break and the transparency of the glass is given by the very lead oxide. on the sticker, it is always

applied to the composition of crystal, this is lead oxide, which indicates that this is a crystal product itself. that is, if we don’t have this sticker, well, in general, in every set, yes, it is present, if this glass does not have this sticker. despite the fact that all the world's crystal manufacturers have their own technologies , they still adhere to the same classification. if your product contains up to 10% lead oxide, this is considered to be a simple crystal glass, with 18-20% there is little lead product, and here, with 24% and more expensive crystal, this is exactly what is produced at the belarusian glass factory in berezovka , and the brand's products also have their own unique characteristics. this is our signature drawing mill very popular enough on a large assortment. it is presented in our glasses glasses wine glasses. well , the last most literally subtle characteristic of our crystal is its

ringing. this is our new collection, which is very much in demand by buyers. i just didn't have time to carry it all the time. to preserve all the beauty of crystal, you need to know how to take care of it. crystal does not tolerate high temperatures, so you can’t drink hot drinks from it, as well as wash it in hot water should not be used in dishwashers, otherwise the transparent product will quickly become cloudy. these are the key rules when using crystal products that have lasted 10 years. back in the water again. recently, uh, buyers are very focused on crystal, because there is a large selection of so many collections and the buyer chooses crystal more than glass. although in glass. we also have

a large assortment. and now for the purity of the experiment. i want to find out for myself where the crystal is. where is it not in the first place? sound? as we found out, it is long and very, very voiced, now we are looking at this option. there is no such sound. and plus there are no stickers either, which means it's not crystal. now let's check this one. and in comparison this one i think the difference is obvious and now i can say with confidence that it has been tested on myself. at the very beginning of the program. i didn’t say in vain that our ancestors admired the crystal

clearness of completely different crystal, which we have been talking about all this time, it turns out the 17th century. people tried only to repeat what nature itself did, namely rock crystal was once called ice by the ancient greeks, and modern man, trying to make a mineral with his own hands. the crystal retained this name. what does real rock crystal look like and when and why did a person start using it, i propose to find out right now. man took up rock crystal in antiquity, of course, there were no mines, then there were no people looking for it on the rifts of rivers, pieces of the mineral were split and polished. and by the way , it was very difficult to do this; the products were polished with fine sand pastes using for this, coarse ropes made of vegetable

fibers. rock crystal is called natural quartz quartz, which nature itself has grown, such a crystal looks like a sharpened pencil of a pyramidal shape, it must be like this, it has a sharp tip, and it should be transparent , colorless without any impurities and turbidity inside only such quartz is called rock crystal , but, and the crystal that we have at home is artificial glass, which was made at the factory, for example, quartz sand, some additional substances were added there and then it turns out such a crystal, which you then make vases, glasses, chandeliers. well, products made of rock crystal, there are very few of them.

the first manufactory that made beautiful products from rock crystal appeared in russia in the xii century in the city of goose-crystal. in fact, even if we take our entire planet earth as a whole, because nature cannot grow a large enough number of huge crystals, so the sculptor could carve out of this crystal, for example, a vase or some kind of bowl here is the armament of the chamber in the kremlin in moscow , the samovar of peter i is stored, which is also made of a single crystal crystal, that is, it is a rarity. such products are now in museums look. they are centuries later. everything is also amazing, because when cutting and polishing rock crystal, its brilliance becomes similar to diamond, so rock crystal is also used in jewelry . i can also say that it is now fashionable

to go sunbathing under the artificial sun in a solarium. so this artificial sun is made of rock crystals, if we will melt this stone, it will melt at a temperature of more than 1,000,570 ° when heated. it becomes liquid. and if we then cool it quickly, we get quartz glass. and if we had unusual quartz glasses in our windows, then we could sunbathe, right here, without going outside, and the quartz lamps familiar to all of us for disinfection are also made of rock crystal, quartz glass transmits ultraviolet rays and once in in ancient times , various healers in tibet, india, china and mongolia and others, they treated wounds precisely.