we note that, uh, israeli ground forces are not coping with operations because they do not have enough experience in underground operations, however, hamas is not the first to use such invisible front tactics. previously, hezbollah did this during one of the previous intifats, as the arabs call their war against israel, which, by the way, began to rebuild its army for underground battles. israel began creating units suitable for this role, starting with combat engineers known as yahalom. combat engineers quickly realized that despite their technical skills and special equipment, even more highly specialized armed and trained troops were needed, thus the laski samur, the first israeli teams from the tunnel war, appeared. the specialists come from the engineering forces and have been trained in covert attack by the commando of the cyritka forces. however, experts do not

flatter themselves with hope that coping with the group in its underground world is an almost impossible task, because hamas has honed its guerrilla warfare skills to perfection. it is difficult to imagine more difficult conditions for battle than dungeons, lack of artillery support, narrow passages, darkness and heavy air , poor ventilation makes small arms also susceptible to chemical agents, powder gases do not evaporate and affect personnel, everyone... sounds like thunder, a grenade explosion threatens even at a safe distance severe contusion. communication problems in closed galleries also add a special flavor to combat encounters. here the example of vietnam suggests itself; it was there that the americans experienced all the delights of modern tunnel warfare. it is believed that it is in washington lost its battle in the cu chi tunnels. local residents literally burrowed underground, building huge... underground

cities and equipped with the latest technology, a superpower that did not even disdain genocide in vietnamese villages, was eventually forced to leave with nothing. a network of tunnels stretching 150 km allowed the viet congo forces to deliver painful blows to the very rear of the american army, and although in 1966 the americans, as part of operation crimp, discovered the entrances to the underground network, they were never able to eliminate the heaps. they they tried to conduct combat operations in these tunnels, moreover, the effectiveness was quite low, the mortality rate, unfortunately, for the military personnel of the united states of america was high, that is, somewhere going underground, up to 50% of the personnel did not return, despite the fact that they also took

, with explosives, they tried to make barriers, blockages , the americans poured into the tunnels, the infamous agent orange, they even created a combat unit called tunnel rats, but the bravos and two-meter musclemen dyadim simply got stuck in these same tunnels, because the width such a path rarely exceeded 100 cm, as did the height. the viet cong dug tunnels in several levels, placing them on top of each other. and connecting each other with narrow manholes. the tunnels went 20-25 m deep, turning into underground cities. hospitals, training camps, warehouses, barracks, kitchens, and printing houses were located on different floors. the partisans kept a lot of captured weapons in their weapons warehouses. according to legend, they once managed to hide an american battle tank in their dungeon. homemade abominations were created in primitive forges mines. the partisans had enough drinking water and food to keep them relatively safe.

for months, ventilation shafts were located in the dungeon, providing the communists with fresh air. volunteers became tunnel rats ; the main quality was short stature, quick reaction, courage, psychological stability, the main function was to penetrate labyrinths and clear them of partisans. tunnels with traps in the tropical jungle concealed a lot of deadly surprises, but go find out where will lead to an underground passage, to a weapons depot or to an ambush. the tunnels were very narrow and one had to crawl or squat through them, in complete darkness and stuffiness. in addition to the partisans themselves, rats crawling through dark holes were met with numerous surprises, tripwires, poisonous sorpions and snakes, pits, traps with spikes, and introductory labyrinths. the use of american underground special forces cannot be called successful. high mortality rate among rats, nervous breakdowns, unmotivated aggression. and most importantly, these units were never destroyed.

would undermine the activities of the underground bunkers of the vietnamese. the shelter was dug, as they say, by the whole world, most of the tunnels were crossed with ordinary hands using picks and baskets. one digs, the other drags the earth to a vertical shaft, the third lifts it up, and another one takes it away and hides it under the leaves or in the river, the height of the underground passage is 15 m, and the width is 1-1.2 m, half three times less than those in the gas , there were three or four levels, separated by secret hatches, a stranger would not guess that this is not a dead end, the entrance to the next tunnel, leading to infirmaries, kitchens, weapons workshops, bedrooms, there were also cinemas and study rooms, because sometimes they go underground... with entire villages. an echo of that shameful war for washington, unforgotten today. even 5 years ago, the media actively wrote that the united states was preparing for underground battles and planned to allocate more than half a billion dollars to the pentagon to train the military in new tactics. 3/4 of the us army ground forces, 26 brigades out of

thirty-one available, will be trained in underground combat. to a new one they plan to spend $572 million on the program, the command says. that the next war will be fought in megacities, soldiers must be able to navigate urban underground communications, they need new equipment and skills to fight in complete darkness and stale air, to protect themselves from enemy fire waiting around every corner, tunnels as wide as streets, writes militaricom . vietnam, north korea, afghanistan - these are the places where the american military has already faced tunnel wars, they can lose, but again, of course, they don’t want to. therefore, the next steps are quite logical from the main destroyer of the world. in 2018 , darpa launched the subtiranan challenge to train first responders by studying man-made tunnel systems,

urban subways, and natural cave networks. that same year , the underground warfare training center was built at fort breck, north carolina. it is built on site 68 and has more than a kilometer. with tight spaces and unexpected elements. in november 2019 the us army has published another doctrinal document on the topic of underground warfare. it indicated that there are more than 10,000 tactical tunnels in the world and underground structures will be increasingly used in modern armed conflicts. we also cannot do without the theme of afghanistan separately, because there are also natural barriers, mountains. what's it worth? only the panjer gorge, its mountain range is 120 km away. for almost 5 years, the fortieth army of the ussr tried to take the impregnable natural fortress. pyatel gorge - this is how the name is translated, had an important strategic importance, because it is the only route for road

transport from the capital kabul to the north of the country, and although the ussr forces were able to briefly take control of the territory. as a result, the army was forced to retreat. she took part in the operation. let the unit go underground, because they will run into a huge number of booby traps, branch tunnels, that is, they are made conventionally, the group goes there, some kind of device is triggered, the entrance collapses and just a group of people remains walled up inside, just like that how in narrow corridors any effectiveness of such a modern army is lost, which has the possibility of air support, long-range impact on the enemy, the use of heavy equipment and

some other systems, underground it is actually either hand-to-hand combat or very short fire contact distances up to 10 m, if tunnels allow such a length at all, they usually wind, so there on any of ... is exposed to the enemy, there, simply speaking, if you shoot in a small tunnel with with a machine gun or with a grenade , you will only destroy almost everyone if you only move with some kind of shields. for sudden attacks from underground, the dushmans used a network of tunnels of kariz water conduits, created many years ago for irrigating fields; such communications extended for hundreds of kilometers and could have several levels. groups of spirits, sometimes 30 people suddenly. soviet units also suddenly disappeared. an extensive network of tunnels helped them quickly and, most importantly, move unnoticed to large distances and approach sabotage targets, especially roads along which soviet military equipment passed. the kyaryzs were much more spacious than the vietnamese

catacombs, but they were also fraught with mortal danger. now imagine that on the territory of afghanistan, there are about 7,000 such wells, sometimes located every 20-30 m. ideally, not only to hide, but to attack. in the bogram valley, general lebed recalled, enormous damage to our columns could have been caused by just two grenade launchers, firing a couple of salvos, dushmans hide... it was useless to compete with them in the underground-well war. and finally, let us remember the feat of our ancestors. from may to october 1942, up to 1,300 people lived on the territory of the adzhimushkai quarries near kerch. the impregnable quarries and the unbending people in them became the main irritant for the nazis in this territory. the defense of the dungeon lasted from may to october 1942, after 169 days they were captured alive in the quarries at the end of october