the resuscitation operating room talked to highly specialized specialists. some high school students are just deciding on the direction of their future profession, but there are also those who confidently follow the labor path of their parents, inheritance. we see i want to follow in the footsteps of my parents in the footsteps of my older brother, who is also already studying at the medical university, to continue the dynasty of doctors from personal achievements. i was the winner of the republican olympiad twice. this good deed is probably about ten years old. we have been cooperating with the 12th gymnasium for a long time the city of minsk, which selects those children who are motivated to follow, by the way, doctors are a kind of first step into the profession. moreover, not virtual, not on a computer, not from the words of someone really in the institution where all areas of modern medicine exist, every year people come to our center. e more than fifty young professionals. not only doctors, but also

nurses on the eve of the ceremonial line-up, this form of guest classes has become traditional for students of the twelfth gymnasium, there have been 30 years in the institution profile chemistry and biology class program of in-depth study of these subjects is bearing fruit 800 graduates of the gymnasium, felt their vocation to heal and became doctors. major events so far. see you at 19:00. poliki are people who live in harmony with nature, well, everything is green for everyone, our carriage of such skyscrapers prickly skin in the yards. gardens, what a beauty is this a disease? here is the nature here quietly calmly. well, it turns out that khomyakov lives their humanity and freedom. my favorite pastime

was to take leaky coffee and walk around with it. here so on the grass and small crucians got there. good delivery. watch the project on belarus 24 tv channel, the heroes of the project go in search of adventure. do not be surprised at the next task brought me here to the forest part, and do not even guess where fate will throw them. this time today you are going to osipovichi , mogilev region. imagine how historical this city is for the first time in written sources. it is mentioned on february 25, 1593. together with them we will explore interesting places. and the sights of belarus, the castle was located on this hill, from which a stunning view opens up. it is here that two rivers merge, the svisloch and the berezina

, this is god's chair. and it grants wishes. someone sees on the stone. the face of the mother of god with the baby, and someone cross, watch the program stone, paper scissors on our tv channel. why change city goods for life in the belarusian outback i don’t like it, i’m a city city - this is vanity. this aggression is hard for me in the city. i'm faster on the field and it catches the tension, as if this village life simplicity is all these people who surround me are neighbors, they are all very simple , benevolent people, they don’t have any envy or malice to find out. why rural life is still better than city life and complete several household tasks. as i understand it, this is some kind of hellish fun, but you take a person from the city and tell him that there is a subway here. yes, when i return to the city, my wife will ask me, well, as i say, i had two

big bites, the positive side. you haven't broken a single fishing rod yet, how many did i pass? the 100m is the most difficult , the noisiest, the longest 100m in my life. watch the show i am from the village on our tv channel. when interceding, to understand the quality of our work to ensure road safety , what will help our citizens to live in peace from goodbye to work elsewhere code, so we all service we do not have such a concept of work. i believe that suspicions were written by the service in our service

, our whole country looks like guests, suspicions are always staffed first of all by everyone technical devices, depletion of means of communication, initially, what we have somewhere is being developed, then in the arrow we immediately consider technical equipment. that is, our equipment is at the highest level, in addition to ensuring road safety, we provide practical assistance to other road users and the territorial division of the traffic police , we also check how they communicate with citizens. human, first of all. and secondly, how would you like in order to communicate with you, if you look at an employee with special suspicion, he is already an example in himself, not only for others, he is for himself. and, if he is approximately for himself, then for others he will also be the prime minister at him initially everyone looks, it turns out that if a person is an employee initially, he

must remain a person, and he should be an example only for himself, and already others will look at him in throughout the concerts. i think there should be an initial education in the psychological preparation of an employee, which means working with all categories, citizens, which we have must be a worthy officer worthy man. eh, so that behind him you retire a long time ago. they said, it was a worthy man who served and gave everything to his homeland and his service to the people. we use it as food packaging, we take dishes from this material on picnics, and in general, not a single

trip to the store is complete without acquiring this material, inexpensive and incredibly versatile , with properties that make it ideal for applications in many areas and at the same time creating problems, for example, environmental is all, of course, today we will talk about it, because, as in all other topics. in this, too , science is close by to convince you of this. i have ekaterina beretskaya for half an hour. hello and let's get started. from ivory and shell and tortoise to the invention of complex chemical formulas, let's start traditionally with the history of the issue in the middle of the 19th century, there was a shortage of materials of animal origin, elephants were on the verge of extinction as

they continued to be hunted. let's analyze modern plastic literally by scientific parts in order to assess the risks to human health and nature , they can be washed out, leached, or otherwise enter the soil, water. well, then move along the food chain to various organisms, including the human body. we will also see how belarusian scientists create a healthy alternative to the usual plastic. i eat plastic, as the material of modernity , mankind has long dealt with how found out in natural macromolecular compounds or polymers. these are horns, tortoise shell, rubber and shellac, animal horns were deformed when heated and various products were made from them, from medallions to cutlery, but how and

where the synthetic plastic we are used to appeared, we will find out right now, i propose to study the history of questions. in the 19th century , there was a shortage of materials of animal origin , elephants were on the verge of extinction, as they continued to be hunted, more precisely, the hunt was not even for them, but for a new bone of her used in the production of many products from piano keys to billiard balls, about the same thing happened and with some types of turtles, the turtles went to make combs, but soon a solution to this problem appeared, the artisan and chemist alexander parks in 1862 invented and patented the parkin material, he was made from nitrocellulose treated with nitric acid and solvent in 1866. marx creates a firm for the mass production of material. however, this is

a business. the idea leads him to ruin on instead of parkizin, xylonite comes and kisses. no, the company of daniel spill of the former employee of parks produced, and the company owned by john ayat kisses, the business hayat became the most successful, so we still use his product name in russia , they invent carbolite in america, bakelite in germany is polyvinyl chloride, and in britain industrial polyethylene production method. the chemical properties that make plastic an incredibly practical and durable material also make it difficult to recycle. this is its main drawback, and the problem the impact of plastic on the human body and the environment, we will talk with the chief researcher of the laboratory of transboundary pollution

of the institute of environmental management of the academy of sciences of belarus mosquitoes iosifovna hello hello , the first question, which, well, probably worries everyone without exception. yes, what element in plastic has, uh, a negative impact on the human body, or are there several of these elements in general, considering plastic. of course, we must understand that this is a natural synthetic material. there there is definitely nothing, polymers or a mixture of polymers modified or associated with technological additives. and these are plasticizers, stabilizers. fillers pigments, flame retardant antioxidants and so on. all of them are added in order to make or get the desired characteristics transfer lightness strength flexibility resistance to decomposition to ultraviolet radiation, finally attractiveness according to some estimates, the total number of such additives is estimated at 2.400 or 2.500 items, but they are used

for specific plastics and for a specific application are targeted, for example, plastics that are used for electrical appliances. it is acrylic like den sterol plastic, high impact polystyrene polypropylene, polycarbonate and other thermoplastics. that is, a fairly wide list, but to give them the necessary properties, lead cadmium, chromium mercury or bromine dephenyl ether can be used in the production of polystyrene, which is intended for thermal insulation for the production of foam. can be used hexa. heavy metals are present in the composition of pigment stabilizers, polypromdiflonyl ethers and hexabrocyclodecane are a class of antirenes , that is, they are used to impart non-combustible properties to materials and to reduce the risk of ignition of finished products, these latter substances are persistent organic

pollutants. they are toxic to living organisms. they are resistant to decomposition and can survive for hundreds or thousands of years in the environment. they are capable of bioaccumulation, which means that even in small concentrations they are capable of accumulate along the food chain from lower organisms to higher mammals. one of their features. they can be transported over long distances, included in various cycles. and that is why various persistent organic pollutants, including those named, are found in regions that are in no way connected with industrial activity, for example , in varketika in tissues and fat of polar bears in antarctica in penguin eggs, that is, according to basically, it doesn't matter. what is this plastic used for? anyway, anyway, he then, it turns out, but near us and in the process of decomposition, the same components come back to us, that is, they have a negative

effect on our body. and how much, by the way, plastic decomposes, it also depends on the type. well, as we say about it, it is a durable material. and therefore, the period of its decomposition is estimated at hundreds of years, that is, many times exceeds human life. well, realizing that this is a relatively young hmm product invented by man to him in relation to civilization. there are no more precise estimates. how much it will remain in the soil or in the ocean or in other components of the natural environment. it is clear that such as high-impact polystyrenes or acrylic bottles, some thermoplastics, they will last much longer. its properties and remain virtually undestroyed polyethylene packaging is different polypropylene. you see the twines. they are already much more susceptible to the effects of the components of the natural environment, but all the same, their decomposition period is estimated at tens of years, but speaking of plastic that does not collapse or

decompose, you need to remember that already so-called biodegradable plastic appeared. that's because science doesn't stand still. yes, the volume of my production is still small, let's say on a global scale. this is estimated at about one and a half percent. but what is nevertheless, that is, biodegradable plastic. here it differentiates into roughly two categories of plastic, which is produced using special additives that help the decomposition process in the environment under natural conditions, and plastic, which is called compostable, that is someone also introduced additives, but the processes of its decomposition can occur only in special industrial plants, under controlled conditions, together with organic fertilizers. that is, in the end, we can get compost for use in agriculture or somewhere else. let's then talk about alternatives to once biodegradable plastic. still quite a bit

hope that it will be more. yes, but a lot of people are actively doing it. uh, for finding an alternative to not using valentine's bags. yes, some paper. well, let's say it's more environmentally friendly materials, but they say that a lot of resources are spent in the production of those very alternative options. this includes emissions to the environment. and, as they say , an alternative. well, so-so plastic. here , tell me, as a professional, is it really well, not everything is so good, if we have such an alternative right here. we take it or all the same , and this alternative is better than uh, this one, uh, scary, as you described plastic, replacing plastic with metals or glass or paper is everywhere or total it is impossible, in basically, because, well, they are too different. we are like consumers. we have our requirements. yes, and we are surrounded by different

products. we have different needs, both in industry and in agriculture, and so on, if we talk about the actual technological processes for the production of these products, then, of course, they are completely different and differ in the technological chain, the raw materials used, the volume and composition and structure of emissions discharges and waste generation. that is , directly compare like this, but to put it mildly, incorrectly, firstly, you need to know the entire life cycle of all these components or all materials, but evaluate the life cycle. let's say glass and metal in different products is quite difficult anyway. it is impossible to do this with economic calculations, there are regulatory mechanisms, alternatives have already appeared, choosing some kind of household appliances, for example, an electric kettle. we can choose for ourselves with a glass flask or with a metal flask or with a plastic one. it depends on whether we want delicious tea. or shall we

say not so picky consumers or we don't think about it. when you choose. yes , we, for example, with a slow cooker. yes, there are options and such and such things, quality prices and so on, but not all, the product. we can choose. it is difficult to imagine a refrigerator a washing machine a hair dryer of a different design or plastic so far, yes and what about packaging? yes , switching to a reusable cloth bag that is easy to fold to take with you and use it. but a long time is certainly necessary and very reasonable when it comes to glass or plastic for drinks. this is the theme separate conversation, in my opinion. many of us remember that milk in glass bottles is not always convenient. yes, excellent from the point of view. how to convey it? then what to do old, so the recycling collection issues. uh, here is waste already or that has served its

useful life, this is an extremely important issue on the surface. well, as i understand it, hmm if there is a choice and there is, uh, a choice between plastic and some kind of alternative, then it’s better that you, as a specialist, recommend making a choice in favor of an alternative option, but we don't care completely from plastic , probably, at least until we can get away. this is absolutely true, yes, plastic, it is ubiquitous and it is in demand due to the characteristics that are both lightness, strength, flexibility, and so on. that is, in many areas, it is simply indispensable . there are mechanisms for regulating the content of hazardous substances and one of the mechanisms. for example, the stockholm convention on persistent organizers thanks to this convention , bans have been adopted on the production and use of these antiferenes and polybromohephenyl

ether hexa-bromo cyclododecane. and these bans or let's say restrictions. they are already in operation and we have carried out a study on the content of diffenel ethers in polyurethane. in various types of plastic approaches, old electrical equipment and televisions, monitors , refrigerators, washing machines have shown that yes. in old equipment. in about 30% of cases, bromine, an armor-containing plastic, is found. in this case, the indicator is these complex watering dephenyl esters. i think over time this one the trend will be towards the fact that we will have less and less such equipment or such waste containing hazardous substances. in principle, regulations have already been adopted in the production of equipment, including the technical regulation in belarus on limiting the use of hazardous chemicals in

electrical equipment, this regulation limits lead content. cadmium mercury chromium of polygrammed biphenyls and polygram of diphenyl ethers, that is, concentrations that are not should be exceeded already in finished products, and all thanks. what is right, thanks to science and scientists who are working in this direction, probably all over the world, including in our country, this is very pleasant. thank you for your work, for making the world around us a little cleaner in the truest sense of the word, thank you, thank you. well, we continue. here i am for you a science project next to you today in scientific parts we disassemble the usual plastic and do not miss it further. plus sign in karma and help to nature sorting harmful garbage according to science

strictly by numbers, what types of plastics are processed in our country and how it happens and whether packaging can be not only safe, but also smart. sport, like life, consists of some questions, the answers to which you will find in our program. this is a program about sports that needs to be watched with the mind. the participants of the program will fight in the battle of the mind. the answers are ready. nickname what kind of sport according to the famous song , the coward does not play the coward does not play hockey absolutely correct for the correct answers, they will earn points, and for the wrong ones lose them. what is the most athletic female name. vladislav was the first olympiad. what kind of sport does the belarusian anna solo represent? mikhail swimming again,

and biathlon what color is the cue ball in snooker? stanislav watch the intellectual sports show heading on belarus 24 tv channel despite the fact that many countries are gradually abandoning plastic, replacing this material completely, as we found out today , is almost impossible, so the only thing we can do is more competently and to use it effectively and, of course, to look for an environmentally friendly replacement for it outside the physical and chemical problems of bsu, an alternative . we have already found all the details in our next material. in order to process

polymers, one must either pyrolyze them, that is, burn them in simple words or recycle them, which requires large investments, or subject them to chemical decomposition. minimize costs and most importantly , harmful to our nature is possible if the plastic is not synthetic, to which we are accustomed, but literally more natural, for example, produced raw materials from renewable sources in the top, if by scientific polymer, based on elidi and lactides. such polymers decompose under the influence of microorganisms, they can also be hydrolyzed in physiological environments to non-toxic for the body, and hydroxycarboxylic acids predetermine the fact that these polymers

can be widely used for technical needs. but as a packaging container for food products. well, for medical purposes, they are also used as suture material for implant systems for controlled drug delivery. in this laboratory, no physico-chemical problems of belgus university, biodegradable polymers based on lactide and lactone have been under scrutiny for 15 years. during this time, scientists have developed technologies that allow not only to obtain the material itself in the shortest possible time, but also with the desired properties. our colleagues from the institute of microbiology receive l and dl lactic acid, and we are here, and at the institute of physical and chemical problems of the belarusian state university, and we obtain the monomer lactitol cyclic

ester and based on it. ah. scientists have learned how to obtain polymers with a good mass, molecular weight with good physicochemical properties. one of the most promising biodegradable polymers, scientists tell us. it is derived from cornstarch. polylaxide , this plastic decomposes under the influence of water, but it is worth noting that it does not dissolve in water, namely, it slowly decomposes in its presence. here you see samples. it's a policy-based film. yes, as you can see, it is quite strong, that is, according to its properties are similar to those plastics that we constantly see in packaging. we did a study of its hydrolysis, that is, how it decomposes under the action of water. here is a sample after one day, you can see that it has turned white and deformed. this is due to the fact that we carried out the process at an elevated temperature of 60 °, since it is precisely this temperature that is created under conditions when

bacteria decompose organic substances, after 5 days the film. still the same. however, on the tenth day. she has already become fragile and collapsed. it has fairly large patches after 30 days. we see that we have quite small particles, but there are still quite a lot of them and for 50 days. we have few particles, they are small in size, that is, the film gradually destroys. despite the fact that polylaxide decomposes under the influence of water, it can also be used in the production of packaging. for various liquids, and all thanks to the technologies for creating long molecular chains of this polymer, the longer the polylaxide chain is initially, the longer it will retain its mechanical properties. properties, for example, in a bottle made of such a polymer can live without problems for several years. in order to obtain a polymer with a given set of properties, for example, with a given chain length or a with good functionality, which will subsequently

allow us to create polymers with some more complex architecture. we need a very pure monomer. we have developed an effective methodology, which we hope to allow to reduce. uh, the price of lactide hmm 100 g. loktida costs about 500. or even more rubles , the monomer is actively scientific work in this sphere today and with russian colleagues. we work together with the moscow state university with the first medical university named after sechenov and develop on the basis of polylaxide, which was obtained in our laboratory, and receive e in implants that have shown themselves to be quite effective in wound healing in mice at the same time expanding horizons and that is called

at home thus, the product is protected from spoilage, while there are no chemicals in the product itself. no. any journey can be exciting, exciting and full of adventure. in a sense , this is the western gate, belarus, but these gates are guarded by a symbol of the city, an eleven-meter force, which in my opinion. perhaps a symbol of our entire country, we offer to go together to explore the natural beauties and rich architectural heritage of belarus today, our amazing journey will pass through a wonderful city with many different unique places and attractions with its amazing atmosphere of architectural monuments. there are only two svislochs, a synagogue and a gymnasium. but monuments to heroes. a whole alley

, we will not believe it, but i am now in a real bunker, which has been kept here since the cold war and on the second floor on the night of november 22-23, 1812. travel with us to belarus . effectively, so not just freaked out. i propaganda a shows plots, sorting through the shelves you can understand this matter. and here are the viewers and our task. think while they write their manuals. we should also look at this and write our cars, insects of europe by the states, that is, reduction to the level of insects. what kind of justice are we, in

principle, talking about if the united states of america has not acceded to, er, the rome statute of the international, not that it is perverted, it simply does not exist. yes and no it was never possible to agree on this international law, capital will always deceive and go to any violation. channel belarus 24 waste accumulation can help the efficiency of its processing and the involvement of secondary material resources on how polymer raw materials are processed and, most importantly, how in this matter. can help each of us created our correspondents.

plastic recycling begins with the sorting of all garbage at specialized enterprises from the contents of containers familiar to us. bio-waste and dirt are taken here. and everything that remains is divided strictly into fractions and sent to sorting lines , of which there are already 80 in our country today. republics sorting plastic is also important in science, not only the type and type of materials, but even the color and here modern technologies come to the rescue, at some enterprises plastic is distinguished by shape by special separators. a type of film define optical sensors. the main polymer wastes include soft polyethylene, i.e. colored film,

transparent stretch film, high- pressure polyethylene. uh, the next level of classifier going is polypropylene. these include bags from raw materials, big bags and hard plastic. these are mainly medical waste pipes, plastic road barriers and pet bottles . waste. its own science and processing plants for each type and even thickness of plastic has its own processing method and separate equipment. something is just crushed. although this case is not simple, as it turned out. this crusher is designed for crushing plastic with a thickness of no more than 2 cm. we throw in here, the product. with the help of knives, it crushes products into a small fraction with a diameter of 10 mm,

its principle of operation lies in the fact that plastic is crushed with knives. there is a sieve here, fine and everything that is crushed to a fraction that has the sieve then wakes up down. already shredded plastic with the help of air flows through scientific pneumatic transport gets into large bags, such big bags filled with crushed grain are delivered to factories where polymers will be given a second life . this machine is called an agglomerator and it processes soft plastic and film into agglomerate. and the smaller the so-called spread in particle size and shape, the better the agglomerate polyethylene. it is a semi-finished product for the production of granules from these granules, in the future, a

sorting film will be produced, which means that today it is already definitely in the processing of plastic. maybe, for this, everyone just needs to figure out which of the containers in their yard, which garbage to throw away? however, despite modern capabilities and technologies , not all types of plastic are still recycled. and this is a worldwide practice. and the recycling process itself is also not endless with time , plastic, which was given that very second or even the third life will not be able to get the next one, because it will simply lose its properties. in the first half of the 16th century, he said, all poison is all medicine, this phrase determines the dose of both. it perfectly describes the situation with the production and processing of plastic. and

although science in this matter, as we found out today, it will definitely become a little easier for scientists nearby if each of us takes part in resolving it.