legend. the genius of just running it once on the super bowl. every news show was saying, the game was ok, but did you see the commercial? our vision was more like how the world was going to change because of computers, not that we were changing the super bowl. but it did create a phenomenon where people started designing advertising specifically for the uper bowl. and keeping it secret. and having it be a surprise. all those things were born out of 1984. trying to live up to what steve expected of what i did and we were doing together became one of the true joys of my life. to be in the advertising business you don't often get to be part of something that important, that world changing. lots of people kind of misjudged what the commercial was.

and what the commercial could o. nobody believed that 30 years later people would still be alking about it. >> one key problem in developing countries is very high prevalence of iron deficiency. >> if we get people to use this salt, we are going to take a big step against anemia. so it will change lives. >> i was always troubled by

poverty, troubled by different circumstances that people experience in the world. troubled by the fact that some people are poor while i am living a comfortably middle-class existence in france.

it was only much later that i understood economics could be a tool of understanding. am interested in how poor people make decisions about their lives. the understanding of these decisions can help us design programs and intervention to help them lead a better life. >> there is obviously a lot of poverty in the world. but there is also a lot of aid. why are there not more results? >> a lot of money is being spent on the poor. what is the effectiveness of the money? is it well spent? is it not well spent? that is what we are trying to find out now. >> part of the problem of aid is the natural tendency is not to be too scientific about it. what happens, really, if you give them a handout? is it awful stuff that happens? or basically, it helps them a little bit and makes them a little happier. one of the advantages of doing

the kind of work we do is we can start to put a wedge between those. we can start to say, that is not true. there are some places where we do know the facts. you can't just tell me anything goes. and i think that is a long way down the road towards getting more science into the decision. >> my mother is a pediatrician. currently today, as we speak, she is in el salvador in a mission with doctors of the world. she was doing that when we were growing up. i grew up with a strong notion of responsibility to not ignore that issue. on the other side, my dad is an academic. he is a mathematician, and kind of always hoped i would be an academic, too. when i got into the profession, a little more than 15 years ago now, we did not have many answers, so it was a very exciting, wide-open place to start working. i was able to go slowly, slowly, to take one question after the other and answer a few. of course, many people are also doing that. together, i think we are starting to make some rogress.

>> it is literally very similar. in some ways, even though she grew up in france and i grew up in calcutta, we have very similar backgrounds. j-pal was created to catalyze this process of knowledge building through doing the experiments. >> it was started at m.i.t. and then very closely after, we started the office here in india. now we have offices in every continent except oceania. >> we wanted to do randomized controlled trials on issues relating to poverty. >>the concept is very similar to a clinical trial. you take people. randomly select part of the population. give them the new drug. the other half gets the standard of care or a placebo. because they have been randomly selected, they look exactly the ame.

you can compare them. you can get a good answer on the effectiveness of your drug. you can do the same for any social program. it gives you a very good sense of the effect of the ntervention. >> usually i will wander around and try to listen in on the surveys, because the one useful thing you can do is sort of figure out -- there is often a gap between what you think the question is and what is being asked. so when i listen to it, the way it is actually being worded is very important. >> one key problem, in many developing countries but in particular in south asia, the high prevalence of iron deficiency, anemia. so we thought, would it be ossible to make double fortified food available in the villages at a reduced price?

would people buy it? if they do, would that improve heir anemia level? >> if we get people to use the salt, we are going to get a big step against anemia. it could improve health, test performance, incomes, all kinds of great things, they will all change. our attitude towards this problem is to turn it into a olvable problem. >> there are many factors in the world. there is governments, ngo's, private companies. who they recognize, from having worked in the field, that things are not always the way you envision them to be. the only question you can ask, s a particular program, is a particular policy effective?

and then are there a way to make it more effective? which is exactly what j-pal is doing. i keep getting surprised at the ideas people have come up with, the creativity they bring to the table. at the end of the day that is what drives us. >> before starbucks, in the mid-70's, people were drinking instant coffee. maxwell house, perking it at home. it was not very good. >> we tried to sell consumer pong at the toy fair in new york. we sold none. we said, what is wrong? ♪

>> the incomparable goodness of coffee has now been captured in a cup. >> before starbucks, i think in the mid-1970's, people were drinking really bad coffee. they were drinking instant coffee, maxwell house, perking it at home. t was not very good. >> your first cup of starbuck's offee was? >> in the store in 1979, 1980. it was a french press of sumatra. i drink 4 to 5 cups of coffee a day.

>> what do you say when doctors cut down on coffee? >> they don't say that. they don't say that. you came for the day? >> came for the day. you are the highlight of our day. >> thank you. when i came here for the first time, i had never been in a starbucks store. i walked into the store. by the way, we have changed nothing through the years. this is the original store, as is. and they handed me a cup of coffee made this way. now this is a cup of sumatra, which is indonesian coffee. this is how i tasted my first cup of coffee, and i just knew, from that moment on, that i was ome.

did i ever imagine we would one day have stores in 65 countries serving almost 80 million customers a week? o. growing up in brooklyn in the projects in the early 1960's, what i would loosely describe as the other side of the tracks, provides a deep sense of understanding that there is a world out there different than the world that is inside, where we grew up. i wanted to be part of that world. when i finished school, i got hired by a great company, xerox. and i worked there for a number of years. but i just did not feel i belonged in a structured environment. so i left xerox and went to work for a large swedish company that was starting a u.s. consumer division. in a very roundabout way, they had a customer in seattle called starbucks.

their aspiration at the time was to expand to portland, oregon. i somewhat persuaded them that perhaps starbucks was bigger. and they needed somebody like e. you have to understand, starbucks had three stores in 1982. but the core business was selling pounds of ground and roasted coffee for home use. a year after i joined the company, i went to italy for the first time. of course, you can't walk through any major city or town in italy without running into a coffee bar. and seeing the sense of community and romance around espresso. it just made me realize that starbucks perhaps was not in the right part of the coffee business. that the real business and opportunity was the integration of the beverage into creating a destination and sense of ommunity in the store. what i experienced in italy was something that was transferable n the u.s.

bring for the first time great coffee, introduce new beverages that nobody has heard of. nobody had heard of a cafã© latte before. i raced home to talk to the founders about the experience i had. and they rejected it. over a period of two years, i left starbucks to start my own chain of italian coffee bars. at that time, starbucks found itself in financial difficulties. and so the founder came to me and said, i can't think of starbucks in better hands than if it was in your hands. i realize you don't have the money. i will give you x amount of time to try to find it. i was able to buy starbucks in august of 1987. they had six stores at the time, or $3.8 million. i didn't at that point have an understanding that coffee would one day become part of a culture, the zeitgeist, in ways

i could not understand or predict. i think we realized early on that what we had to do is, everything had to prove itself in the cup. the ability to source and roast the highest quality arabica beans in the world gave us the platform to define and do things that would define and build an industry that did not exist. many people at the time were convinced starbucks was too trong. we had to educate the market and the customer that, this is what coffee should taste like. and there you have it. >> they kept criticizing us. it has got to have a score. so i made it playable. i did not know it was a throwaway. we put the speed up. worked on it. >> we found ourselves playing it after work for hours. ♪

>> simplest game you can think of. one spot.

two paddles. and a score. nolan was a dreamer, entrepreneur. n extrovert. >> it was a dream i had. i always felt it was going to win. i didn't realize it would win so quickly. >> absolutely, we changed the world. if we did nothing else, we changed the world. >> i was the youngest silicon valley president. i sort of plowed the fields to make it easier for jobs and gates and those guys to plant. >> my family was always a game player, from clue to monopoly. learned chess early on. the epiphany for me was my third grade teacher gave me the

responsibility to teach electricity to the class. and i got to play with the magic box that was locked in the closet. it had dry cells and wires and switches, lights. and so i started tinkering. and never stopped. >> nolan came up with this thing. he said, how come on a tv set, when you change the vertical hold, the picture goes up if you turn it one way, and the other way it goes down? can we do that horizontally? i said, we can do it digitally. that is when i invented motion circuitry. nolan asked how to use that otion circuitry of mine. >> al is a better engineer than am. by far. >> get that on tape. >> the day that he was supposed to show up, i had heard about this thing from magnavox. i had competition and i was scared. so i went up to burlington game

.and so i went up, and they had two or three magnavox odysseys. i looked at it and it was fuzzy. it did not have sound. did not have score. but i looked around. the people were having fun with it. >> odyssey -- it is new from magnavox. >> i had to tell al what i wanted him to do. and i thought a good training program would be the ping-pong game. and so to put a little bit of spice into it, i said i had a deal with general electric, which was totally bupkis. >> you lied to me, nolan. >> i lied to you. >> he kept saying, it has to have a score. i didn't know it was a throw away. i put the speed up. worked on it. >> we found ourselves playing it fter work for hours. >> we were playing it and everything, and it was really good. and nolan said, no, we want a driving game. al and i said, no, this game is much too much fun. >> we decided we were going to test it.

so we got ted dabney to build a box over the weekend. contact paper over plywood. >> the orange paint was whatever we had, i think. i went to the walgreens drugstore and bought a $75 hitachi tv set and turned it nto a monitor. here we are, nolan. >> here we are. >> wow, it has changed a lot. >> a lot. >> we put the pong here. it was just on the other side of these green pillars, on a barrel. and remember, this place was a different kind of place. peanuts on the floor. some of the barrels were for peanuts, unshelled peanuts. >> this game had never been seen in the wild before. there were no instructions. there was nothing like it. and so i was just dying to see how people would adapt to it. how quickly. boom, they started having fun ith it really quick.

all of a sudden, al gets this call, the machine is broken. so al runs down there to find out what is going on. >> i got the call it had stopped working. it turned out that the coin mechanism had filled up so high it was jammed -- jammed with too many coins. >> i opened up the coin booth. the quarters came out and i filled my pockets. and then i called you up and said, hey, nolan, i think we have a good sign here. >> that was a tricky shot. not. almost got that corner. >> one sure way to win -- that is it. that is it. the padddle does not go up all the way. that was not a feature. >> that was actually a fault. >> it was a bug in the circuit. i was going to get back to it

and fix it later. then we realized, if we did not have that, two good players could play forever. hence my expression, if you can't fix it, call it a feature. >> home gaming was important because it allowed a much broader dissemination of electronic gameplaying into the population. we tried to sell the consumer pong at the toy fair in new york. we sold none. and we said, what is wrong with this? >> i mean, here we were at the toy fair with a product that would in fact become the hit product of the decade. so we cold-called the sears tower and got through to tom quinn, the buyer in sporting goods, who was trying to sell the magnavox odyssey. two days later, he is at our doorstep at 8:00 in the morning. that was a stroke of luck. >> quinn says, how many can you make by christmas?

said, 75,000. then he came back with an order for 150,000. >> right. >> i said, we can't possibly build this many. we do not have the capital. he said, let me introduce you to ears bank. >> pong was the one that got everybody's attention. we created the videogame industry because we made the first commercially viable videogame. and then from then on, everybody moved on from there. >> games are part of the dna of most people, whether it be smartphones, oculus rift, i think it is all going to be blended into this interactive slurry of fun. the ability to play anywhere, play anything, is bound to be a continuing saga of the world. ♪ stephanie: it has been five

years since haiti was hit by a devastating earthquake. >> we lived one of the worst moments in our history. it was an armageddon-like situation. stephanie: the government says the country is moving forward and haiti is open for business. >> we want to do more. we want to attract more businesses. that will change the entire region in terms of job creation. maybe what we are doing today will show the government that they need to come here and help the people to have roads, electricity, running water. stephanie: there are people living in the streets and the country still has horrible infrastructure problems.