calcium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, boron, copper and

zinc, as well as iodine, molybdenum, cobalt and much more. if you thought that i was listing the nutrients that are vital for humans, then i want to say, yes, it is true. but today we will not talk about our food, but about the nutrition of our soils and crops. about fertilizers, using which, humanity is not threatened by hunger, despite the fact that the population on the planet is growing every year, and , accordingly, more food is needed. and ... of course, science is also nearby in this matter. my name is ekaterina beretskaya, hello, and today you will find a scientific analysis of new types of fertilizers, the destruction of still living myths about chemistry in bags of the premiere of the rubric the first step into science, so do not switch over. from an air diet to a full diet, how the first... in the world appeared. each

region has its own complex of nutrients. what is a lysemetric station for? and a large report of the program about the production of modern belarusian fertilizers. do not miss it. agriculture fed people thousands of years ago, but surprisingly, fertilizer was created by scientists relatively recently. i will tell you how it was in our permanent. rubric history of the issue. until the first half of the 19th century , only organic fertilizers were used to enrich the soil with nutrients. for many years, it was believed that crops needed nothing but water to grow. this rule, which is actually detrimental to the soil, was derived by the dutch alchemist van helmont. he planted it in a pot for 5 years and simply. watered it. the willow really grew

stronger, but now we understand that when it comes to crops, not trees, the situation is different. that is why scientists continue to look for a way to feed the plants in the fields and come to a new conclusion: plants need carbon. the theory, authored by the swiss botanist jean sinebier, quickly became popular and was called "air nutrition". resistance to this scientific trend was only shown by those who, as we are already saying now, were close to creating fertilizers. conservative scientists believed that the main nutrition of plants occurs in the soil, from which they take organic matter. one of these scientists, the german chemist liebig soon publishes a book on the use of organic chemistry in agriculture, but it is precisely his version that researchers do not take seriously, especially after liebig did not take into account such an important element as nitrogen, believing that his plants were getting it from the air. the scientist added only potassium and

phosphorus, which led to the failure of his research, however, despite the complete lack of support, his caricatures and caustic notes appeared in journals, liebig continued the research when he added a list of essential substances nitrogen, things went well. thanks to this discovery , fertilizer factories began to be built in the second half of the 19th century. potassium and phosphorus were easily mined, but nitrogen was more difficult. but at that time, scientists found a way out in chile, in the foothills of hardelier , where saltpeter and nitrogen fertilizer deposits were formed. by the beginning of the 20th century, owners of fertilizer factories were already mining almost a million tons of saltpeter per year. scientists, looking at this development of events, came to the conclusion that soon there would be nothing left to mine, and other ways had to be found. the first nitrogen fertilizer in laboratory synthesized by the german friz haber in 1909. a little later the method was improved by another german scientist carl bosch. for

their developments the researchers received the nobel prize, their method of obtaining nitrogen fertilizers, by the way, which is called the haber-bosch method, is still used. the elections will be held in accordance with the constitution and the belarusian people will decide who the president will be, because the west has always wanted, for 30 years they have wanted them to elect the president, then the elections are good for them, today it is the people who decide the fate country, and no one will be able to change this, the west has actually refused. from the soft velvet revolution of the twentieth year, the twenty -fifth year is considered by them as a combination of carrying out some terrorist attacks on our territory, any such actions are always accompanied by a very massive information attack, we made our own visa-free regime, we have already forgotten, for me this is the canon

phrase of lukashenko, we will no longer trust the west, this does not mean that we are turning away from europe, they have turned away, if they want, we will cooperate, but we will only talk... on equal terms, based on our national interests. the project is objective. don't miss new releases on the belarus 24 tv channel. we have created such a unique and very important publication for our country, our state. many, unfortunately, perceive attempts to distort the falsification of the history of western belarus and the bssr, which are actively thrown in, especially after the collapse of the soviet union. so this publication is a clear document.

fertilizing the soil with fertilizers is perhaps one of the main tasks of farmers with the production of nutritional complexes for plants, there are no questions, there are many

specialized enterprises operating in the country, but the range of new products largely depends on the work of scientists who work in laboratories all year round. in our studio today is a top-class expert. in the field of agriculture, chief researcher of the laboratory of new forms of fertilizers and melonants of the institute of soil science and agrochemistry of the academy of sciences of belarus, doctor of agricultural sciences, professor galina pirogovskaya, galina vladimirovna, hello, hello, listen, let's start with this question, are there organic, are there inorganic fertilizers, everyone has heard of this, but we began to understand the topic, there are micro and macro fertilizers, tell us, what is the difference? macro fertilizers are those fertilizers that plants receive in large quantities, this can be nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and micro fertilizers are those substances that plants receive in micro quantities, but both macronutrients and

micronutrients are very important for growth and plant development, macro and micro fertilizers also differ in form, macro and microelements can be... in the form of granular form, powder form and liquid form, but microelements are mainly liquid powders, granules. we read the accounting of soil solutions, we conduct

a selection of lysemetric soil solutions, which are filtered into the underlying soil horizons, then we take samples and determine the nutritional elements, our lysimetric station contains 48 lysimeters, these 48 lysimeters are filled with the most common soils republic of belarus, these are... four types: grain-podzolic soils of different granulometric composition, sod-gley, peaty gley and tarfy non-sin soils. three lysemetric experiments are conducted in the first lysemetric experiments have been conducted for 44 years, we test the effectiveness of standard fertilizers. the second lysemetric experiment, this has also been conducted for 44 years, where we have pure control over...

the last one, where we have the optimal level of fertilizer application, all in rotation, the second option, high levels of fertilizer application, crop rotations, for these 44 years we have already had the tenth crop rotation, we use those typical crop rotations that are used mainly in our republic, for which, in order to not study the influx of loss of nutrients into the environment, but the main thing is to... purpose the purpose of lysimeters is also to study the balance of the influx of nutrients in the system

of atmospheric precipitation, soil, fertilization of plants. the importance of lysemetric studies is very valuable, we can not only quantitatively determine how much nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, trace elements are washed out in environment, but we can estimate, in financial terms, how much money we rub on... one when washing out on loamy soils, on loose, cohesive on sand, peat and peat-nezidny soils. is it true that according to one of the latest conclusions that you came to, most of our soils lack sulfur. according to the latest round of arochemical soil survey, it was established that the sulfur content in our soils of grain.

re-sow all areas with spring rape, rape, cabbage, potatoes well

respond to the introduction of sulfur-containing fertilizers, now we have checked the studies on those crops that respond very well to sulfur, established what doses of sulfur are needed, for example, for winter rye, for wheat, for potatoes, sulfur-containing fertilizers are produced in the republic, but still in ... the sphere of containing fertilizers obtained on the basis of phosphogypsum, you know that at the gomel chemical plant there are phosphogypsum waste heaps, and phosphogypsum contains 23%, therefore galina vladimirovna, since we are talking about the production of fertilizers, my colleagues have already visited the gomel chemical plant, let's see how

it all happens. the sulfuric acid shop at the gomel chemical plant is called the heart of the enterprise, work here 24/7, not even on holidays. these yellow mountains are the raw material for one of the main components of complex sulfur fertilizers. komova sulfur, which arrived in wagons, is unloaded here, it is melted in smelters, goes to the filtration department, where it is filtered for feeding then to the sulfur furnace, where it is burned. a huge amount of sulfur is released amount of heat with a gas temperature of up to 1100°. this steam goes to the right turbines, which generate electricity. the share of its own electricity is up to 50% of the total consumption of the plant. at the same time, the gas that was formed, sulfurous, goes to the contact apparatus, which is loaded with a vanadium catalyst, where it is oxidized from c2 to c3, then

there is a drying and protion department. where it is dissolved in a solution of sulfuric acid, moisture from which is absorbed, combines with c3, it is concentrated, its volume increases, and is soon removed to warehouse, now there are two of them at the gomel plant, each of them stores 1,000 tons of sulfuric acid. operators monitor the production process around the clock so that nothing goes wrong, specialists quickly react to changes at the control panel and make adjustments. and in the next room at this moment... the plant produces phosphoric acid, another main component of complex fertilizers. apatite concentrate is used to produce phosphoric acid, which can only be purchased in the russian federation, where several deposits, this is phosphate flour, produced in kazakhstan, syrian, moroccan phosphorite, well, phosphorites of various origins.

there are practically no people in the phosphoric acid plant, everything is automated. here, the decomposition of apatite. concentrate or generally phosphate raw materials with sulfuric acid, which we have already produced in the sulfuric acid plant, takes place, we obtain phosphoric acid. phosphoric acid, which is obtained in a low concentration, we evaporate it to obtain fifty percent phosphoric acid, which is used for production. then two more components are added to the mass - ammonia and potassium - and passed through a reactor. at the exit , specialists receive a semi-finished product, but it is still wet. then the mass is awaited by a granulator, where it is under high da...

about half of this volume goes to the needs of the belarusian market, the rest is exported. russia is the leader, with almost 70% of exports, the remaining 30 are sent to the markets of europe, turkey, africa and china. the science nearby project is on air, and today our focus is on the food that our lands and plants need - fertilizers, here's what else we'll tell you about. new data, new types of fertilizers at. we know how modern complexes are developed, our scientists, organic is good, here are the means in bags bad, together we will dispel myths about the use of various types of fertilizers, and the first step into science, the premiere of the rubric of the project science nearby on the air in a few minutes.

the club of editors of ambitions of the polish rech pospalita is more than enough, and this is one of the ideological supports within the polish state, a whole system is being built on the borders with us for an offensive military conflict from poland. too often the bravest of the brave were led by the vilest of the vilest. when dealing with the anglo-saxons, we are dealing with international banditry, which is when violent operations to eliminate competitors to seize some property are being worked out at the international level.

don't miss it on the belarus 24 tv channel . for those who have just joined us, i'm telling you, you are watching the science nearby project and today we are studying the production, composition and... use of fertilizers, i have a scientist in the studio who has studied during her work all soils in the country, created together with domestic factories more than a dozen

fertilizers continues to do so. galina vladimirovna, before our report you touched on the topic of complex fertilizers, do they work or not, tell me, as a novice gardener, complex, these fertilizers in one granule include macro-microelements necessary for the crop. with a balanced ratio taking into account what this crop requires, secondly, uniformity of application over the field area, it turns out that we save financial funds for application, since we drive less on the field, the anthropogenic load on the soil is reduced, that is, on our environment. there is still an opinion that, after all , fertilizer is chemistry, that is what is produced in factories, well, in extreme cases they also say, well, probably imported, well , maybe, it’s still okay, our fertilizers and imported ones, well, as a specialist, yes, what do

you recommend choosing why, here is the second question, is it necessary or not, or is it enough, well, let’s say, organic matter, we have fertilizer registration in the republic, well, compared to other countries, the cheapest, so now... in such a way that we are developing even a sulfur-containing fertilizer, we do not just granulate phosphogypsum, but we are trying to granulate it with organic additives,

so that there is both organic matter and sulfur. now in world practice , silicon-containing fertilizers have been in great demand for the last 5 years, we are also dealing with these issues and have even already received granulated fertilizers for experience on laboratory installations. fertilizers based on bird droppings with silicon, with sulfur, and therefore , it is always necessary to apply it at summer cottages, i have it in my summer cottage and vegetable garden, i want to say, but everything must be applied in a balanced manner, in optimal quantities, i told you that at our lysemetric station there are options where we introduce optimal doses of subculture, and high doses of subculture, studies show that...

many people still believe that store-bought fertilizers are bad, but since our project trusts only expert opinion as a fact, we decided to look

into this topic in detail, though on... scientific our investigation today will be unusual, my young colleague potap-motskevich went to scientists to get reliable information , how his first step into science went, i suggest watching right now the premiere of the section in our program. i have long wondered how plants get nutrition, because all living organisms cannot exist without energy. therefore, i was very happy when i found out that a very busy person, a professor, director of the institute of soil science and agrochemistry of our academy of sciences, would tell me about this. yuri konstantinovich, hello, hello, potap, i decided to take the first step into the science called agrochemistry, i already have the first question: why did we end up here and not in the laboratory? you are absolutely right, of course, all research in agrochemistry

begins in the laboratory. but in order to evaluate how fertilizers affect plants, on yield and product quality, it is necessary to conduct field experiments. here, scientists look at how the main food of plants works: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium. potassium is an element that is found in cellular walls, it ensures the growth of the root system, the better the root system, the more nitrogen the plant consumes. is part of dna and rna, that is, molecules, the energy exchange of the plant atp, and which determines the heredity of the plant. fertilizers that scientists work with in the fields are like small balls. they, getting into the ground, gradually dissolve and literally begin to feed the plants. here i took several types of fertilizers with me,

pay attention to the fact that. granules should be the same size, what do you think, for what? i don't know, i've never even thought about it, when the size is the same, when the machine scatters them, they will be scattered in absolutely the same conditions, that is , the larger the granule, the further it will fly, the smaller, it will fall closer, we need to distribute all the fertilizers evenly across the entire field, each fertilizer has its own size, and what it will be, scientists decide first, or rather, they derive it ideally.

they like it when the ph is quite acidic, plants suffer from this and cannot absorb normal fertilizer, it is introduced into the soil special machines and uh for 4 years our soil is considered deoxidized. today i saw and even managed to hold in my hands fertilizers in the form of granules, but are there liquid fertilizers? yes, of course, liquid forms of fertilizers also exist, but in most cases they are used in greenhouse

complexes. in greenhouses, the system. of top dressing works a little differently than in real field conditions, since there is no solid substrate, the soil in which the plants grow, uh, mineral wool is used as a substrate there, most often, therefore, the nutrient solution is prepared in a completely different way, there are four containers where the liquid form of each type of fertilizer, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium is made, and the fourth container is where acid is used to... adjust the nutrient solution by acidity, then this nutrient solution is fed to each specific plant through a system of dropper tubes. yuri konstantinovich, thank you for such a detailed lecture. i believe that my first step into the science called agrochemistry was very successful. and by...