in the morning she threatened to write a statement about rape, and i have a family, children, she filmed everything, she blackmailed you, yes, otherwise i would have helped her, she told me that it was her child, she believed to the end that sasha was her son, you turned off the cameras, no, i was stalling, i was in no hurry to turn them on, you equipped the room, i... the child was there until the last, zhenya did everything else herself, i didn’t go down there anymore, but a child without a mother should have cried, she injected him with something, a sedative, or something? how she took the child out in tretyakov's car, took her at night, and i helped her leave the territory, nothing complicated, who planted the pacifier, she tried to cover her tracks, buy time, so that later, if she screwed up, she would have the opportunity... to clean up after herself, you

believed that the child was taken out through the forest, they started looking, i have never met such women, calculating and cold-blooded, yes, i loved her, i really wanted her back, when i told my wife that there was such a possibility, that there would be such a possibility... i couldn't even imagine that at such a price. can you you ask for a napkin? thank you. i was deceived. i swear, i, i swear, i'm telling the truth. i don't, i don't know what else to say.

i want to drink, and lesha, you be patient, okay, dad said you can't yet, but, but in the future you will be able to drink, though only in small trays, i ran away from myself, i imagined that such a life was for me, i was afraid to admit to myself that i love you. our son,

everything else - everything else is unimportant, and where is sasha? i am now.

it serves as a kind of barrier to chlorage. pesticides and microbes, and some of its species even capable of reducing water hardness. today it is in almost every city apartment, but it can also be seen at enterprises, although the dimensions of the design are different than in everyday life. surely you have already guessed that

i am talking about a water purification filter, we will talk about it together with specialists in the next half hour to once again make sure that in the topic of increasing. water, and this is the main task of filters, science is also nearby. my name is ekaterina beretskaya, hello, watch the program. pine needles, sand and hippocrates-sleeve, what is the relationship of father medicine has to do with water purification, we will tell you the history of the issue in our section. transparent does not mean safe, we will figure it out. together with specialists, how the quality of water that flows from our taps is controlled. definition of the integral indicator dry residue, which shows the total salt content of water, also the integral indicator, which shows the total pollution. and a big talk in the studio

of the program about the latest developments of our scientists in the field of water purification. people began to purify water in ancient times, but according to at least they made such attempts with the help of, as we would say now, natural filters. how it was, i will tell in our traditional column history of the issue. one of the very first simple ways of purifying water was boiling, people began to boil water, in fact, as soon as... they began to make fire, then there were pine needles, sand and tree bark. the invention of the first design, specially intended for water purification is attributed to the father of medicine hippocrates, and to this day in some sources this device is called that hippocratic sleeve. the essence is actually simple:

water, and necessarily boiled, the ancient greek doctor passed through a cone or tube made of burlap. documents that describe this design, its features... application dates back to approximately the 5th century bc. archaeologists have recorded the first methods of mass water purification in ancient egypt. according to some sources, people purified water from the nile using fabric folded in several layers. under another, sand dams were built. there is even information that it was in ancient egypt began to settle water in reservoirs. moreover , there were several reservoirs. it was a kind of multi-stage system. filtration. it is known for sure that water was settled and thus they were sure that it was being purified in ancient rome. from school, we all remember the first sewerage system and the first water supply, but there were also lead pipes, as is now clear, literally a deadly option for

humans. but the first to use flavors were the ancient greeks, they added citrus and other fruits to water, as well as herbs with disinfectant properties and even wine. in ancient russia , snow was melted to obtain drinking water, river water was settled in barrels and then filtered using tree bark. a real breakthrough in water purification occurred after the invention of the microscope, when scientists were able to see what was in the water. together with the discovery of chlorine, this marked the beginning of the process of active disinfection. chlorine killed cholera microorganisms and also effectively purified water, was infected with typhoid fever. in europe and the usa they start opening entire stations for water purification, which allowed saving hundreds of human lives. but soon it became clear that now water needs to be purified from chlorine. and filters designed for this

purpose appear in the second half of the 20th century. specifically, filters with reverse osmosis technology, which we use today. well, let's go back to our time right now i suggest finding out how clean and safe the water is that flows today from... our taps and how someone checks it. crystal clear water does not exist in nature, all because, that it is a universal solvent for most impurities, minerals and substances, both useful and harmful. that is why water should be tested periodically. belarusian scientists have developed water testing programs specifically for these purposes. these studies can be carried out by anyone who wants to. in our center , four testing programs have been developed for... water analysis for the population: the first is five safety indicators

of iron, manganese, nitrates, permanganate oxidizability, this is organic matter in water, and hardness. the second program, where they add indicators that indicate the ingress of wastewater of various origins quality indicators, by the amount of calcium and magnesium in water, scientists determine its mineralization. after research it will become clear whether the sample is drinking or mineral, here is the third expanded program, microbiological indicators are also added there, in simple words, this is the identification of those microorganisms, bacteria, for example, with which water can be contaminated, also in the scientific and practical center of hygiene of the ministry of health of belarus they offer the constructor program, which allows you to check specifically those indicators that interest the consumer. before choosing a package , the center provides an oral consultation, during which employees ... will advise what exactly needs to be checked, it all depends on where the water comes from, from a well, a borehole or

just from the tap. we mainly recommend - the average program, which includes safety indicators and water quality indicators. select water, before that, having spilled it thoroughly, bring it to us, conclude an agreement, and we will examine this water. for two the first programs are enough 3 liters of water in two plastic bottles from under mineral or drinking water without... flavors, here for the extended third package the container is given out in the center, it must be absolutely sterile, water, when it gets to the laboratory, it is first assessed by organoleptic indicators, we assess its color, turbidity, also smell, taste, and then, we will already conduct instrumental methods of analysis, determination of the integral indicator dry residue, which shows the total salt content of water, also integral an indicator that shows the general

pollution, the next important indicators are already directly, what salts are contained in drinking water, because they determine the taste quality of water, after checking the elements in the center, they issue a research protocol, if desired, a special passport, where all the values ​​​​of the indicators of a specific sample are described. on the air, the science nearby project, today we analyze the scientific parts of the water purification system, here's what else we'll tell you about: modern filters, how to choose the best one, in addition to, let's say, pollution, but you remove calcium and magnesium ions, and these are bones, teeth and heart, respectively, if you put such a system, you need to change your diet a little, but this remains behind the scenes, what new developments in the field of purification? water our scientists offer and we will check how the filters work, a big

report experiment on air soon. our hygienists are developing a program for testing this filtering system. we are going on an expedition to the corners of our country early. new days require a visit to the new border. let's get started and again and again from the past palesk lands. let's look at the history and meat abrasions. the church of st. mikalaya, published in 1818 by the myastsov gentry, shchytom. the temple was built on a mound in the myastsovsky palyashutsky style, its end sign dates back to 1876, when a tent-roofed church was installed. let's pat, yes.

i always make any decision in life consciously, very often my friends and my new colleagues say to me: anzhelika, turn off the prosecutor, i think that i won’t be able to completely turn off the prosecutor. i when i got to broslav, i realized that our land is the most beautiful. there is nothing like this anywhere in europe. it is common knowledge that laws are not such that they suit everyone. the time has come when we

must increasingly develop civil initiative. they tell me, you have been approved, filming in 10 days. they sent me. i would really like people to become kinder and better through small things, through animals, through nature, through beauty. the project say don't be silent, don't miss new episodes on the belarus 24 tv channel. let's continue to understand the topic of water purification, and therefore, improving its quality, in the studio our

guest is the director of the institute of physical and organic chemistry of the national academy of sciences of belarus, alexandra. hello, hello, let's start with the latest scientific developments of your team, do i understand correctly, we are talking about unique membranes that are in filters? we have two quite interesting directions, these are membrane technologies for water purification ion-exchange technologies for water purification, they solve different problems, but are in demand, here let's talk about the tasks, membrane technologies are the second direction. if i understand correctly, each one purifies water from some specific elements? there are certain requirements, for example, for water for drinking needs. in our country, in general, there is an artesian water supply, our artesian wells, as a rule, have an excess of iron, sometimes there is an excess of manganese ions, well, in general

, our country is not threatened by a water deficit, this is already good, this is already good. well, accordingly, there are traditional technologies for iron removal, they are well-developed, widely used in industry, we, in turn, well , are trying to introduce something new, and for these purposes we use both membrane technologies and ion exchange technologies. according to membrane technologies , the latest developments are the so-called smart membranes, which can respond to changes, for example, in the hydrogen index.

a new type of ion exchange materials are ionites in the form of fibers, almost no one does this, and the advantage of such materials is that they are very work quickly, respectively, it is possible to make absolutely miniature equipment that will have high productivity, well, and accordingly solve certain problems. of the problems , first of all, it should be noted that this is the removal of heavy metals. in a number of cases, we have good experience in cleaning natural waters, this is river water from the so-called natural organic compounds, this is what gives the water a yellow color, these are humic acids, well, we have such geology, we have a lot of peat, accordingly , the water removes a little of these from there

colored compounds, which are quite easily removed with the help of our materials. membrane technologies. and i would like to return to them, again i read that even in medicine, naturally, two processes are used, first of all, hemodialysis, this is the removal of toxins from the blood and the so-called membrane oxygenation, this is the saturation of the blood with oxygen. by the way, we have a very serious enterprise, it is located in borisov, which, in a full cycle, which ... is not very simple, i can say right away, produces membranes for hemodialysis and the corresponding hardware design, let's go back to water purification filters, yes...

a very long network of pipelines that supply this water, there is so-called secondary pollution, that is, it is already water

that takes out the pollution that has accumulated in the pipelines over the years, well, and accordingly, in a number of cases, well, it's probably no secret that, say, after repairing heating networks or, say, repairing water supply networks, you open. they are, well, for example, multifunctional water purification filters, including a number of stages, including mechanical cleaning,

absorption on active carbons, put reverse osmosis membranes, these are membrane technologies, in my opinion, this is unjustified for our region, for example, since we do not have so-called brackish water, we have pressed water, but if you use reverse osmosis in this case, you remove from the water, in addition to, let's say, contaminants, but you remove iodine calcium and magnesium, and these are bones, teeth and the heart, accordingly, if you put such a system, you need a little change the diet, but this remains behind the scenes, and naturally, when you have, say, five stages of purification, the cost of such a product is quite high, we went a little bit differently, we do not use...

that your institute, your specialists conducted a special study for them, so that they then, you know, made different types of filters,

taking into account the peculiarities of the regions. yes, there were such works, mainly it concerns the use of these fibrous ion-exchange materials, which can selectively take away contaminants, for example, the same heavy metals or organics. while maintaining the sanitary necessary composition of water, this is really, well, very important, i think, and for the consumer, well, actually, these same filters can be used not only for household purposes, they can be used as industrial filters, naturally the dimensions increase there, the design changes a little, since in industry these are not disposable products, they must necessarily under...

thank you very much, i wish you and yours team, of course, success, continue to discover and surprise us, although it would seem that filters, but this is very, very interesting, thank you very much, and i again pass the floor

to ... they are already ready to provide a detailed video report on how water purification filters actually work. the basis of any filter is a special cartridge, with the help of which water purification occurs. the cartridge is placed in a special, most often plastic flask, its design will depend on the type of filter, for example, in popular jug ​​filters, the cartridge filled with activated carbon, here are the main filters containing several cleaning caps. for water purification - this is a complex or simple device that we can use at home, the choice of filter will also depend on what goals you want to achieve, so again you can simply improve the smell remove some easily removed elements, yes, and there may be such a complex system, well, a more complex in-depth purification, such as a reverse osmosis system, embedded in the filter, it works as follows: water under pressure passes through a special membrane that allows water molecules to pass through, but retains

unnecessary impurities. such a system removes not only suspended matter and odor, but can also filter out the smallest particles of contaminants. but in everyday life , it is not necessary to have such a powerful filter; here we are talking more about industrial production. nevertheless, before installing any filter, experts recommend that you definitely examine the composition of the water. we conduct safety tests on filters. there are such resource tests and safety tests. under study water, water that comes before the filter, before the filter, for example, tap water or well water. and water. that passes through the filter, that is, water after the filter, it must be safe and meet quality and safety requirements. such tests check the efficiency of the filter. scientists control that no additional microelements from the filter system itself get into the water. a sample of the filter system is sent to our center, our hygienists develop a program for testing this filter system. a

program. is based on the materials from which these filter systems are made, respectively, it is determined which organic substances and which inorganic substances will be examined, among the most well-known and widespread organic substances are acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, among inorganic toxic elements, lead, arsenic, iron and cadmium, also filters are subject to radio pollution. to check the filtration systems , hygienists have developed the latest equipment, which allows in one go identify up to 34 indicators that may be contained in water, which allows us to assess the condition of a household or industrial filter with high accuracy. after the spectrometric research laboratories and our other chemical laboratories have examined the water, we pass on the results of our studies to hygienists. after this, hygienists.