announcer: big problems, big thinkers is brought to you by cisco. there has never been a better time to change the world. ♪ terre: we asked some of the best minds in the world from business, government, the arts, academia, what are the most urgent problems facing humanity, and how do we resolve them? the result is big problems, big thinkers. what is the number one major problem facing mankind? >> i think is the lack of education. >> politics. >> there is a balance of green spirit. >> if we don't have a more

sustainable way -- >> everybody has the capability. >> remember your humanity. terre: welcome to big problems, big thinkers. i'm terre blair. in this series we confront the , most dangerous challenges confronting our survival as a human race, climate change, economic dislocation, nuclear proliferation, social unrest, and we examine each issue by asking if there is an ethical framework that can help us face these problems and solve them. to do that, we will hear from an extraordinary group of leaders, as they search for answers and perhaps inspire us collectively to take action. in this first episode, all of these exceptional men and women agree that climate change is one of the top threats to our existence. will we be up to the challenge? will we take action? >> when i was born 70 years ago, there were just slightly over 2

billion people in the world, and now, there is almost 7 billion. the number of people on the planet has increased by three and a half times in the lifetime of one person. this has never happened before. >> i often tell my indian friends, i say, combined these two nations [indiscernible] pollution -- the existing economy system is not sustainable. >> you have to think of the fact we only have one planet, so we should treat the planet as an nonrenewable resource, and obviously the more people we strains we the more put up on it. >> our planet is getting hot, flat, and crowded. and what that means is basically, on the one hand it is getting hot, that is global warming. temperature rising we know that

, is happening. but will also happen faster as it is getting flat, that means more and more people from an american point of view can see how we live. inspired to live what we live, that means more people living in american size homes, driving cars, american business. eating american sized big macs. if we do not find a more sustainable business to satisfy all these aspirations of all of these people who want and now can have our lifestyle, that is a wonderful thing, but if we do it in a more sustainable way we we are going to burn up, heat up choke up this planet. , and that itself will drive a myriad number of problems. ♪ >> the greatest threat facing humanity today has to be climate change, followed by the possibility of nuclear war, because those are the only two things on the horizon that could destroy all of humanity. today, people see droughts where they never happened before, floods were the never had them before, slums or they never had

them before much greater , magnitude and frequency, that sort of stuff. crops are changing, insects are killing trees were they used to be destroyed by the cold weather every year and are not. >> i am frustrated by the fact that it isn't self-evident, that every decision we make should be working back from the concept of drinkable water. because that is the only thing we can't do without. and i don't understand why somebody can't stand up and tell the public, you know what, i have been thinking about it, you know, we are going to reverse engineer our decisions from this one point. which is, if we can't drink water, you know, we're not going to be around. >> i think that the number one problem is a resource issue in the world, that whether you look at it in terms of climate change

generally, or hunger, food security, that -- and it goes again to the same issue all the time, which is the individuals that we have to worry as to whether people can survive in more and more difficult conditions. >> i mean it is just simple , math. if you enacted the most draconian environmental laws that you can imagine, the the sheer population increase, you know, would make it a watch. >> as my friend rob watson has written and i have said so many times, a guy jumps off a building, he thinks he is lying. -- flying. look at me, i am flying. it is a sudden stop at the end that tells you you're not. >> we are going that way, and we always will. and as soon as we run out of

water -- and as soon as we learn to live without that thing, we will live until it is mad max. that is what is going to happen. >> we are not looking far enough ahead, for instance, we are real good with 2, 3 years ahead, but we are not very good with 100 years ahead. >> we are having such a huge effect, and we're not just quite. we're about a generation or two behind the curve, on how to deal with these things. and basically, like a child with matches, we might set ourselves on fire, which in fact we are , setting ourselves on fire. we are destroying the natural , the natural world, overfishing the oceans, over-farming the lands, and just one thing after another, and the natural world on which we depend for our survival is collapsing around us, and if we do not change our ways immediately, our children and grandchildren are not going

to have much. terre: preserving that future may well depend on political leaders in the united states and around the world taking sustained action. but what will it take to get them to act? warren: if you go out and try to talk about problems that may manifest themselves 10 or 30 years from now, and really does not do much for a politician. they have to bring home the bacon, you know, tomorrow to the constituents. that is what they focus on because they are interested in reelection. i understand that. i have a job i love. if i had to police a constituency to keep that job next year, i might do a little pandering myself. >> it is very hard not to be swayed by demagogues, because life is not simple, and people want easy answers. we see it in countries where things are not going well, and some leader gets up and says, i can fix everything for you, and it doesn't happen. >> i think the biggest obstacle to solving our problems are just

entrenched ideologies, you know? when you, when you block out certain possible solutions, when your ideology prevents you from even entertaining certain possible solutions to problems, you've then got stasis. ♪ >> this is a democracy. everything that is done is done by us. we, the people, authorize everything. our constitution is authorized by the people. you voted for the guys who voted for this, and if you did not vote, shame on you, because you should be attending to the task of voting in our society, because that is the most important political job you have as a citizen. it is so noisy out there. politics has been getting dumber and dumber. >> we keep hearing that 2014 has been the warmest year on record. >> i asked the chair, you know

what this is? it is a snowball. >> partisanship is part of democratic politics, you want contending parties, but there is such a thing as too much. interest groups are a vital part of democracy. lobbying is in our constitution, and there is such a thing as too much. we have been in the land of too much the last decade, where it became partisanship for its own sake. and in that sense, we are responsible. we elected these knuckleheads. and so if that is who we elected and then reelected them, then shame on us. terre: if we do not do something about climate change, what is the consequence? michael: the ultimate consequence is we are all dead. a more short-term consequence is higher medical costs, costs for companies and building owners, that sort of thing. so you will see much more severe consequences of our impact on the environment. not good ones, but bad ones.

but that will give more encouragement to do something or we are all going to be dead. terre: let's do something. but can we agree on what? there have been recent signs that are, well, hopeful. that is next, on big problems, big thinkers. ♪

♪ mr. gore: the crisis we now face

is not simply climate change, or ozone depletion, or the loss of living species at a rate 1000 times greater than the natural rate of extinction. it is, in my opinion, a spiritual crisis which has to do with the relationship between human civilization and the ecological system of the earth. terre: welcome back to big problems, big thinkers. i'm terre blair. the 1992 earth summit was the largest meeting of leaders in history. 117 heads of state, 178 nations in total, gathered to discuss how to balance economic development with protecting the earth. despite the disagreements between industrialized and developing nations, the summit made sustainable development a more pressing item on the world's agenda. fernando: from that point on, i

believed the brazilian people became more and more aware of the importance of environment. in 20 years, change was like that. 2002, it was already clear that the brazilians had much more awareness of the problems of environment than other people. on the other hand, we were burning our rainforests. it took 10 years to realize this is not acceptable. so, government's response to the citizens demands, you don't think so all the time, there is some friction in it. but fundamentally, governments only exist with the consent of the governed. and so if the public demands water,er air and cleaner less traffic and whatever, the government will deliver it.

and if you say you do not believe that, just take a look at china. the 10 biggest cities, all of which are well over 10 million people, you cannot see across the street. you are breathing that air. it is disastrous to your health. everybody knows it. and the communist party that runs the country is very sensitive to the demands of the middle class that they have created, the 150 million people they have brought out of poverty, and those people say fix it, or we are to change the government. they are closing steel plants, they are closing power plants, banning smoking in beijing even though the chinese government owns the tobacco companies. >> china is the deferred gratification, and we are the united states of get it now, instant gratification, and we have got to change that equation. terre: that can get a little painful. thomas: it will get painful. the only question is if market or mother nature or political leaders, but the change is coming.

terre: do you think we have time to change? >> i hope so. we kind of know that whether it is already too late but if we tomorrow, it helps the situation. it is time to act now. ♪ i think that our children and grandchildren will say mommy, granny, did you really think you did not see this? it cannot be solved at your desk. also taking at least a try the system, try to make an effort in this. and learn by doing. we are ready to say we tried enough, but now perhaps it is a new way. make aan take a risk to new action. >> we have ways of incentivizing people to do the things that would be good to do. we have to give tax bonuses to

green businesses so that the technologies developed, that industries are on the side of making money, now are making the world's carbon neutral technology and so on. so i think these are manageable things. we need time and we need to transition out of the old things. as you take some of the old harmful practices out, people's jobs disappear, communities get affected. you need to make sure that the benefits of the new which are shared among everybody aren't bought at the experience of dress trying -- destroying a particular community. >> it is true you lose jobs, for example, coleman dining, -- coal mining although that is pretty automated in the u.s., every single job you lose is tragic to the person losing the job. but we are creating a lot more than we'rean energy

losing in coal. the real conundrum for us is we have got to find some ways to help the people who lose their jobs get the jobs that we are creating, and the difficulty is the different skill sets, many be in different parts of the country, they may have different compensation systems, so you just cannot net that out. there are no easy answers. there is disruption that takes place as the world changes. that is always going to happen. and it is not going to be easy for everybody. and sadly, there will be people suffering. there will be plenty of people that benefit, but it is also true you are not going to slow it down. wishing that the tide does not come in does not work. >> prosperity can work to solve the population problem. the data show that prosperous countries tend to hit

replacement value, replacement rates slightly below, when people do not think of children as being their social security. you think that you need seven kids because five of them are going to die, and you need the remaining two to take care of you later on, you will keep having kids as fast as you can. as countries have become more prosperous, the fertility rate has gone down drastically. >> the hope is that great leadership will rise to the the majority that of people will be persuaded that that the world and the future is worth making a few sacrifices for today, so that our great-grandchildren will have the kind of life that we have had. president obama the growing : threat of climate change could define the contours of this century more dramatically than any other. and what should give us hope, that this is a turning point, that this is the moment we finally determine we would save

our planet? the fact that our nations share a sense of urgency about this challenge, and a growing realization that it is within our power to do something about it. terre: the cop21 nations conference in paris in 2015 reduced the landmark agreement. 195 nations committed for the first time to lowering greenhouse gas emissions. later generations may well look back and say this was the turning point, the moment when rising carbon emissions that began with the industrial revolution finally began to slow and then fall. 1,chael: what came out of cop2 i think 40 something cities signed the compact of mayors, where they agreed to annually provide economic data for their city on economic basis. and the idea is, if you cannot measure it, you cannot manage

it. if you think about it, most of the climate change causes come from cities. why? because that is where people are. so we may have a power plant outside the city that pollutes the air, but people in the city -- if people in the city reduce their energy consumption, you can reduce the pollution there. so, the cities are the problem is, and cities are where the solutions are. and in fact, it is cities that are leading the charge, far and away, compared to federal governments and state governments around the world. cities and individuals. individuals are really making a big difference here. they are buying cars that are more fuel-efficient. paintof places, they their roofs white which reflects the sun and reduces the cost of air conditioning. if you think about it, the united states is the only country -- the only major developed country -- that has reduced greenhouse gases the

last couple of years dramatically. why? because we have closed 200 out of the 500 coal power plants. because the public went upwind, the public stood outside and said i do not want a truck , passing through here, and polluting the air that we breathe. and in fact because of the , public, pulled together by the sierra club, funded by bloomberg philanthropies and others, they really have closed or announced the closing of over 200 of 500 power plants. that is the only big change. terre: so you are saying individuals can make a difference. michael: individuals have shown they are the only willing to ones make a difference. in the united states, closing 200 power plants literally saves about 7000 lives a year because the modeling says 13,000 people were dying from the effects of the pollutants in the air, so now down 6000 or 7000 and that

-- instead of of 13,000. going the right direction. >> i believe that the key question for human beings is the capacity to take decisions. so, you have to to have trust. what makes a man a man compared to other mammals, animals? the fact is a man can make a , choice. and the man have awareness, the choosing. of course a dog can make a choice. he choose also, but not awareness. it can make the future and it can make choices. >> 95% more on this planet with this richness of flora, fauna, clean water and clean air, that is a huge part of what i need to realize. god says if we do not pass that on to our kids either. the human condition

right now is like a baseball game. and if it was a baseball game, it would be the seventh inning, and we are down by two runs with two innings to go. it does not mean that we are beaten. we are way behind. we are behind the eighth ball. but we have not lost yet. we have time, if we hold the other team right where they are. if we all of a sudden wake up tomorrow and decide that we are going to do everything right instead of half the things right and half the things wrong, we used to be doing everything wrong. basically. now doing about half the things right and half the things wrong, but the conditions call for us to survive we have to do , everything right. terre: the urgency of global climate change is now recognized by almost every nation. what is needed, as we have heard, is global action for our ailing planet and from our leaders, to inspire the wisdom that looks beyond today's headlines.

and we need to help those human beings who are displaced as the paradigm shifts. we have the knowledge to succeed and the ethical markers as well. now, do we have the will to act? that's a question for all of us. i am terre blair. and thank you for watching. ♪

narrator: the challenges facing our world are growing all the time. how do we build stronger economies with equal opportunities for all? how do we build a sustainable world for generations to come? how do we protect our cities and harness the power of technology for our common benefit? humanity has always been good at forward thinking. in this series, using the latest bloomberg research and analysis, we will make sense of the problems of tomorrow.

inequality, sustainability, urbanization, the gender gap, and the demographic time bomb. and in this film, the march of the machines. what effect will artificial intelligence have on the world of work? will machines be doing your job? does the rise of the robot mean the fall of humanity? the world is changing. today, we stand on the brink of a fourth industrial revolution , one that will transform the way we work, the way we live, and what makes us human. >> there is a group of technologies that are combining to create transformation across almost every industry at the moment, and those technologies include things like artificial

intelligence, 3-d printing, robotics, big data, and things on the life sciences front in terms of genetics and medical engineering. these things are sort of combining in a way that is bringing a host of transformative changes across industries. i would describe the fourth industrial revolution actually quite similarly to how i described the past three. that is technology that leaves , -- leads to massive gains in productivity, and massive gains in productivity means substantial improvements to everyone's quality of life. narrator: the world has been through revolutions before. the advent of mechanization, then electronics, then a digital revolution all profoundly changed the world's economy. but this revolution could be even more disruptive. previousk in

revolutions, you could really talk about them as industrial revolutions, changing how things oftenade, factories, heavy industry in particular. here you see a range of not just services and the creation of whole new business models that didn't exist before. what is different about this particular revolution is that it gets into a whole range of things that people thought were only possible for humans to do, jobs where they will not be human jobs anymore. narrator: at the heart is artificial intelligence, the ability of machines to match and perhaps one day surpass the cognitive ability of their human creators. >> what is happening now is a big deal. it is making a difference in the live, the way people interact with each other. it is removing humans from tasks the we once thought were

sole province of the human mind. we are suddenly finding algorithms can do them, machines can do them. narrator: these are the early days in the brave new world of artificial intelligence, but the potential benefits are vast. >> one of the benefits, there are actually a lot. if you think of driverless cars, autonomous vehicles which is one use of ai people are talking about that could have a really , liberating impact. if you think about older people who can no longer drive, they are shut in their houses and dependent on others for transportation. with driverless cars, they would go about their daily life. and then you are seeing with big data, this may have a profound impact on drug development. you will find new pharmaceuticals being developed at a faster rate to cure diseases because computers sort through the data and pick up connections that otherwise would be missed. for health in particular, the advantage of machine learning

data science arguments. those have an incredible chance to address infrequent diseases. if we are going to cure cancer, it is probably going to come through data science. narrator: but there is potentially a darker side to this technological revolution, one which could profoundly change the world of work as we know it. >> a technological revolution will cost jobs. it will cost jobs in the areas that see the biggest advancements first. a good example of that that is feasible over the near-term is truck driving. self-driving trucks, you don't need the 3.5 million truck drivers that you have right now in the u.s. what is key, as part of this revolution, as productivity goes up, as the economy continues to evolve and new jobs are created, you need to make shares those displaced workers are given the skills to move into these new positions. that is what is key. will all of them be?

no. the key point is you need to make sure if you lost 3.5 million jobs, how do you create more than that in another sector? in past industrial revolutions, that is what we have seen happen. hopefully, and i think it will. it will be what happens again. narrator: but what if this doesn't happen? martin ford is a software entrepreneur. he has appeared in 2 -- peered into our future economy and sees the world where potentially hundreds of millions of skilled workers are out of a job. martin i would say that if you : look far enough into the future, there is no job anywhere in our economy, there is nothing that anyone does that is completely safe. that includes even artists and , the kinds of jobs you would imagine are completely beyond the scope of artificial intelligence. millions of jobs are going to be lost. and is unlikely that enough jobs will be created to absorb those workers. ♪

♪ narrator: martin ford is a software entrepreneur who has a

chilling vision of the future. his best-selling books have put him at the forefront of a movement which worries about technology, the speed of its growth, and the immense potential it has to change the world. this is the fourth industrial revolution, the advent of machines powered by artificial intelligence, which have the potential to make redundant hundreds of millions of workers across the planet. it is a world which is nearly upon us but which governments and businesses are only starting to comprehend. martin: well the central idea in , my latest book, "the rise of the robots," is that over time machines, computers, smart , algorithms are increasingly going to substitute for human labor. i think that is inevitable. technology is eventually going to be able to do many things people now do, and there is a chance that will result in unemployment. it's going to push people out of the labor force. many people are going to find impossible to adapt to that because they are not going to

keep abilities -- have capabilities that really exceed what machines can do. that is going to be a genuine concern for our society and ultimately for the economy. narrator: some machines are already with us. martin: there are already algorithms that can interpret things like body language, and respond to some extent to emotion and determine your mood and so forth. this has big implications. imagine what that could mean for advertising if an algorithm can determine exactly how you are feeling and then target advertisements at you based on that? some of the language translation that are being demonstrated are truly remarkable. imagine if anyone in any country who speaks any language would now be able to do any job because we have perfect machine translation in real time between languages. so you know that has real , implications for the job market obviously. narrator: we may be already

be starting to see the effects on the wider economy. in the first decade of the century, the net total number of jobs created in the united states was zero. that, inhat we see is the united states we have been , having what we call jobless recovery. clearly there is something happening there. i think part of what is happening is jobs disappear when a recession happens, and then when recovery comes back, companies find they are able to leverage technology to avoid rehiring those workers. it has taken longer and longer for the jobs to reappear. narrator: throughout history, technology has disrupted economies and societies. in the late 19th century, 50% of u.s. workers were employed on farms. by 2000, it was less than 2%. those workers found work in

other sectors. but martin thinks this time, it is different. martin: what transformed agriculture was a specific mechanical technology. now we have got technology that is really just ubiquitous across the board. artificial intelligence is something that is just scaling across our entire economy. it is not something that is just impacting one sector. it is something that literally is everywhere, and as a result, there isn't going to be any safe haven for workers. narrator: what makes the new technology so ubiquitous is the development of a new virtual world, the world of big data. martin: big data essentially is the collection and use of massive amounts of data. big corporations for example, these companies are collecting all kinds of information about their customers, about their business operations, about the actual processes in industrial environments and factories.

about the things that their employees are doing. olympus data eventually becomes a sort of feedstock for these smart -- all of this data eventually becomes a sort of feedstock for this mart algorithm the information they , use to learn and figure out how to do things. that is something that is going to be dramatically disruptive going forward. narrator: the total data stored on the world's computers is now believed to be well over 1000 billion gigabytes. and it is big data which is driving the most disruptive advance in technology the , ability of machines to think. martin: one thing you will very often hear people say is that computers only do what they are programmed to do. this is really not right anymore. the reason it is not right basically is because of machine learning. we now have this technology that allows smart software algorithms to look at data, and based on that, to learn, to learn how to do things to figure things out, , to make predictions.

it really is no longer the case that some human being is sitting down and telling a computer exactly what to do step-by-step. computers are now having the ability to figure that out for themselves. you can imagine a future where every device, every appliance, all kinds of industrial, everything communicates and talks to each other. one of the things that will happen is that artificial intelligence will kind of use that as a platform. it will scale across that. everything will become more intelligent. narrator: the last great technology advance will robots , replace millions of workers in factories and on production lines? martin believes this disruption is going to target the white-collar workforce as well. martin: once a computer learns to do something, that information can be scalable out to any number of machines. so it is all slight you can imagine having a workforce of people, you can train one employee to do a particular task and then you can clone that

worker and have an army of those workers. that is a bit like the way artificial intelligence works. so machine learning is very scalable. if people have the kind of job where someone else another smart , person could maybe watch what you are doing and study everything you have done in the past and and figure out how to do your job, it is a good bet eventually there will be an algorithm that will come along and be able to do essentially that same approach. so that is a lot of jobs. narrator: many of the jobs which might be displaced are those occupied by educated, highly paid workers. martin: so you can see really across the board that anyone sitting in front of a computer doing some sort of routine, predictable knowledge work, for example if they are cranking out the same report or the same analysis again and again, all of that is going to be very susceptible to this. journalism is an interesting area that is being impacted by this. there are now systems that can essentially tap into data, and

then they can transform that data into a very compelling news story. many people would read and they cannot tell it was written by a machine. in the future, maybe 90% of new stories will be machine generated. narrator: the number of jobs displaced has the potential to utterly transform the economic landscape. martin: there have been a couple of studies done most notably by , a couple of researchers at oxford university. they have looked at a number of countries, and most of the results have come back suggesting that up to half of the jobs could be susceptible to automation perhaps over the next 20 years. narrator: that is 60 million jobs in the united states alone. martin: that is a staggering number. obviously, we would have a massive social problem. you have tremendous stress on government in terms of trying to take your of all these people who no longer have an income. i think that you would see the potential for massive economic

downturn because you would run out of consumers. you would no longer have people capable of buying the products and services that are being produced by the economy. narrator: a revolution on this scale would not just transform an economy. it would have immense implications throughout society. martin: we could really have just what you might call inequality on steroids. the very wealthy people who own all of this technology will do extraordinarily well. you would have the potential for civil unrest, perhaps even riots or massive crime waves. in the united states, during the great depression, we had an unemployment rate of around 25%. back then, there were many people genuinely concerned that would result in both -- result in the collapse of both democracy and capitalism. narrator: the situation amounts to the end of the world as we know it, a science-fiction nightmare straight from the movies. martin: there are some very

prominent thinkers like, for example stephen hawking and elon , musk who have raised genuine fears for of the potential of advanced artificial intelligence. their concerns are that someday we will build a super intelligent machine, 100 or 1000 times smarter than any living person. how would that system think? how would it act? would it have a use for us? it might decide that we are simply a burden. it might decide to get rid of us. it could potentially present an existential threat. is that something to worry about? i think that is not a silly concern. it is not something we should laugh at and just dismiss. there is really no endpoint of this. there is no point at which you can say, this is absolutely as far as we can go, machines will never go beyond this. we are reaching a new era of time when things are going to operate differently. and we need to adapt to that. narrator: health care is one

area of the economy already adapting to this disruption. in this field, researchers hope that intelligent humans and intelligent machines can work together for everyone's benefit. ♪

♪ narrator: the fourth industrial revolution, the era of revolution, the era of artificial intelligence, has arrived. computers are now mastering tasks once considered the sole preserve of humans and putting millions of jobs at risk. and now business leaders are wrestling with the potentially huge implications. martin: in general robots of one , form or another are going to become much more omnipresent in our lives in a good way. , we will replace a lot of repetitive activities that people are currently doing. >> robots will have a dramatic effect on the labor force. lower the cost of products. people will start to realize that just about manual task will eventually be done by robots. narrator: martin ford's books

have highlighted the threat to the job market. but even he sees areas where artificial intelligence could be beneficial. martin: i do think that health care is one of the areas where the impact of artificial intelligence and robotics could be extraordinarily positive in the future. the burden on our economy is growing at a remarkable rate in -- especially in the united states. if we can deploy more artificial intelligence and robotics there to make it more efficient, that will be a great thing. narrator: analysts expect the ai health care market to generate revenues of over $6 billion by 2021, 10 times its current total. young companies like hindsight in new jersey and connecticut in california are mining data to improve patient outcomes across a range of illnesses. and in new york, ibm researchers have developed watson, an intelligent software system at the forefront of this revolution. >> it can understand somebody's .ersonality type

it can look at e-mail for example and tell you what is the town of the e-mail what kind of , messages are coming through. if you read through them or not. they can look at, for example a , big encyclopedia, extract the concepts and the relationships among those concepts. narrator: watson operates in the world of big data, extracting knowledge from the billions of facts and figures floating through cyberspace. >> i look at the world from the point of view of, you know, the data that there is, and the amount of knowledge that is embedded or inside the data that we are not able to extract today. and therefore, we are not able to make the right decisions. so for the industrial revolution, to me, is the ability to have a much better understanding of the world through all of the data, and therefore, making better decisions for it.

narrator: ibm is currently running a research project in which watson augments the intelligence of medical professionals, helping doctors treat the most dangerous diseases in the world including skin cancer. >> melanoma is a very deadly form of skin cancer. it is something where early detection and intervention is key. so a dermatologist faced with a patient who has a skin lesion will make some assessment about the likelihood of a lesion being melanoma. so melanoma. unfortunately today, dermatologists can make errors. some melanomas are being missed. some skin lesions which are perfectly benign are being excised needlessly. so what we can do here is essentially asked the computer -- ask the computer to make a deep analysis over an image. this image is then being sent to the computer, and is being

automatically analyzed. what the computer is telling us about this image is there is a very high probability that it corresponds to melanoma. what we are finding in our internal, retrospective research is that the computer can be as accurate as 95%. so this compares to the best clinical experts today that are between 75% and 84% recognizing melanoma. it is not a tool that would replace the clinical experts. rather, it provides them with additional analysis over the skin lesion images by providing reaches into large databases of similar lesions. narrator: this is a vision of a future where humans and machines work hand-in-hand, complementing one another's skills. >> i look forward to a time when every professional, in fact, two or 3 billion professionals -- 2

billion to 3 billion professionals are all able to have their own personal cognitive assistant to help them do their daily jobs. that changes the nature of expertise. humanity would move to a completely different place in terms of expertise and how we apply our knowledge and our experience into real-world problems and therefore make the world a better place. just like we have had machines that could augment people's muscles in the prior industrial revolutions, or can help people , you know search vast amounts , of information like the internet era, i look at the next revolution as machines augmenting people's cognitive capabilities. that is how i think about it. narrator: martin ford remains cautious. believing artificial intelligence is going to fundamentally change the way we live and work and challenge us like never before. martin: we are not prepared for the disruption that is coming. we are going to see things get worse before they get better, in

particular, the impact on the job market and the impact on the incomes and the livelihoods for average people. so you know, in the short term things could be pretty , difficult, but in the longer term, if we do adapt to this, then there are reasons to be really optimistic. you can imagine an almost utopian kind of future where no one has to do a job that is dangerous or that they really hate or that is really boring. technology takes on more and more of that. if we can get to that point, then that is a positive outcome. so i think that all of that is really possible, and it could be one of the best things that has ever happened to humanity, but it will require we adapt to it. and that is going to be a staggering challenge. ♪

john: i am john heilemann. mark: i am mark -- with all due respect to those who think hillary clinton has a body , who would ever do that? john: thanks, guys. we will take it from here. welcome to this edition of the best of with all due respect. this week was all about health, the health of the candidates and the health of the campaign. let's take you back to where it started. mark: democrats are dealing with the follow-up from a medical incident that caused hillary clinton to leave a 9/11 commemoration ceremony here in gotham city hours