♪ >> from our studios in new york city, this is charlie rose. >> ken chenault is here. he is the chairman of american express. it is among one of the world's best-known brands.

the digital revolution is changing as we engage in e-commerce. i am pleased to have ken at this table for the first time. in the interest of full disclosure, american express has been a supporter of this program for a number of years, and for that i am grateful and appreciative. thank you, it is good to have you. tell me about the change element and how the company responds to that. >> the time we live in today, it is a convergence of the online and off-line world. it is presenting incredible possibilities. but what is very important is that you can't look at your

business in a narrow way. let me give you one example. it would be wrong for us to simply view ourselves as a company that is facilitating payments. if we look at one of the major developments, it is platform companies, amazon, alibaba google, facebook. and we view ourselves as not only a company facilitating payments, but as a platform company that is delivering services. and we have the most integrated payment platform. we are focused on on how we change the commerce experience and become even more meaningful in people's lives. >> it is important to define who you are, in terms of what type of company you are.

and who you are as the world changes. >> what is important, and i believe it strongly, is that i often talk to ceos and they look at me strangely and ask what is the soul of your company? what do you stand for as a company? and for american express, we have really focused on two hallmarks. reinvention and constancy. we need to innovate. innovate or die. we are going to do that constantly. we have reinvented ourselves. it is in our dna. but then you have to have a constancy of values, trust, integrity. >> can you imagine where you will be in 10 years? >> i think that in 10 years,

despite things are moving rapidly it is still a short , amount time. i will tell you, one is that the form factor of the payments will change. i do not care if plastic goes away. it is not what is relevant. what is relevant, is what the business platform is that we are operating on. back to the integrated platform. american express has relationships with merchants and retailers where we get all information and data. and we have relationships with the user. the customer gives us insight. i know where charlie rose spends. i know what time he spends. i can predict what are different items that he will have a greater interest in. i think that we will be far more involved in both the --

>> and your competition? >> i think it will be anyone in the service business. i think that our competition will clearly be other payment providers. but i think that our competition will be anyone who is offering services. so my view is, i am partnering with companies that are competitors. that our friendemies. in fact, i work with many banks around the world who issue american express branded cards. people said to me, 15 years ago, ken how can you partner with banks? they are competing with you in the credit card business. i said, you do not understand. we are expanding our brand and our cards. if we get more volume on our network, that makes us more relevant in the marketplace.

>> so when you look at something like apple and the big announcement about where they're going, and you say to them welcome? >> what i said to tim, and to apple, i said welcome. i also said, when we had our conversation, is again, what does apple stand for? and what we found is that there is a commonality between our companies. we both stand for service. but something was also very clear. they are focused on product. i am focused on service. and what was very critical is the data. data is our lifeblood. we talk about that as a closed loop. we are connecting buyers and sellers. tim cook said i am not interested in the data. that was important to me. >> what about alibaba? >> i think that they are a fascinating company.

the reality is that they are in payments and commerce and what we are increasingly doing is we are bringing buyers and sellers together. you have to look more broadly at payments. we have the largest rewards program in the world. the reality is, you can access our membership rewards points in a taxi, and in uber, in airbnb to pay your bill on amazon. you cannot just look at our business as simply facilitating a payment. >> tom friedman says that he is thinking about a new book, saying the world is flat. now he is saying it is fast. he talks about uber and things like that. he talks about the genius that they bring speed. does that resonate with you?

>> it absolutely resonates with me. at the end of the day, speed is absolutely critical. but another thing that uber brings, i think that we are bringing, i think the range of successful companies that are doing this, it is speed. we are bringing speed. we bring simplicity convenience, and being seamless. if you look at that uber payments experience, you are not even going through the act of really paying. and what we have done with uber, we have made it a seamless experience to earn points and redeem points and so the ability to operate with speed is an essential requirement of success. >> do you believe that the consumer understands what

american express is today and how it is changing? or the part, that you as ceo have to do? >> i think, when you think about the consumer, a consumer is not going to analyze the business like a business case. what a consumer is going to say is, is this a company that understands me and is meeting my needs? is this a company that is forming a connection? what i am absolutely convinced of is that consumers believe with american express, they form both a rational and emotional connection. but what we are also doing is we are making the american express brand a more welcoming and inclusive brand. the way that i characterize this for our organization is that we

are going back to the future. the traveler's check business had no income requirement. but one of the things that the digital transformation has changed is scale has been redefined. and we have to be meaningful in all people's lives. the affluent and the nonathletic. -- non-affluent. we have a higher purpose of service. but i also want us to have a higher purpose of meaning. we need to meet all needs. >> you have said that one of the points that you make to your people, is that you want to become the company that will put you out of business. actually, you want to be the person who disrupts american express. >> at the end of the day, if you are the one on offense, if you are the one bringing about change, you are going to be a winner.

and the creative process is moving things forward. it is challenging the status quo, not standing still. because, if you stand still in this world, you will fall backwards. so what i want is the people in our organization to be focused on our need to be disrupters. we need the change. we need -- i will give you one example. for years the company debated, should we have the card business? diners club entered the business in we did not come out until my 1950, 1958. the fear was that if we enter the card business, it would interfere with the traveler's

check business. fortunately the ceo at the time decided, we are going to enter the card business. >> too much upside not to do it. >> too much upside and we should take the risk. and i think that if i'm going to be cannibalized, i want to make that choice. >> do you regret any choices that you have made as you have led american express, maybe saying, if i could do it over i would've gone the other way? or is it more ambiguous? >> it is more subtle, the reality is, as far as the strategic moves, i feel good about the moves that we have made. i think that if there were mistakes, it is not moving quick enough on people and ideas. >> not moving quick enough. >> not moving quick enough, it goes back to the speed. you can overcome that. and we have. but, if anything, i would like to move faster. >> tell me about partnerships.

walmart, you have this thing called bluebird service. how does that work? >> what is terrific about this partnership, it points to the importance of partnerships in general. no single company, i do not care how large you are, can operate with the speed and scale that is necessary in this marketplace. so what walmart provides us is that they have millions of customers who in fact need a product, like bluebird. there are 70 million americans who are unbanked or under-banked, who do not qualify for credit cards. frankly, what we are providing to them is a low-cost product on a digital platform. they can use it as a plastic card, but they can also use

thier mobile phone. what it provides them is a set of abilities for their financial affairs. it allows them to make payments. it allows them to deposit. and what it opened up is an opportunity that many of these customers, who cannot qualify for a credit card, they now can shop online. and the other thing that walmart has done, they have come up with an innovative protocol savings -- product called savings catcher, where you can come look on your mobile phone, you look at the barcode of a product that you are purchasing and in a 12 mile radius, you can see, if in fact, you could purchase the product at a lower cost at

another store. if you can, they will refund the difference to you. they will do it on a gift card. if you use a bluebird card, you get double. double the savings. this is meeting a need and an unmet need at a lower cost. it is opening up a tremendous opportunity. >> small businesses are an area of concern for you? >> this is not an issue of small businesses against the big businesses. big businesses generate substantial opportunities for small businesses. as we all know, the reality is that 23 million small businesses in the united states, they employ half of the private workforce. they generate two thirds of the net new jobs. what we did, 25 years ago, we were one of the first financial

service companies, payments companies, any company, that put together a business unit that was 100% dedicated to meeting the needs of small businesses. what do most small businesses want? they want more business. they want help with marketing. we have created an online community for small businesses where we bring experts in to work with them. we help them with -- >> with their budget? >> exactly, we take the capabilities of a large company and bring those to small businesses. small businesses are essential for our community. but i think what people miss is the level of cooperation and collaboration between big business and small businesses. the success of small businesses and the growth, that is essential for our economy. >> we went through a terrible

experience in 2007 and 2008. dodd-frank came out of that and a lot of people came out hurt. have we taken measures as a country to minimize the possibility of that happening again? or do you think that it is inevitable as part of the business cycle? >> a few points i would make first i think that the fact that we have been able to come out of the financial crisis as a country, as we did, speaks to the resilience of this country. for all the criticism of our political system and frustration that we all have had, it speaks to the strength of that political system. it speaks to the culture in this country. very frankly, if you had said to me in 2009, ken, here is where

we would be in the economy in 2014. >> you would have said? >> i would've said that you were way optimistic. there was a fear that we were falling off the cliff. what i do think is that with the regulation that has been put in place, with the changes in business practices, it does not mean we would not fall back, but i think that the progress that we have made is substantial. the issue, at the end of the day in our society, it is still income and equality. and the fact that the benefits of the recovery have not been trickling down. >> you seem to be speaking out more than you were when i first met you when i came to new york. is it because you have felt like there are issues and ideas that were important to discuss?

you felt a responsibility towards your own company to make sure that the global economy -- community understood it? or it is a combination? >> it is a combination. and it is something that i believe in, something my father said, the one thing that you can control is your performance. that is what you need to focus on. and first taking over as ceo, i wanted to make sure that i performed. i also believe very strongly that companies, depending on how you run them, can make a major difference in our society. and i really believe that. and so i focus on trying to not just have our company, american express, be successful financially.

i want us to be one of the most respected and trusted companies in the world. because it is something i believe in. i believe in sustainable success. it is really hard. the second, it is that i also believe that whether you are in the private or public sector, it is important to make a difference. make a difference in society. one of the points that i make, is that corporations exist because society allows us to exist. we have a responsibility and obligation to make a difference. >> thank you for coming. >> good to see you. ♪

>> ava duvernay is the director of the film, "selma." the film arrives with relevance and reminds us that race remains an issue. the associated press called it a history lesson that throbs with today.

here is a trailer of the film. >> he has supporters. detroit, new york, los angeles and he is inciting large scale arrests and sympathy marchers. >> i am aware of that mr. hoover. what i do know is that he is nonviolent. what i need to know is, what is martin luther king about to do next? >> mr. president, dr. king is here. >> mr. president, in the south there have been thousands of racially motivated murders. we need your help. >> dr. king, it will have to wait. >> it cannot wait. >> you have one big issue, i have 101. >> here is the next great battle. >> selma is the place. >> dr. king. >> that white boy can hit. >> we will not tolerate agitators who want to orchestrate a disturbance. >> it is unacceptable that they use that power to keep us voiceless. those that have gone before us

they say no more. >> people actually say that they are going to kill our children. they are going to try and get inside of your head. >> a man stands up and says enough it is enough. >> we are bounded. >> this cell is probably bugged. >> it probably is. >> we must march, we must stand up. >> if you march those people, it will be open season. >> may i have a word? >> there are no words to be had. >> the people. the people. the people, the people, the people. ♪ >> there are 70 million people watching. >> these pictures are going around the world. >> we must make a massive demonstration. >> white, black, and otherwise. come together.

>> it looks like an army out there. >> this revolution goes on and on. >> this revolution goes on and on. ♪ >> i have seen the glory. glory. glory, hallelujah. what happens when a man stands up and says enough is enough. >> i am pleased to have ava duvernay at this table for the first time. welcome. >> thank you. >> congratulations. it was not easy coming to make this film. >> it was a journey. >> tell me about that. >> the journey began before i even came onboard. it came down to the lead man the man who plays dr. king, he so desired that this be in the world. that this piece be in the world. he really made it so. he brought me onboard and he brought oprah on board and he is an example of an actor taking charge of his own destiny, but also knowing that this story spoke to such a larger time and larger issue.

i am fortunate that a friend got me this gig. >> the interesting idea is that there has not been a film about someone so pivotal in the history of america? >> when we talk about the full journey -- >> there have been documentaries. >> yes, but there has never been a major motion picture retelling or exploration of this time in the 50 years since the events that we chronicle. there have been films about other folks, but king as a cinematic character has always been treated very tangentially and maybe just a part of the atmosphere. >> why is that? >> so many issues, but i think a big part of it is that it is a complex, tender time in our history that is a challenge to delve into. and maybe to walk away from unscathed. there are so many perspectives and points of view about what

the time was and who he was. what was going on at that moment. >> that seems to me is what makes it so rich. >> a lot of people to please though. that is one of the reasons that there have been folks who have backed away. yes, it is rich, but it is complicated. >> you mean a hard story to tell? >> there are so many people to please, so many different constituents that have to be acknowledged. maybe figuring out how to treat that. i think that was from previous filmmakers i have talked to, and issues of the intellectual property. and then, this is a film with a person of color at the center, just to be very honest, it is not at the top of the list of the studios to make. so, once these things are made i think there is a beautiful embracing of them. but they are not the first things that people think of that they are going to bring in for

box offices. >> but other directors have been interested in it. spike lee, what about malcolm x, that film? >> there have been beautiful film makers that have attempted to think about exploring this material, but it never came to fruition. >> what was the story you want to tell? >> i wanted to tell something about the people. my african-american studies at ucla, studying the history, that is what was always the most vibrant to me. he was a leader of people. he was actually a leader of leaders. he was one of many people, the most beautiful voice, the most eloquent voice, the most vibrant voice. he was speaking for people. >> this is a film about voices. >> yes, that is what i truly believe. these were great minds that were spurred by the people. we call it selma, not king or a

reason. it was about the power of the people. >> more than one person. the people that were around came -- >> around him and his camp. and people in selma. >> and the governor of alabama. >> all of those voices. these were kind of people who had ideas about how to achieve justice and equality. that is one of the things that we tried to create in the tapestry of selma. that they were all presented by king. that was his genius. >> what were the restrictions? i mean self-imposed, legal rights and others. >> we don't have his real words. i say it matter-of-factly. we do not have the intellectual property that is his words. >> because? >> they belonged to somebody else.

>> you can't to rent or buy them? >> it was more money than we had. the conversation we did not pursue, the cinematic rights to his words are already with another film maker. >> that is interesting. >> not me. >> you must have had conversations about the other -- with that other bill mcdermott. -- filmmaker. >> ultimately, our film is about three months of the voting rights marches in selma. the estate and family should have a film that tells the whole life. those rights are reserved for that, which say film i would like to see. >> so would i. this does rekindle an interest in dr. king come with man, who he was and why he was. all the complexities of him.

>> he was a fascinating radical. he really was. he has been homogenized -- the nonviolence is all people know. he believed in peace and made a great speech and then he was murdered. there was so much more there. it is fascinating, a robust history of a radical thinker. a dynamic. a charismatic that has been lost in the deification in some ways. >> you wanted to avoid that. >> at all costs. that was our vital mission, for sure. >> david, where does his interest come from? he wrote letters to get you as the director. >> he worked with me on a small film i made. >> he was impressed enough that he put his own reputation on the line. you had not made a film like this. >> the films i made previously were independents that had been well received. my biggest budget up until this point was 200,000 dollars.

this was $20 million, quite a jump. it was david who advocated for me in a way that is very rare in the industry. for his appeal to be embraced and approved is rare. this all came together in a way that is outside the way films are usually made. >> his performance, is that totally him? how did you try to help him shave the performance? -- shape the performance? >> i would just be a partner any performance. but it is completely him. >> give him the freedom to do what he can do. >> be there to support him. nudge, push a bit. be there to question and and challenge. to ask questions about motivations and intent. but when you have an actor as exquisite as he is with a reservoir of emotions, so many

places to go, it is kind of take your hands off the wheel and let him do his thing. >> this is david talking about you. >> she has a directorial voice like nobody i encountered. that's when i started lobbying for her to direct "selma." >> what is that voice? >> she minds humanity from characters like nobody else i have worked with. she is more interested in silences than words. of course, she is a writer-director so she is interested in words. there is something she does off the line as well is on the line. i have been taught that true acting is reacting. i saw her get things out of me that i did not know were there. i always knew that in playing dr. king, i cannot afford to further accentuate what we already know.

i need somebody to guide me to what i did not. >> how did you do that? [laughter] >> i just try to remain present with the actors. there are 10,000 things going on at any given moment. at the point i am facing an actor, attempting to partner with them in the performance, it is about giving them whatever they need. my job is to figure out what that is. >> tell me about your journey. coming out of ucla, you became a publicist. you may be the first publicist. >> there may be three of us. a small club. >> they put you close to directors. >> proximity to directors is what publicity gave me. >> including spielberg. >> spielberg, michael mann. >> when did you say, i thought i could do this? >> the set of a michael mann movie, "collateral." i remember it was a specific scene with javier bardem, jada

pinkett, jamie foxx and tom cruise. there was something about these people, a great vp and director. i thought, this is something i would like to do. >> did you want to make films about the african-american experience? >> i am most interested in the lives of people on the margins. as a filmmaker just getting started, trying to find my voice, i was immediately interested in the lives of black women specifically. brown women. issues of marginalization. >> i have read black women filmmakers are a small group. >> it is a small but mighty tribe. >> what do you want to do? -- to encourage more? >> i can only open doors to encourage people to walk with me, not

behind me but beside me. there are women who came before me who did beautiful work but there names are not being amplified ike mine is. there are contemporaries making beautiful things. i am constantly approached by women who are interested in getting into film. it is a challenge. women filmmakers. how we are able to grow within the industry. which is so often not interested in that blossoming. it is a lot about the sisterhood of talking to one another and trying to keep everyone fortified. >> this is happening with female film directors of all colors for example reese witherspoon. >> she did some amazing things. >> producing films a variety. some she stars in and some she does not. the idea is to give women -- >> not to give them power. for women to take the power. >> that is exactly what it is. >> the self-determination.

i try to work from a place without permission. i'm not working in a permission-based way. i encourage as all to try to -- us all to try to find our own way and not wait. >> it does give them some sense of incentive. to speak to the power, to seek the opportunity, to do the things they have the talent to do. given encouragement as you had from david. when did oprah come on board? >> she came on like a ferry godmother, the good which. she came on board and everything started to vibrate with an energy. a real trust, a momentum, a propulsion. when she came on board everything took off. it was an amazing group of producers around the project early on.

it had hit a point where needed -- where it needed fresh air and she provided that. >> did she want to be any the -- in the film. or was that your idea? >> she did not want to be in the film. >> i didn't think so. [laughter] >> she had been in the butler. she is so gracious. when she is around, the spotlight goes to her. she did not want that to be the case. she wanted the spotlight to be on the people, the leaders we were amplifying. that was one of the issues for her. and every movie she is in, she is hitting someone. in this film, any leak over, she takes a good swing back. i don't know what that is about, but eventually, she came on board and did you do for work. -- did beautiful work for the film. >> here's an excerpt showing oprah. >> you work for mr. dunn at the

rest home. eight that right? >> yes or. >> what would he say if one of his girls was stirring up a fuss? >> i am just trying to register to vote. >> recite the constitution's preamble. you know a preamble is? -- you know what a preamble is? >> we the people of the united states, in order to form a more perfect union -- >> how many county judges in alabama? >> 67. >> name them.

>> does it move you every time you see it? you have seen it 1000 times. >> it does. i had not seen that clip in a while. i remember the day shooting that. it was the day that maya angelou died. oprah came to the set and i said , we do not have to do this today. she said, i will do it for all the women who actually endured this humiliation. all through the film as i made it our intention was to illustrate the emotions of what is in the history book. it is one thing to read that voting rights were denied and there were literacy tests in play. to see what someone had to go through, go to a window where you knew there was no one for you. no one rooting for you. no one wanted you to do it. you believe in your own personhood enough to want to do

it, to endure it. it means a lot to me to see these things. >> what do you think you have accomplished? >> the goal was to breathe life into these stories that i feel even for black people, have been top line. the key facts. it does not live and breathe, it is not part of the dna as it was for the previous generation. there is a disconnect. in terms of an understanding and empathy, a true connection. for that reason, my hope is that the film has put some meat on these bones. the skeleton of history has a little blood.

>> you talk to some of the people who lived through this experience. what did they think? >> they asked me to be careful with the story. to show what really happened. they lived in a state sanctioned terrorist environment. there was terrorism happening. you could not move freely. you could not express yourself without there being repercussions to your livelihood, your home. to break through that, this was 50 years ago. to break through that and say, i will drink water from wherever i want. i will vote and determine who governs in my local area. i will participate in this american process. to do so, i have to put my body on the line to do it because it is not law. that is what i was asked to be careful with. that was important to me.

>> did you make it your point to make sure you had seen "eyes on the prize," all the great documentaries? >> i had seen them before. the beautiful thing about this for me, people ask how was the jump made from small indies to the larger film? without being intimidated -- i knew the history already. i had studied the civil rights movement. my father is from alabama. "eyes on the prize" was on loop at the house. this is part of my family history and legacy. in addition, reading everybody in the film is a real person and they almost all wrote an autobiography. >> many are still alive to talk to. >> many are alive to talk to including congressman young. >> what do they say now? someone said, david, what he did

for me was capture the spirit of martin. that is what he said. he captured the spirit. he didn't necessarily sound like him or look like him. he was his spirit. >> yes. congressman lewis as well, coming to the set and seeing david and talking to him as dr. king. that is what we were trying to do, capture the spirit of the time. this was a movement at its peak for 13 years. complicated relationships and the nuances of strategy and policy. we are making a film and our goal was to -- the best word is the spirit of it. you cannot be a mimic.

this is what we were talking about with david. we were not interested in mimicry or imitation. when you see him, do you feel king? you have an understanding of him as a man? a man of complexity and dimension. which we have to touch on. then there is the question of lyndon johnson. much controversy, some have worked closely with him. they have basically said johnson and king were partners in this, they were not adversaries. do you accept that? >> absolutely. they passed one of the most progressive and crucial legislation around civil rights. >> which do you see as johnson's role? someone who is there as a partner with dr. king, understood the political difficulties, but wanted to take his knowledge of washington and the congress and use it for dr. king's benefit, or someone who

did not want to make it a priority? and had to be dragged into? >> dragged into is not the word i would use. that is not what we portrayed in the film. >> what would be the word you think would characterize lyndon johnson? >> i think he was reluctant. the timing wasn't right. we said so in the film, he says, we just passed the 1964 act and is not being enforced. let's wait a second, get through great society. let us work on the war on poverty. let us do these things first. not wanting to do it is not something we talk about. did he not want to do it is not what we talked about. did he wouldn't -- not want to do it now is what we explored, having just past the civil rights act and took office for the second time. this was the wrong time for the president but a crucial time for the civil rights movement, as people were dying.

we were coming off the four little girls being bombed in birmingham. coming off this idea that black people could not even participate in their own right to justice. you could not sit on a jury if you are not registered to vote. as a black person, you could not register to vote. how do you gain justice? these were issues of life and death and they could not wait. that is what we talked about. for me folks having a challenge of johnson's legacy, the real deterioration of his legacy is the fact that the very bill he made so, the voting rights act he made so, is almost no more. that is the legacy that has been denigrated more than a scene in a film that you feel totally might not be exactly right. but i would argue our film does not show johnson in the negative light, but as a man who had a complex relationship with king.

their relationship was not a skip through the park handholding thing. they came to a consensus but it was a rocky road. >> andy has stepped forward and i think johnson was very important, as you know. >> i say johnson was very important. our johnson character in the film gets wild applause at the end of the film when he makes the, we shall overcome speech. that moment has been constructed to be the triumph that it is. nobody is taking anything away by saying these are two great minds. neither man is a saint or sinner. there are no extremes. we're playing with the gray area where life really happens. >> they were in the trenches of history. >> they were men. they were living, breathing people. they were real human beings.

their relationship complicated. i am not here to rehabilitate anyone's image, or to congratulate. what we were looking for was the truth as we saw it. a lot of questions, gray areas permit that is what we made. at no point did we say johnson was not the hero. at no point do we say he is not important. this challenge, for us to hear people say to shun this movie or rule out this movie because it does not have a pristine view of lbj -- i hope we can move past it. >> you open with a scene of king about to make the nobel speech. why? >> we actually open on coretta,

before the nobel prize. it was important to have that moment of a husband and wife fiddling over a tight. the subtext was the worry that his stature would overshadow the movement. that was a struggle for him. to amplify that he was a man with everyday concerns whether his tie or what people would think of him or balancing challenges with what it feels like to be on a public stage. that is why that scene is there. then we see him at his full height, about give a speech. -- about to give a speech. >> did he write all his speeches? >> from what i have researched yes. he wrote his speeches. i have showed moments, moments where you have him thinking about a speech. this idea that he was a man who had a pen and paper and figured it out.

>> >> you do see this close relationship he had with the people who were risking their lives. especially ralph abernathy, andy young. john lewis. >> diane nash. james orange. we populated the film with important -- it was important to bring those characters in. they were all so dynamic. the depth of the intellect, the strategies, the tactics when they came together is sizzling. the texture is something we wanted to capture. >> for you, what is the essential quality of dr. king? >> he was a voice for the voiceless. literally, through the speeches and the gorgeousness of his oratory. also to be able to listen to someone on us voice who might

not have been able to articulate. to speak for them in a way that we had not seen before. >> that is what he was. he was a voice and that is essential to what his life was about. but, him as a man? >> the word that comes to mind is dignity. he was dignity personified. he demanded dignity of everyone around him. he demanded it for everyone around him. certainly, compassion. a freedom fighter. a truth seeker. at the core of him -- this was something andrew young talked about, he was a pastor to everyone around him. andy young says the one part of the film that he had never seen was king stand up to johnson face to face. there is a scene where johnson and king stand face to face. symbolically. king is standing there looking right at his eyes.

he said, king might have looked away or been a bit more giving to the president in that moment our goal was to symbolize the power of both sides coming together. i think the dignity he demanded of everyone around him for everyone around him is what he means to me. >> thank you. great to have you here. congratulations. >> thank you so much. >> thank you for joining us. see you next time. ♪

>> from pier three in san francisco welcome to "bloomberg west.” here is a check of top headlines. french police are surrounding -- three villages northeast of harris looking for the "charlie hebdo" suspects. here is former nsa director, general keith alexander. >> i think actions like this will become more frequent and law enforcement in the intelligence agencies are going to be expected to do more. they can't do it without tools. we have to come up with a reasonable way to do it.