for a long time it was believed that citrus fruits are local dike, trees and shrubs that grow throughout europe and the lands of the middle east. however, modern historians have come to the conclusion that the ancestor of citrus fruits is citron. it was brought to greece at the end of the 4th century bc by alexander the great a. that's where we found out quite recently, i propose to study the history of the issues together, the latest studies conducted by geneticists from france, spain and the usa indicate that the first citrus fruits appeared in south or southeast asia after that, they began to spread across west pakistan and central china. and then they appeared in new guinea on the islands

of polynesia and milanesia and even in the northeast of australia, and it’s all the same to say where . the process of domestication is also little known. however, every year scientists conduct more and more studies that bring us closer to the truth. so researchers from the joint institute of genetics of the us department of energy and institute of agricultural research of valencia about sequenced, that is, determined the nucleotide sequence of dna and rna or the genome of 30 species of plants of the genus, citrus, by this time they had the results of another study in their hands. they analyzed the already known genomes of 28 species of this genus, plants, and the rhinium cv genus. this, by the way, is also a relative of citrus fruits. the result of this long and voluminous study was the conclusion that citrus fruits appeared about

eight million years ago. wasabi is northeastern india and the south in the east, china these assumptions are confirmed by archaeologists over the next 2 million years, citrus fruits spread across atropical asia and then to many regions of the planet, but with a great delay to egypt citron. i arrived only 2,500 years ago, and europe tried citrus fruits and did it only at the beginning of our era. you will probably be surprised, but lemons were brought to belarus before potatoes were on the tables. all citrus fruits turned out to be back in the xv century, while potatoes were almost two centuries later. and now some information for

understanding what kind of fruit it is, and in the literal sense, citron, the progenitor of citrus fruits, became the father of mexican lime or lemon, orange is the result of crossing pomelo and tangerine, and grapefruit of a similar process, in which orange and pomelo were already involved, we will continue to understand the species. and, of course, varieties of citrus studio program and do. this will be the head of the laboratory of greenhouse plants of the central botanical garden of the academy of sciences of belarus ekaterina valerievna hello hello, please tell me why we have been reading in the botanical garden the greenhouse yes citrus fruits and how many species and varieties of citrus growing in belarus began in the 15th century. there were also citrus fruits in the grand duchy of lithuania. they are only at the tables of rich nobles on the tables of princes, but already from the 15th century. we can say that little by little citrus fruits began. appears in our country in the central botanical garden for the first time citrus fruits appeared in the late thirties of the last century, then the collection

consisted of over 50 species and varieties citrus fruits. well, of course, during the great patriotic war, the collection was badly damaged, but it was not completely destroyed and revived. she started somewhere in the late seventies of the last century at the initiative of the kosmolsky academy, at that time he was the director of the botanical garden. the first to appear in the collection was a lemon, pavlovsky is considered to be the most auspicious. uh, the most suitable species for cultivation in greenhouses of northern latitudes. it is also suitable for indoor citrus growing. well, then other varieties appeared, either monmers or monmonokella, which is considered very resistant to all diseases and pests of citrus fruits, today we have 109 species and varieties of citrus plants in our collection all the time. replenishment of the collection work with lovers of citrus growers, and. and, of

course, with the leading institutions of other countries in this field. are there citrus fruits in the botanical garden today, right here belarusian ones, bred by our scientists, perhaps, among our specimens, so to speak. they are. yes, of course, for about 20 years. years. we are doing selection work. we have five varieties of selection of the botanical garden grapefruit orange dwarf pomelo, bogatyr varieties of lemons, fragrant folk and belarusian world and that's among them. uh, today's, uh, our guests, yes, and there is a lemon of the world , the belarusian world of belarusian yes, and a fragrant lemon. well, that is, its name, but absolutely describes all its properties. it's really very flavorful. here is the real flavor of lemon. well, the belarusian world

thinks it does not need any additional advertising. everyone knows him. all he is loved, thanks to his taste and appearance, he has a very thin peel , very, juicy pulp. in general, one of the most popular varieties. well, not only in belarus, but i am not afraid of this word all over the world. that is, you also distinguish them externally. yes, according to the varieties, you can say, yes, of course, it is necessary. that is zhura there, maybe different thicknesses. yes, yes, but in terms of color that they are all, well, sort of, yes. well, do you have any copies there? absolutely right. let's say, this lemon, a lemon is also a lemon. yes, cardboard also known as red lemon. because of the color of the peel, it really is so unusual that it looks like a tangerine, but in fact it is a lemon. i suggest that you and i take a short break, because

your entire collection in the citrus greenhouse has already been examined, my colleagues are ready to share with us right now both personnel and important and useful information. under what conditions are citrus fruits grown in our country? let's watch. in the lemonarium of the botanical garden, she is a scientist in belarus. anton olekhna comes in as to his native home, and it is logical that he devoted and continues to devote his entire research path to the study of citrus fruits . it is hard to imagine, but only a few decades ago the greenhouses were half empty. union was all were not given heating and we had to do something, because, well, we traveled a lot and came to the conclusion that citrus fruits,

and then how everything stabilized there, and we decided to say, of course, the collection is better. and so the collection began. and so it was. we have 3-4 varieties, just now we already have even for the first time in belarus, we already have our own five varieties. it appears they are registered. we also have interesting varieties. i even washed such a very beautiful review, they already write a lot of very large ones, because it turned out very well and fruitful. you see, ours. the variety is a pomelo, he named my batyr variety, it’s ours, he wears well

and hides well and unpretentious such, or for belarus he is very handsome. big fruits are interesting here, what's more interesting are they? they bloom all the time, even for a month. always there on there are breeders who even have hundreds of varieties, then there are flowers and fruits and flowers. the belarusian world has many trees of the world, but it is on one higher that the fruits are large healthy fruitful such annual first years, the sea. maybe the second one later, in fact, so we have it too, yes, we registered.

there are pomelo if there are many varieties of grapefruits. work in the lemon garden is carried out all year round during the most beautiful season. this, of course, when every tree is covered with fruits and it is autumn, so that the harvest is of high quality scientists constantly improves the care system , experimenting, experimenting and deriving the ideal formula for their content. but the most important thing in this matter is noted by the researchers. this is humidity and it should be 60-70%, because the homeland of exotic plants has a humid subtropical temperature, they

love high temperatures, but they live well in winter and only at plus three degrees. the same new zealand lemons with which they wanted to be photographed, literally all the visitors of the exhibition, intellectual belarus were grown here. and to be more the scientists took concrete fruits from this tree. walking through this greenhouse, periodically, and people whose hobby is the cultivation of citrus fruits. a lot of lovers that we greens the same and experiences and the plants themselves. we have already arrived. somehow go was born that it was at least going to gather here. we even do it twice a year. by the way, if you want to start growing citrus fruits, this is advice from experts, it is better to buy the first tree in the botanical garden store, since it

was bred in our native conditions. a it means it is already adapted and risks. his death is much less. you are watching the science project nearby today we are studying the world of citrus fruits, stay with us ahead of a lot of interesting things. to taste the light and size , we will hold a tasting of belarusian lemons , tangerines and even citron together. how to take care of exotic plants at home and who are these citrus growers will you find out very soon? any journey can be exciting, exciting and full of adventure. this is the western gate, belarus, but this

gate is guarded by a symbol of the city of eleven meters strength that is in my mind. perhaps a symbol of our entire country , we offer to explore together the natural beauty and rich architectural heritage of belarus today , our amazing journey will pass through a wonderful city with many different unique places of interest with its amazing atmosphere of architectural monuments, there are only two, this is a synagogue and a gymnasium. but you won’t believe the monuments to the heroes of the whole lena, but now i ’m in a real bunker, which has been preserved here since the cold war on second floor on the night of 22 to 23 november 1812 . you have 24 with us to belarus . the significance of belarus the geopolitical significance of belarus significantly exceeds

the scale of our country, and the president immediately liked its resource potential for this, saying that we are 30 years old. we live in a peaceful, peaceful independent belarus due to the fact that every day we prepare for war, war does not forgive. weakness war does not forgive unwillingness we are peaceful people these are the first lines of our national anthem no one believes in the possibility of war. what for fucking, and progressively increase their military spending. we understand that if we don’t finish it here now, then we will have to finish our money nuclear weapons means of ensuring our security means of deterring those madmen who would like to repeat at forty. the first year of markov's project nothing personal only the truth, which is always more interesting at home. watch on belarus 24 tv channel. we

return to the studio of the program and continue talking about citrus fruits . you really have no idea how fragrant ours are today's objects of study ekaterina they can be eaten right? yes, absolutely all citrus fruits are edible. and then it's a matter of taste, so then i declare the tasting open. well, let's continue then, so to speak , we figured out the lemon ones and they are different here. yes , you can try, of course, try. well , i, of course, hardly determined, but the taste. it's not sweet or sour at all. yes, this

is the most notorious lemon of the world. yes, he even has a little bit with such a record, that is, in the store you can buy this i understand correctly, but you know sometimes you can meet, but extremely rarely and in very small quantities, that is , you need to grow it yourself yes the most reliable way to grow it yourself, is it the same or not. it will already be ah, fragrant lemon. try it. and the leather is absolutely soft. yes, absolutely true, and fragrant and lemon of the world are varieties of our belarusian selection. what is their advantage, they are more stable

compared to their counterparts, even from other countries, because they are grown in our conditions. they are adapted to our light regime and temperatures. therefore , this is the main advantage of our citrus crops. but, from one tree , everything is a lemon, how much is that. well, if we take years there, for example, how many. here is the first year , understandable, probably, will not bear fruit. yes? well, yes, as a rule, citrus fruits are vegetatively decomposed and begin to bear fruit in the fourth to fifth year, they can set fruit earlier, but it is recommended to remove these buds here, because it is considered that the plant is small. here are the citrus fruits quite large heavy and plants. first you need to increase the green mass. great to keep these fruits here, well, on average, ah. it all depends on the variety and on the age of the plant in the first years

, 1 2 3 lemons may appear. but, and then, and when the plant is replanted more and more, the pot will grow and the number of fruits will even increase, but it’s scary to imagine. what size is the tree already, uh, with which this miracle, so to speak, grows. tell me what it is. this is the correct one from the show. that's right. this the same lemon from the exhibition new zealand lemon variety we have in the lemonarium. this is a huge tree. he is about 30 years old, somewhere around three and a half meters in height and ripens on him. these are the big fruits, the scales can reach kilograms. this is the result of crossing what? this is the result of crossing lemon and citron. yes, all citrus fruits are hybrids. as you already said at the beginning of the program, initially in nature there were

only three types of mandarin pomelo and citron, and everything else is already hybrids, but including lemons, lemon, by the way, is natural hybrid, but there are varieties obtained, and as a result of selection so well, i can’t help but try it, of course. no, lemon, fragrant was sweeter. the sourness feels so good. yes, but still, this is such a hybrid of lemon and citron, therefore, well, yes a how much is stored in the refrigerator, for example, or is it better not to store them in the refrigerator at all, and you can store in the refrigerator for up to several months, new zealand lemon, thanks to its such. here, uh, with a dense peel, it can last longer, maybe even not stored very well. yes? no, there

where is the skinny? yeah, there are normal. this one. well, no, although nothing will. everything is all vitamins, of course, and we have what i thought it was tangerines, it turns out. here , too, there is a lemon to tell, such as in detail, but for now i will try. yes, here we have , uh, cantonese lemon, but there are also small fruits, colobandin. these are hybrids too. yes, this is a hybrid of tangerines and kumquats, they can even be eaten with a peel. well, you can clean it up. and yes, here they are. yes, these are small, right? i also thought it would sweet, yes, but actually sour, actually sour, but still pleasant sourness. and these, too, in terms of taste are the same, yes, approximately. yes, they are real, lemon. no, not the slightest. eh, some kind of

mixture of something sweet, a real lemon like that. here it is mine, it looks like a tangerine, but it tastes like a real lemon. do you love citrus fruits? yes, to be honest, i love, but i love oranges more, that is, these are all sour, this is not for me, my favorite variety is washington washington nevel. directly so sweet, yes, sweet, that's without any sourness, but you grow at home or you have enough citrus fruits at work. you know, at home , tell me, honestly, i have citrus fruits. i don’t have much time for caring for this crop at work, so i’m at home. well , at least for now, for now. but the key here seems to me to be the word for now, yes , everything is possible, thank you so much for taking the time to feed us with solid vitamins , expanding the replenishment of your collection and,

of course, good harvests. thank you always thank you. and you come to visit us to admire, be sure to enjoy the aroma, be sure to thank you for inviting people who have turned the cultivation of citrus fruits into a hobby, scientists, as it turned out, are called citrus fruits, if you also want to take a fragrant harvest from the branches of exotic plants, our next report is for you. in this information vacuum, there is a need for answers to the questions soaring in the air, how to withstand the modern storm of the new geopolitics. near neighboring countries we are obliged to live with them at least in a bad world and

the flagpole for the national flag of the republic of belarus has already been reserved in front of the building of the secretariat for the national flag of the republic of belarus . there are many economic processes, let's say such processes, which are mutually beneficial according to the british portal. tv channel belarus 24 forces can defeat a weaker opponent, but with the mind you can defeat anyone rival. i have a very serious one, but we will win with our heads head. i hope it turns out which

club's academy is lamasia sergey barcelona barcelona in our program, the participants will fight for victory, answering questions at speed. decipher the abbreviation uts. nastya than at the training camp we can play either in know our clips heroes of sports know ours. how many medals did darya domracheva win at the olympic games christina 6 6 medals absolutely, watch the intellectual sports show heading on belarus 24 tv channel it is actually not difficult to tame citrus , the main thing is just to know how to do it,

for example, quite often the leaves of exotic plants begin to turn black, dry out and curl up, and it seems to us that citrus fruits do not have enough water. but this is not the case most often similar symptoms are said, but overflow. but in fact, when we transfuse plants, the roots stop functioning normally. they simply cannot suck this water, and we get the same picture, as if we did not give plants, but here we just need to focus on the state of the soil. e, if you can't tell by the color of the soil, let's say you water the soil, it's darker. usually when the soil dries out a little. it becomes lighter than such a servat shade. you just take your finger and touch. these are our very best tools. that is, if someone is crumbly, you can take your hand, and it crumbles easily. so it's time to water the plants. another important rule is that water for irrigation should not be cold, at least room temperature should be poured with warm water,

especially in summer, because it happens if the pot heats up, then this drop is not very pleasant for the plant even in winter. of course you have to understand. in winter, in general , citrus fruits like cooler layers of content, one can even say that they should be put on some kind of loggias. maybe someone has it, but we also heat 14-16 ° c in the apartment, we usually have a higher temperature. well , in the warm period, when you brought your new fragrant pet from the store, do not rush to put it on the windowsill of the south window. everything needs to be done gradually, the plant must adapt to new conditions. first let him stand next to the east or west windows. and in order for this addiction to new conditions to pass as simply as possible , citrus fruits need to be fed, according to experts, they are responsive to complex mineral fertilizer. we feed exactly when the plant is growing. from spring to about september, you can start from the end of

february and until mid-september, regularly feed every 2 weeks. uh, acceptable as root dressing - this is when we dilute the solution, we make fertilizers, we pour it under the root, and we only water on wet soil, when we previously watered it in hell and the soil is wet, and after that we can make a root boat the next day. the best option for citrus fruits will be the alternation of root dressing with the so -called foliar. in them, root dressings are usually done. uh, the same fertilizers can be used if they are highly soluble and the fertilizer dose is reduced twice , it is important to completely wet the leaves of the plants - we take a spray bottle and spray it, and, uh, it is advisable to also get on the underside of the leaf, because from the underside of the leaf of the plant. absorbs these minerals better. you also need to keep in

mind that fresh transplanted plants. or we don’t feed only the planted ones, because there are enough nutrients there and the plants are still adapting. well, the last rule when choosing land for citrus fruits is not to be led by a beautiful marketing company. the best soil for exotic plants is simple universal. despite the fact that the dna of citrus fruits has already been studied enough today, no one knows how and under what circumstances did the first lemon seeds fall into the ground. and even more so where did it come from, but the very fact of the appearance of the world of citrus fruits is the best way to confirm the phrase of the french writer and philosopher michel demontain in nature. there is nothing useless from myself i will add. as there is nothing that

would not become the object of attention of scientists. we follow the sports life of our country. maksim nedosyakov returned to the sector after a year-long break in the history of belarusian volleyball marketa fandrausheva was appointed head coach of the main club of the country the winner of wimbledon in women's singles in the final, the forty-second racket of the world outplayed the sixth number of the world ranking. he is a sberbar we learn how to reach new heights 24 for 17 years. i give and do not regret a bit. you need to be both emotional and

restrain yourself at the same time respect your opponent non-stop. you have to accept everything yourself. nobody helps you and show you how to stay in shape. we feel how the shoulder blades are going to us, these exercises will help you to be alert and will fill you with energy for the whole day. watch sports projects on belarus tv channel 24 deposits for large families. it has already been opened in our country. since the time of this program and how many applications for early use? since 2015 , more than 128,000 deposit accounts have been openly credited with 826 million us dollars and more than a billion belarusian rubles since 2020,

family capital is assigned to belarusian rubles. well, if you look at the statistics in belarus, there are 122,678 large families. this data is for the first of august practically 100% coverage of family capital is provided. total applications submitted. we need an urgent disposal of funds of 72.5 thousand. and how many