out so it doesn't interfere with the election in november. >> warren left for dallas because he was a man who had spent his early career as a courtroom prosecutor. he understood a crime scene. he wanted to stand in that window and see whether this was a shot that a marksman could make. there were all these suggests ruby had killed oswald to silence him. so he wanted to hear from ruby himself. >> the warren commission realized they were going to have to invest a lot more time than was anticipated. this may be a two to three-month operation to the conception that it will probably take six months. >> the hour glass of time was running out on them. >> can you say if you still think it was one man? >> i think we'd better not get into that area, you know. the report will cover all of that in great detail. >> this committee labored ten months, then brought forth a document close to 1,000 pages.

president johnson received that report today. >> what the public understood and what i understood is these were very honorable men. they thought the commission had done a good job, and they would come up with an answer. >> when the warren commission report came out, i believed it. we were still in a time when you tended to believe what officials told you. >> it is now 15 seconds after 6:30 p.m. eastern daylight time, sunday, september the 27th. as of this moment, the report of the president's commission is public record. for the next half hour, we will search it for answers. first must come the answers to the two great overriding questions. who killed john f. kennedy? the commission answered unequivocally lee harvey oswald. was oswald acting alone or was he a member of a conspiracy?

the commission answers he acted alone. >> we knew most people were not going to read all of the warren commission report. so cbs news wanted to bring to air an understandable form for the public at large what the warren commission itself found. >> there was nothing to support the speculation that oswald was an agent, employee or informant of the fbi or the cia or any other governmental agency. >> oswald owned the murder the mail order purchase slip for rifle. the mail order purchase slip for that rifle was in his handwriting. oswald's palm print was found on a surface of the gun. >> the media had all concluded that this was the most exhaustive investigation, case closed. oswald did it alone. >> the commission concludes that three shots were fired. all of them from this sixth floor window in the texas school book depository. >> the cumulative evidence of eyewitness, firearms, and ballistic experts and medical authorities demonstrated that

the shots were fired from above and behind president kennedy and governor connally. >> when the warren commission came out with the report, the majority of americans accepted the findings of the warren commission. >> the bullet entered here, came out just below the president's adam's apple. the commission believes that the same bullet then entered the right shoulder of governor connally, passed out through his chest, continued through his right wrist and on into his left thigh. >> the report has been generally accepted throughout the country. i think it reflects the thoroughness with which they went into it. and i think at least it has dispelled many of the rumors and the speculation that has surrounded this quite tragic event. >> it's been very well-covered entirely. it leaves no doubt in my mind that lee actually did assassinate the president of the united states and kill officer tippet.

>> in the end, we find confronting each other the liar, the misfit, the defector on the one hand, and seven distinguished americans on the other. and yet exactly here we must be careful that we do not say too much. oswald was never tried for any crime, and perhaps therefore there will forever be questions of substance and detail raised by amateur detectives, professional skeptics, and serious students as well. we are the jury, all of us, in america and throughout the world. >> the reaction to the report initially was very positive, but that didn't last very long. >> this book is the number one best seller on the nonfiction list in the country "rush to judgment" by mark lane. it's gained a vast number of readers in the recent groundswell of skepticism about the findings of the warren report. >> we did not envision the breadth and the scope of the criticism. >> the author has some highly provocative and controversial things to say, so please greet mr. mark lane. [ applause ]

>> no matter how illustrious the members were, we were not going to be reassured by a commission. >> we're already having a little disagreement here while the commercials were on. what were you saying, david? >> well, i think i disagree almost totally with mark lane on several counts. i don't know where to begin. >> let me show you something just in case we have a chance. that is a picture of jack ruby. and this was taken five minutes after the assassination in front of the texas school book depository building. the commission said ruby was not there. the commission published it. he wasn't there when they published the picture because they cropped him out. >> you're accusing chief justice warren and that group of notable americans -- you're accusing them of deliberate malfeasance. >> you are part of the media which prevented the american people from finding out what happened. >> you are alarming the american people! >> i say the american public should be alarmed. >> the public had been kept in the dark for so long about this, but had an undying thirst, which could only be quenched by getting facts.

>> we have a right to know who killed our president and why he died. and we can't get that from reading the warren report. >> the critics of the warren commission have three different points of view. one, we were simply incompetent. two, we were thoroughly corrupt. some say both of the above. i want someone to tell me that to my face. (vo) after 50 years of designing

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[ barks ] cut! [bell rings] this...is jane. her long day on set starts with shoulder pain... ...and a choice take 6 tylenol in a day which is 2 aleve for... ...all day relief. hmm. [bell ring] "roll sound!" "action!" at the start, lane was almost alone. now he's just one among a growing band of doubters. their books and articles are on the newsstands, they're in the supermarkets. now according to a recent poll, only one in three americans remains convinced that the warren report has the whole story. >> when you have a great number of people devoting their lives

to looking at every word, every comma, they can create a lot of mischief. >> i believe very firmly that ruby and oswald knew each other, and certainly tippet and ruby knew each other. >> before we proceed with that kind of questioning, let me ask you. what kind of conspiracy do you think? was it a communist? left wing or right wing conspiracy? >> i am convinced that there were two riflemen. >> the warren commission was set up, as you know, at the request and urging of the communist party. >> it's obvious that he was working for somebody else at that moment, and that somebody else could not be anyone else than fidel castro. >> there's no doubt of oswald having been in the window of that building. >> my opinion, castro -- violence. >> there was an entire world of assassination.

but some raised valid questions. >> could a bullet which have done as much come out looking like bullet 399? >> it is another one of the very many highly improbables that we are asked to accept by the warren commission if we are to accept the validity of their full report. >> some had completely mad theories. >> cody was killed by a karate chop to the throat in september of, i believe, 1964. >> but everyone i believed had a right to give their views. >> you have apparently succeeded in persuading the majority of the american people that we cannot trust the most august conceivable panel to do a responsible job. >> you talk about faith in these institutions or faith in the fbi as if it's a religious experience to read the warren report. i think to the contrary, you're always supposed to have faith in a democracy in our own ability to look at the facts and reach our own conclusions. >> the decreasing trust by americans in their government

all started with the kennedy assassination. >> by 1966, there's this cultural revolution in the united states. i mean, we're deeply enmeshed in vietnam. there's a lot of protests and riots. and there's a sense that things have seriously gone wrong. we've gone off the rails since november '63, and the warren report is a very important part of that loss of confidence in the government. >> i don't think that all the facts were brought out. i think something was held back. >> i think they were more involved it it than just oswald. >> i don't know how in the world they could ever reach a conclusion that one person assassinated him. it's ridiculous. i saw the whole thing on television. i just happened to be home at that time. and i don't think that oswald -- i think that he was working for the cia myself. >> why doesn't america believe the warren report? >> because of the conspiracy

theories, who have put this case under a high-powered microscope, splitting hairs and then proceeding to split the split hairs. the kennedy case is now the most complex murder case by far in world history. nothing even remotely comes close. >> we are left with the series of real and critical questions about the assassination. questions which have not been answered to the satisfaction of the people of the united states. >> when president kennedy was killed, he was not killed by one man. he was shot from a number of different directions by different guns. the story has been suppressed. witnesses have been killed. and this is your country. >> we aren't trying to hide a thing from you or from mr. epstein or mr. lane or the world. we are laying it all out. that's right here in the notes of testimony. and if we have transposed in error a possibly into a probably, then we are delighted to have you point it out to us. but you can do so only because we've laid it on the line. >> the warren report said that

lee harvey oswald shot the president from his window in the texas school book depository. three years after kennedy's assassination, the major question is still a simple one. did the warren commission, with all that time and all these resources, get its answers right? tonight, we'll go over those arguments one by one, area by area. as the assassination was taking place, a dallas businessman called abraham zapruder stood behind that low concrete wall looking down at elm street. >> as the president was coming down from houston street and making his turn, it was about halfway down there, i heard a shot. and i heard another shot or two. i couldn't say whether it was one or two. and i saw his head practically open up, all blood and everything. and i kept on shooting. >> the warren commission could use the film and each frame to

reconstruct each moment of the assassination. >> part of the reason why i think the film captured the american imagination is because it pushes us to think about something more complex. and each person who looks at it, you know, people see different things. >> where did the shots come from? if the shots did not all come from the book depository window, then there was most likely some form of conspiracy. >> i think that the massive head wound where the president's head was literally blown apart came from a quartering angle on the grassy knoll, it struck and his head doesn't go directly back this way but it goes back and over this way, which would be consistent with the shot from that direction and newton's law of motion. >> seven men on a railroad bridge right here said that when the shots were fired, they looked toward the wooden fence and each of the seven said he saw puffs of white smoke come from here. >> you glance over underneath that green tree, and you can see a little puff of smoke. it looked like a puff of steam

or cigarette smoke. >> when you stopped to think about it, no one saw anyone with a gun, rifle on the grassy knoll. no expended cartridges from a weapon were found there. not one bullet, other than those fired from oswald's rifle, has ever been found and linked to the assassination. >> now, there were two doctors and one priest who claimed -- who said flatly that there were entrance wounds in the president's neck. >> if the wound in the president's throat was an entrance wound, then clearly, this would be proof that the bullet came from the front. >> mark lane has suggested that this wasn't an exit wound by the president's tie but an entry wound. that kennedy was hit in the throat from the front. >> the doctor at parkland didn't want to talk about the president's injuries, but the press, more or less, forced him to. and the wound in the president's throat was pretty clean. he thought it was an entrance wound.

>> what about this wound that you observed in the front of the president's neck? >> actually, i didn't really give it much thought. and i realize that perhaps it had been better had i done so. >> there was a wound in the back of the neck that had not been seen by the parkland doctors because they never turned the body over. >> you did not turn the president over? >> no, there was really no reason. to me, made very little difference to me, since my immediate concern was with attempted resuscitation. >> you can explain this ad infinitum and people will only remember that a doctor at parkland said he'd been shot, you know, from possibly the front. so it's kind of trying to put the genie back in the bottle. >> a bullet hit the president from the back, bullet hit him from the front. the bullet which killed him came from the right front. unless the laws of physics were not working that day, the reaction of the president tells us where that shot came from.

>> some critics say by the very fact that in the picture, you can clearly see the explosion of the bullet on the front side of the president, that that certainly indicates the bullet came from the front. >> well, i don't believe any physicist has ever said that. quite contrary, it does indicate that the bullet was coming from behind. it's a minor explosion where pieces of material go generally in the direction of the bullet. >> if you look at the individual frames of the zapruder film, at 312, frame 312, the president's head's okay. at frame 313, 1/18th of a second later, the president is struck in the head. and what direction is the president's head pushed? not backwards, but slightly forward. >> is there any doubt that the wound at the back of the president's head was the entry wound?

>> there is absolutely no doubt, sir. >> so at the all-important moment of impact, the president's head is pushed forward, indicating a shot from the rear where lee harvey oswald was. [ female announcer ] there's a gap out there.

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cbs news inquiry, the warren report continues. >> the time span between shots is a point upon which the critics have seized. could oswald have fired three shots in 5.6 seconds? >> there was a lot of attention being given to the zapruder film

and exactly when the president was hit first and second. >> cbs news had a tower and target track constructed to match exactly the heights and distances in dealey plaza. >> if there wasn't enough time, then you would have a second shooter. oswald was not an expert shot. he was a good shot. but making the shots was not that tough at all. cbs did it. a guy from the military did it. >> three shots he got off in 2.6 seconds. >> the zapruder film became the lens through which the assassination was seen. if it didn't happen on the zapruder film, it didn't happen. zapruder started his camera after the limousine was about 70 feet into dealey plaza. well, oswald had the president in his sights for many seconds before that. and this gets into the whole questions, how much time did oswald have to shoot the

president? >> there are so many interesting questions and problems that come from the film. we believe so much in the image. we believe so much in the sort of ultimate truth of film and of images. then they become our memory. >> is it impossible that the bullet would have gone through president kennedy, gone through governor connally and not suffered any more damage than is shown in this photograph? >> i would hesitate really to say that it is absolutely 100% impossible. but it is highly improbable. >> could a single bullet have wounded both president kennedy and governor connally? the single bullet theory has perhaps become the most controversial aspect of the report. >> if one bullet couldn't shoot men, it meant there were two shooters and there was a conspiracy. >> the conspiracy theorists claim that the second shot was a magic bullet. they argue that a bullet would have had to make a right turn then a left turn in mid-air. the reality is that connally was

not seated directly in front of kennedy. >> if you figure out the alignment of where the men sat, and if you look down as i did and as the others did who conducted the on-site tests, and had the automobile placed in the position, it is perfectly plain, i submit to you, that the bullet that exited from president kennedy's throat would have to strike either the automobile, which it did not, or someone else in the automobile. >> to believe that it didn't hit governor connally, that would be a real magic bullet, one that disappeared in thin air. >> we go to the dallas county courthouse for more developments on the jack ruby verdict. jack ruby has just been found guilty of murder with malice and has been given the maximum sentence, death in the electric chair after the jury deliberated 2 hours and 25 minutes. >> just what do you think of this verdict?

>> i believe that jack ruby was a paid killer to close the mouth of my son, lee harvey oswald. >> the question of whether ruby knew oswald before or was in cahoots to kill him is one of the most important questions. because ruby knew people in criminal activities, there was a lot of investigation about a potential conspiracy. >> ruby would have been one of the most unlikely and worst hit men that the mob could ever get. >> on november the 24th, 1963, lee harvey oswald is supposed to have been transferred at 10:00. at 10:00, the evidence is undisputed that jack ruby was at home asleep. then he got dressed and drove downtown. >> the receipt shows that ruby was sending a money order to one of his strippers from a western union office across from the courthouse at 11:17 a.m. >> we know that at 11:20, three minutes later, a block away,

jack ruby killed lee harvey oswald. the evidence showed that he was down there anywhere from 5 to 15 seconds. 5 to 15 seconds. if this is a hired assassin who is supposed to have some advanced information, he is the world's best gunman. >> what type of man is he? >> jack is a very emotional-type person. and as i was saying awhile ago, he's the type man that probably would give you the shirt off his back at one moment and then turn around and do something as nutty as this in the next. >> i never used the term "angry." that's not in my vocabulary. >> he was known for a quick temper. and later, as it turned out, he was hooked on two kinds of speed, preludin and benzadrine, at the time of the shooting. >> he had been here at the police station during the past two days talking with newsmen

and distributing his card, also making friends. >> jack ruby was a police and media groupie. ruby thought he was our friend. >> so i'm in this very same room friday night when we had the defendant up here. if some of you will recall, he asked a question from out here. no, standing right back here. i didn't know who he was. i thought he was a member of the press. and he told me as we walked out of here that he was a nightclub operator. >> ruby's act was that of a vigilante. he wanted nothing more to be known -- people to flock to his nightclub to shake the hand of the man who killed the man who killed the president. >> i might add, if ruby silenced oswald for the mob, who was supposed to silence jack ruby? he died of normal causes over three years later. now, one would think that the conspiracy community would fold its tent and go home. but they continued undaunted and

unfazed with this obsession. >> their game is to fool you. these people want the investigation stopped. they don't want a trial at all. please believe me. i live in a luxury penthouse overlooking central park. when the guests arrive, they're greeted by my butler, larry. my helipad is being re-surfaced so tonight we travel by more humble means. at my country club, we play parlor games with members of the royal family. yes i am rich. that's why i drink the champagne of beers.

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spectacular development in the oswald case involves the cia. it involves, too, the spectacular district attorney of new orleans, a man they call the jolly green giant. >> you believe that lee harvey oswald did not shoot president kennedy? >> i do not want to get involved in the speculations as to individuals, but i will say that there's no question about the fact that there was a plot and there were a number of individuals involved. >> in 1967, he announced "i've solved the case. i've found the real assassin." >> we will make arrests based on that, and we will make charges based on that, and we will obtain convictions based on that. >> now, you wouldn't have paid much attention to this, except he was district attorney of new orleans. >> i've spent hour after hour with jim garrison. he has presented his case to me, detail by detail. >> the mark lane's and the

conspiracy theorists all flocked initially to garrison. >> and i can report that a powerful domestic force, a force that is still part of the american structure, planned and initiated those acts that resulted in the assassination of president kennedy. >> they all thought here's a guy who's finally going to bring the case that we have been, you know, arguing about for years. >> if i seem somewhat confident, it is because our office is in its fifth year and has never lost a murder case. >> the press initiatively built garrison up, because everybody believes no district attorney in his right mind would do this unless he had something. >> arrested this evening in the district attorney's office was clay shaw, age 54, of 1313 darby street, from new orleans, louisiana. mr. shaw will be charged with

participation in a conspiracy to murder john f. kennedy. >> the charges filed against me have no foundation in fact or in law. i have not been apprised of the basis of these fantastic charges, and assume that in due course, i'll be furnished with the information and afforded an opportunity to prove my innocence. >> clay shaw was a very respected business man in new orleans. he had served in world war ii. >> the concept of clay shaw being part of an assassination conspiracy was too weird to be believed. >> clay shaw was also a homosexual and closeted, and i think that played a part. >> this decision to arrest clay shaw, i believe, was intended to get the national media back to town. as soon as he arrested clay shaw, they all came back. >> and then they realized the truth that there isn't anything there. >> garrison has based his case

on the certainty that he can prove clay shaw is clay or clem bertrand. the name clam bertrand was first introduced by lawyer dean andrews who said a person by that name telephoned him, suggesting he provide legal defense for oswald. >> he described him as having gay tendencies and representing gays as a lawyer. therefore, garrison believed clem bertrand must be clay shaw. that was the extent of garrison's investigation. >> do you have enough evidence now to go to trial? >> well, if i answered that, i shouldn't be district attorney. >> the case he has built against clay shaw is based on testimony that did not pass a lie detector test that garrison ordered and garrison knew it. >> can you say positively that the person you knew as clay bertrand is not the person you have seen as clay shaw? >> scout's honor, he is not.

>> garrison started bribing witnesses, intimidating witnesses. >> he said i could be made to serve this whole nine-year sentence. or i could be cut loose right away. >> hypnotizing witnesses. >> we decided to give him objectifying to make sure he was telling the truth. >> does he have a last name? >> oswald. >> would you say these methods were illegal? >> i would very say illegal and unethical. >> he had everyone and their grandmother involved in the assassination. at one time, it was oil millionaires. then it was the minutemen. then it was a homosexual killing. >> yes, sir. >> do you feel that homosexuality or the coercion of homosexuality was a factor in the planning or the assassination of john f. kennedy? >> no comment. >> at one point, he had 15 assassins in dealey plaza. with that many assassins, i don't know how kennedy made it to the autopsy table. >> garrison announced he had discovered a code.

>> garrison said jack ruby's unlisted telephone number appears in address books belonging to shaw and oswald. >> you take p and o and use a telephone dial, p gives you 7, o gives you 6. >> he just changed the digits around, added digits, added letters. >> and you reconstruct the numbers, and then you subtract 1,300, and that gives you ruby's unlisted telephone number. >> mr. garrison, if the p.o. didn't exist until late '65, how could it then be jack ruby's phone? >> well, that's a problem for you to think over because you, obviously, missed the point. >> he pointed to cia agents supporting a conspiracy. >> who is suppressing all of this information on whose order? >> i'll tell you who is suppressing it. the federal government is suppressing it. >> who in the federal government? >> the administration. the administration of your government is suppressing it because they know that the

central intelligence agency -- >> on whose order? >> on the order of the president of the united states. >> mr. garrison has come up with no credible evidence to support any of his theories. >> i think that it's unfortunate that the media of this country has become so hysterical for fear of what it might see, that it spends a good deal of its time and energy attacking the one serious investigation. >> the results of this four months of public investigation have been to damage reputations, to spread fear and suspicion and, worst of all, to exploit the nation's sorrow and doubt of kennedy's death. >> i can't make any more comments about the case except to say anybody that thinks it's just a theory is going to be awfully surprised when it comes to trial. >> roll one, sound on film, clay shaw trial. clay shaw came to court in good spirits today with his long-awaited trial under way, shaw seems almost relieved that his case is finally being heard. shaw sits quietly in this courthouse, chain smoking cigarettes. he does not react when the state talks about things like conspiracy.

>> the trial went on for six weeks. it's important to note that not one witness produced by garrison survived cross-examination. they were all proven to be unreliable, at best. >> the most shameful thing you've ever seen. everyone knew in the courtroom that clay shaw couldn't possibly have been more innocent. >> in a unanimous verdict by a 12-man jury, shaw was found not guilty of charges that he conspired to kill the late president john kennedy. >> clay, we have our first question. why did you do it? [ laughter ] >> after the not guilty verdict, editorials around the country, one of the darkest chapters in american jurisprudence history. it's just a crime. >> from what i saw and heard, i didn't think he proven clay

shaw's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. i would have voted not guilty for clay shaw. >> i think that garrison feels that the end justifies the means. and he felt that if he could bring to the american people what he considered the truth about the death of their president, any means whatsoever was supposed to be used. it didn't matter much who got hurt in the process. >> i would sum it up by saying that any society which allows a man like jack kennedy to have the top of his head torn off and then protects the assassins and obstructs any inquiry and attempt to find the truth is not a great society. (vo) after 50 years of designing cars for crash survival, subaru has developed our most revolutionary feature yet. a car that can see trouble... ...and stop itself to avoid it. when the insurance institute for highway safety

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information concerning the cause of the death of your president has been withheld from you. >> to show you how uncredible the conspiracy theorists are, over the last 50 years, at one time or another, they have accused 42 groups, 82 assassins, and 214 people of being involved in the assassination. >> could oswald really have done this? >> as a reporter, the greatest story for us would have been to

find out somebody other than oswald did it. and we tried hard to do that. but at every turn with the kennedy assassination, things pointed to oswald as not only a shooter, but the shooter and the only shooter. >> at its core, this is a very simple case. >> did you kill the president? >> i don't know what this is all about. >> if a person is innocent of a crime, chances are, there isn't going to be any evidence pointing toward his guilt. why? because he's innocent. but with oswald, the physical evidence, the direct and circumstantial evidence, scientific evidence, everything points towards his guilt. we'll never know why lee harvey oswald killed kennedy because he's dead. but there are certain things we do know. >> at the age of 13, a probation officer said he remembered oswald as a truant, a troubled boy in need of psychiatric help without which he might turn violent. >> after starting in high school, he promptly joined the

marines. oswald's marine career ended in 1959 when he was dishonorably discharged. a month later, he was in moscow where he announced his decision to renounce his american citizenship. >> are you an marxist? >> i would very definitely say that i am a marxist, correct. but that does not mean, however, i am a communist. >> he desperately wants to become a soviet citizen, renounce his american citizenship. they turn him down. what does he do? he slashes his wrists, tries to commit suicide. >> lee harvey oswald had these dreams or delusions that he'd been harboring for a long time of an act that would lift him from his obscurity. >> a squad mate of his in the marines said that oswald wanted to do something that 10,000 years from now, people would be talking about. >> it looked to me like a stupid, irrational act. the opportunity presented itself to him and he probably wanted to

make a mark on society and it suddenly occurred to him that he could. >> people who think oswald was sort of a patsy and such an ineffectual, innocent person forgot that when oswald was stopped by a police car and a policeman gets out to talk to him, oswald shoots him four times in the middle of the body. that plus his previous attempt on general walker. interestingly on saturday morning in "the dallas morning news," it said that there may be a connection between this guy who was just arrested for killing a police officer and president kennedy. and this effort to assassinate general walker back in april. >> oswald used to attend a small discussion group. and he began to rail against this right wing general, edwin walker, who was calling for the invasion of cuba. >> general walker was about as right wing as you got in the

early '60s. and oswald saw walker as an american adolf hitler. >> and oswald said someone should kill walker. he then ordered a rifle with a sniper scope, and he planned very meticulously his assassination of general walker. he took photographs from different angles, he figured out how to get his rifle there and how to escape. >> on march 31st, a sunday, he asked marina to come out and take his photograph. >> all in black, pistol, rifle in his hand, holding a few radical newspapers, and marina writes on the back "hunter of fascist" and dates it april 6th, 1963. >> and then he went on the night of the 10th of april, took up his place and shot at general walker.

>> he came in the house 11:30. he was so pale, nervous. and i said, "what happened to you?" and he said -- he told, "i tried to shot general walker." >> will you describe for us just what happened last night? >> rifle shot, fired into the house. fired through the west window. and hit the cell and hit the wall across the room and went over the desk, at which i was sitting. >> he was very disappointed to find out that he missed by less than an inch. >> it shows his ability to plan who his target was and that oswald was capable of violence. >> i think that was kind of the rosetta stone that if you understood the walker shooting, you understood that lee was like a cocked rifle. and he could go off any time. ♪

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>> it is true that the answers to some questions leave us restless. the theory that a single bullet struck down the president and the governor, for example, has too much of the long arm of coincidence about it for us to be entirely comfortable. >> it doesn't satisfy our sense of narrative or justice that a small person of no distinction can be of such historical consequences to killed the president of the united states. >> but would we be more comfortable believing that a second shot was fired by a second assassin who materialized out of thin air for the purpose,

fired a shot, and then vanished again into thin air, leaving behind no trace of himself, his rifle, his bullet, or any other sign of existence. >> there were two groups of people. there's one group that will look at an extraordinary coincidence, a cataclysm of circumstance and say, yes, that's the way the world works. there's another group of people for whom that is quite unsettling. >> they don't want to believe that something so random could have occurred. can you believe that you can step off a curb some day and be killed by an oncoming car? nobody believes in that kind of possibility for themselves. but it happens. is life that fortuitous? that uncertain. >> and for them, oddly, the notion of the conspiracy is more comforting than the absence of it. because if there's a conspiracy, at least there's a plan. >> i think the five bullets

fired from at least two different directions, the result of a conspiracy. >> kennedy's killing touches off a belief in the idea, you can't trust government. >> there has been a loss of morale. a loss of confidence among the american people toward their own government and the men who serve it. and that is perhaps more wounding than the assassination itself. >> they've lost so much faith in government that they actually think that the government is an accessory after the fact to the president's murder, can't get too much worse than that. >> the assassination changed the trajectory of the '60s. america was a different place on the day before john f. kennedy was killed. so when you look at this america as a whole in the 20th century, you look at america in the 60s, you really say, that day was the dividing point. >> i guess in the average man's life, there are two or three

emotional experiences that he doesn't forget. because they're burned into his heart and his brain. and no matter what happens to me, i will remember november the 22nd as long as i live. it is impossible for me to this day, and i'm sure ten years from now to drive through dallas and look at the book depository building and impossible to drive by this morning and not think about the day president kennedy died there. it will always be with us. >> kennedy, along side other presidents, johnson, nixon, gerald ford, jimmy carter, reagan and two bushes, even bill clinton, people, they don't remember what they did, but they remember their rhetoric. and they remember the images. >> ask not what your country can

do for you, ask what you can do for your country. >> this is what people wish for again in the government. they want someone who inspires them. who gives them hope. for whom they have a kind of admiration. kennedy standing hold on the public i think will only fade if and when we get another president about whom they feel the same way as they currently feel about kennedy. feel about kennedy. ♪

-- captions by vitac -- www.vitac.com it is a mixture of pretty scenery and ugly events. >> vietnam. reports today of the bloodiest fighting in almost a year. >> we will not surrender, and we will not retreat. >> you think you can win? >> oh, i know we can win. >> these people are being killed. and they're being killed why? >> the united states has to stop this bloody aggression. >> goddamn it, we're in the middle. ♪

♪ ♪ ladies and gentlemen, the president of the united states. >> mr. president, it was just a year ago you ordered stepped up aid to vietnam. there seems to be a good deal of discouragement about the progress. can you give us your assessment? >> we are putting in a major effort in vietnam. as you know we have 10 or 11 times as many advisers in there

as we had a year ago. so we don't see the end of the tunnel, but i must say i don't think it's darker than a year ago, in someways lighter. >> early on, kennedy made a command decision, we will not allow south vietnam to fall to the communists. >> in southeast, asia, communist-inspired subversion was unrelenting. south vietnam looked to others for assistance in stemming north vietnamese aggression. >> going back to the eisenhower administration in the '50s, the country split into south and north vietnam. you have communists in the north and so the united states is very eager to preserve the south from a communist takeover. >> the communist north vietnamese believed in nationalism, uniting their country under their own control. >> the cold war conspiracy was that if the vietnamese communist won the war in vietnam, all of

southeast asia would fall. the dominos would fall, one after another. >> there is no doubt the fall of south vietnam would have serious repercussions on other countries of southeast asia. this is fundamentally the reason why we're in south vietnam. >> after all, eastern europe has fallen to communism. china has fallen to communism. we can't lose southeast asia. so we have to stabilize south vietnam. >> on january 2nd, 1963, south vietnamese troops surprise a vietcong battalion at a village called ap bac. five american helicopters are shot down. three american advisers are killed. 63 south vietnamese die, half of them shooting at each other. >> we've got u.s. military advisers flying combat missions. we've got advisers that are

accompanying south vietnamese forces into the field. so by this point, their role had gone beyond simply advising. >> we have learned a bitter lesson. the army of south vietnam cannot cope with the committed gorilla enemy. it is trained for conventional war american style. >> there is growing uncertainty about whether the advisory effort is really working. >> then in the midst there is a what's called a buddhist crisis. >> the war in vietnam has literally become a fight on two fronts. on one hand, the they face the vietcong communists and on the other hand a revolt of the majority, a fight which has been joined by thousands of students. >> the country's buddhist majority sees the president as a tyrant. >> we had established a government in south vietnam lead by a western educated catholic named thieu. thieu was our boy.

>> but massive power corrupts, and thieu becomes a dictator. >> a catholic presence imposing itself on a buddhist majority, and now they're going after the buddhists. >> soldiers and police broke up the demonstrations and killed nine persons. >> a debate broke out in the american government over whether we should continue to support thieu or not. >> by the summer of 1963, there had been discussions in the cia the in the pentagon about toppling the regime. >> mr. president, has our government in any way been tardy in recognizing the nature of the thieu government? >> we are faced with a problem of wanting to protect the area against the communists. on the other hand we have to deal with the governments there. that produces a kind of

ambivalence in our efforts, which expose us to some criticism. >> mr. president, in the last 48 hours there have been a great many conflicting reports from there about what the cia was up to. can you give us any enlightenment on that? >> no, i don't think so. >> okay. >> this is an nbc special news report. the government of south vietnam has been overthrown by a military coup. >> now this happens with our understanding and knowledge and then the president of south vietnam is shot and killed by a cabal of south vietnamese generals. >> once the u.s. had lead the coup to get rid of thieu, kennedy realized that the united states had finally bitten into a bad apple. >> monday, november 4th, 1963,

over the weekend, the coup in saigon took place. i feel that we must bear a good deal of responsibility for it. i should not have given my consent to it without a round table conference. i was shocked by the death of thieu. the way he was killed made it particularly abhorrent. >> when that assassination took place, we owned it. it actually started that early in the '60s, in the kennedy administration. >> when kennedy came into office in january of 1961, you had on the order of about 600 u.s. military advisors in south vietnam. by the time he left on that fateful trip to dallas in november 1963, there were more

than 16,000. [ applause ] >> john kennedy's death commands what his life conveyed, that america must move forward. >> i think johnson genuinely felt that continuity in the government after this terrible event was essential to retaining the confidence of the american people. >> and now the ideas and the ideals which he so nobly represented must and will be translated into effective action. [ applause ]

congress and the nation had reminders today while the world seems suspended by our tragedy, it really kept on it's whirling way. vietnam reports today in the bloodiest fighting in almost a year. >> bob, how are we doing? >> oh, fine, mr. president. >> i want you to dictate to me on the situation in vietnam. i've got to have some kind of a summarized logical factual analysis of it. >> well, i do think, mr. president, it would be wise for you to say as little as possible.

the frank answer, we don't know what is going on out there. the signs i see coming through the tables are disturbing signs. >> yeah, yeah. >> robert mcnamara, secretary of defense, he had been the head of the ford motor company, a brilliant executive. >> famous especially for his cold analytic methods. >> he was a world war ii vet. he wanted to stop waste in the pentagon. >> we increased the number of army combat divisions by 45%. >> the expectation was he would figure out vietnam. >> the intention of my government is clear. we are prepared to produce whatever economic aid, whatever military training and whatever quantities are required and for as long as that is required. vietnam! >> the public secretary of

defense mcnamara is full of bullish bravado, that we will prevail. but privately, he is gloomy about the prospects. >> until a strong government begins to function here in saigon, the war against the communists will continue to founder. >> i tell you, the more i stayed away last night thinking about this thing, it worries the hell out of me. i don't think it's worth fighting for and i don't think we can get out. of course, if you start running the communists, they may just chase you into your own kitchen. >> that's the trouble. >> gentlemen, this is a modern war but different war. we're here to advise and support our courageous vietnamese ally. >> the most complex war we had fought to this time and i think his plan for the war was an

entirely conventional plan in a very unconventional war. >> we're over here to win, and we have what it takes to assist them in this victory. is that enough for you? >> yes, sir. >> i'm going to put this in two parts. i'll be a little more candid in a second. >> lyndon johnson doesn't want to be a president who found his administration torpedoed by an unpopular war. parenthetically, however, we have a very interesting episode that happens in august of 1964 in the tonkin gulf. >> three pt boats identified by our state department as north vietnamese attacked the uss maddox, a destroyer operating in the tonkin gulf some 35 miles off the north vietnamese coast. >> this was not an unprovoked attack. there had been these covert actions against north vietnamese directed by the united states, and the north vietnamese were responding to that on august 2nd.

>> this is a special report from cbs news in washington. today just past the midday point, unofficial sources started to report additional naval combat action in the same tonkin gulf. >> now i would like to review briefly in chronological order, the unprovoked attacks that took place today, august 4th. >> we know now for sure the second tonkin gulf incident didn't happen. but the johnson administration pretty much dismissed evidence indicating that an attack actually hadn't taken place. >> there was this acute political pressure from the right wing to be strong, stand up to communist aggression. >> certainly, i think a more prudent administration that wasn't looking for a pretext to flex some american muscle would have stepped back and said, let's determine what actually

happened here before we launch an retaliation. >> my fellow americans, hostile actions against united states ships on the high seas have today required me to order the military forces of the united states to take action in reply. >> that was the beginning of the american air assault on north vietnam. >> president johnson has asked for and will soon get a congressional resolution authorizing the president to act as he is. >> the tonkin gulf resolution said that johnson had all-out power to use american military strength to defend american interests as he deemed necessary. >> and that is the beginning of the slippery slope.

>> lyndon baines johnson has been elected president of the united states and the landslide has carried him in for his first term in office on his own right by his own election. >> communist vietcong guerrillas killed seven americans and wounded 109 yesterday in a sneak nighttime attack on the helicopter base at pleiku. >> i don't wish to speculate on action we may take in the future. i don't believe it will ever be possible to protect our forces against sneak attacks of that kind. >> vietnam keeps creeping into the oval office but johnson is stuck. he refuses to be the american president who loses southeast asia. so he has to keep going in deeper. >> are we going to send the marines in? >> yeah.

>> i guess we got no choice but scares the death out of me and westmoreland and taylor come in every day and say please send them on. mcnamara and rush say send them on. what do you think? >> well, it's better than being like we just got in this thing and another way out. >> you couldn't have been here for the worse mess. >> be lucky but they will say i created it. the trouble, the great trouble i'm under, a man can fight if he can see daylight down the road somewhere but there is no daylight in vietnam. there is not a bit. really... so our business can be on at&t's network for $175 dollars a month? yup. all five of you for $175. our clients need a lot of attention. there's unlimited talk and text. we're working deals all day. you get 10 gigabytes of data to share. what about expansion potential? add a line anytime for 15 bucks a month. low dues... great terms... let's close.

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early in 1965, the president decided to launch operation rolling thunder, a sustained bombing campaign directed against north vietnam. >> the emphasis is on the destruction of strategic enemy targets. raids are designed to cut off supplies to the north from vietcong rebels in the south. >> our first mission was more or less static defense of the principle air field for the bombing missions over north vietnam. >> general, will this entail any offensive operations? >> no, no, i don't believe it will. >> the reason we put ground troops in was to protect air fields.

and then we had to protect ground troops around the air fields and we backed into this war, not really understanding what we were doing. >> let's go! >> the soldiers moved cautiously off into the jungle, encountering only an occasional sniper. >> the vietcong and the north vietnamese didn't play by our rules. >> green hornets. >> couldn't find the enemy. they were invisible. it was their country. [ gunshots ] >> the enemy again broke contact, slipped away and disappeared. >> combat arouses emotions so powerful that teaches you about human nature at its best and at its worst. >> give the baby to mama. come on. give the baby to mama, son.

come on. >> you vc? yeah, you vc. you vietcong. >> the rule of thumb was not to trust anybody, regardless of sex or age. >> what is going on? >> enemy fire opens up from surrounding villages. >> the vietcong has opened fire. we're now firing back. >> if the americans got a sniper fire from a village, they didn't send a squad in to find the sniper and kill him. they called for artilleries and air strikes and blew the whole hamlet away.

the united states was killing 25,000 civilians a year. we were blowing up and burning down this country we were supposed to be saving. >> success continues to be elusive in any meaningful way, and johnson keeps being told i need more troops. >> i have today ordered to vietnam certain forces which will raise our fighting strength from 75,000 to 125,000 men, almost immediately. this will make it necessary to raise the monthly draft call from 17,000 to 35,000 per month. this is the most agonizing and the most painful duty of your president. >> it's difficult to understand. why would you take the course that is going to lead to large scale war, even with what we now know is a deep skepticism on the

part of lyndon johnson? but it seems he felt no matter which way he went on vietnam, he would be crucified. >> we're on the outskirts of the village of tam ni with elements of the 1st battalion ninth marines. >> it first appeared that the marines had been sniped at and that a few houses were made to pay. shortly after an officer told me he had orders to go in and level the string of hamlets that surrounds cam ne village. >> i wasn't looking for the story, but what i saw was absolutely shocking. >> the day's operation burned down 150 houses, wounded three women, killed one baby and

netted these four prisoners who could not answer questions put to them in english. to a vietnamese peasant, it will take more than presidential promises to convince him we are on his side. >> the morning news put the footage on the air. i had no idea it would have the kind of repercussions it had. >> do you ever have regrets about some of these people you're leaving homeless? >> you can't expect to do your job and feel pity for these people. >> i think it's sad in a way but i don't think there is any other way you can get around it in this kind of war. >> what vietnam did to america via television was introduce us to a new kind of america, one that was not pure, one that committed the same kinds of atrocities that are always committed in war, but we had never allowed ourselves to see them.

>> the president, i understand, called the senior executive at cbs, and lyndon johnson said frank, this is your president. your boys just shat on the flag of the united states. >> three months ago, the first division shipped out from charleston, south carolina. last week some of them came home. most of these casualties were suffered in the battle of ia drang valley, the most significant yet fought by american troops in vietnam. it looked at first like a routine vietcong attack, but this was a full-scale sustained assault by not only the vietcong of south vietnam, but with north vietnam and its strong and dedicated army. at first light, the full shock came.

americans and north vietnamese lay side by side in the grass. >> kind of walked right into an ambush. it was -- it was pretty bad to listen to your friends crying out for help, not being able to do a thing. we just -- we all pinned down. >> i want to congratulate you on your distinguished victory. you were fighting regular north vietnamese troops. >> the consensus of the military after ia drang is we can inflict enough casualties on them to win. >> our armed forces are prepared to take the necessary casualties in order to seek out and destroy the enemy. the question remains, are the american people prepared to lose more and more young men in vietnam?

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will go anywhere for a parade, even within rifle range of the vietcong. >> the vietcong have terrorized you and have burned your homes. we are here to help you. and to show how much we are able to protect you, the air force are going to hit some vietcong on the other side of the valley. ♪ >> the televising of the vietnam war was like the split screen reality in american culture. on one side, you had what the official story was, which was we're winning in vietnam. and yet, every time that americans looked up, what they saw was body bags. >> marine colonel michael yunk was hit by fire from a village

while he was directing close air support from a helicopter. he saw women and children there and decided not to order an air attack. the colonial talked about it while surgeons amputated his leg. >> they can do all they can to save that leg. >> i know. god dang it, i hate to put bombs and napalm on these women and children. i just didn't do it. i said they can't be there. i'm sure now that that's where they were. >> as the casualties mounted, that was turning the public in this country against the war. >> how do you expect to be protected in this country unless you have people fighting for you? >> they are not fighting for me. >> they are not. >> this is a genocide, these people are being killed and killed why? >> dissent spread across campuses all over the country and gave a sense of empowerment to students who were about to be drafted but still couldn't vote. >> a new type of protest and

civil disobedience occurs in new york city. david miller publicly burns his draft card. >> seven young and earnest protesters burn draft cards on the steps of a boston courthouse. a group of high schoolboys set upon them with fists. >> the draft was in place from world war ii. when you turned 18 you had to register. >> in january 1965, 5,400 young men were called to the draft. in december 1965, 45,224 young men were called. this is one fact boring in on the american conscience and causing increasing concern. >> it was a compulsory draft, forced you to make a choice, vietnam against your will, jail against your will, canada against your will, no good options. >> all kinds of ways are found to try to beat the physical. people are known to mutilate themselves. >> starve themselves, declare they were homosexual when they weren't. >> there were escape hatches in

terms of deferments, like deferments for college students, which means that working class young people are likely to get drafted before upper middle class. >> the war was waged in a lot of living rooms in america. it was a real generational divide because my father's generation went off and saved europe. i fully expected to have a military experience, but it was the wrong damn war. >> no more war! no more war! >> washington, november 27th, the rally was to be held at the washington monument. the protesters began to arrive about 20,000 strong. ♪ most of the world says that killing's all right, bombers at night ♪ >> the whole world watching right now. >> support the constitution of the united states. i will not fight in vietnam. >> we forget this, but there was

always a substantial number of americans who supported the vietnam war. >> you bunch of bums. >> where is your son? my son is a marine! >> it's hard to recapture how intense that period was, how morally conflictual it was and your relationship with your country, which was something we never questioned. >> the pressure on mr. johnson to choose sides has been growing. clinging to a middle line, he tried to give one ear to the war of hawks in america, one ear to the dove, but both ears to neither. >> we halted bombing in the north in hope that the government in hanoi would signal its willingness to talk instead of fight. but i regret to tell you that no signal came during those 37 days. >> johnson feels alternately

outraged that he's being attacked in this way when he is doing the best he can. >> until the day they decide to end this aggression and to make an honorable peace, i can assure you that we speaking for the united states of america intend to carry on. >> a large committee of responsible lawyers has examined the united states' legal position in vietnam. its conclusions, briefly and bluntly are, that the united states is violating the united nations charter, the geneva agreements and finally, violating the united states constitution which says only congress can declare war. >> when the congress tried to ask questions about the vietnam war, they found it very difficult to get answers and sometimes they were lied to. >> we're engaged in a historic debate in this country. we have honest differences of opinion. >> hearings are one of the first

times when people who weren't far on the left or extreme on the right started raising some very serious questions about the war. >> all i'm asking is if the people decide that this war should be stopped, are you going to take the position that's weakness on the home front in the democracy? >> i will distill our people were badly misguided and did not understand the consequences of such a disaster. >> well, we agree on one thing, that they can be badly misguided. and you and the president and my judgment have been misguiding them for a long time in this war. at the beginning of 1965 ♪

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at the beginning of 1965 there were 23,000 servicemen in vietnam. currently, there are about 267,000 fighting men in vietnam, and 18,000 more will be there by the end of this month. >> the commitment got bigger and bigger and bigger. you could feel the spirit of the troops was draining. >> how old are you? >> 22. >> did you volunteer? >> nope. >> would you? >> nope. >> what's the worst thing about it? >> getting shot, getting hit. well, you see buddies get hit, living in the swamps, dirt. >> three days out in the bush,

you would be covered with ring worm and jungle rot. it was just the nature of the terrain and the weather. >> it is hot in vietnam. often hotter than the mohave desert. the temperature rises to 120 degrees. >> if we've got two hours sleep a night, i'd be surprised. you're almost in a hypnotic state. >> i'm amazed that these kids didn't just fall apart. humans are really, really tough. >> things are going reasonably well in the south, aren't they? >> yes, i think so. >> what are these men doing? they're trying to locate the enemy. i see it, and they're running them in. >> we think we're taking a heavy toll on them, but it just scares me to see what we're doing here. we're taking soldiers with god knows how many airplanes and helicopters and firepower and going after a bunch of half

starved beggars. it's not a certainty, but it's a danger we need to look at is that they can keep that up almost indefinitely. >> today i can tell you that military progress in the past 12 months has exceeded our expectations. our policy remains what it was, and has been. we would supply our commanders whatever they required to accomplish our objective in south vietnam. >> you started to distrust your own leaders because you started to say well, they are lying to us. i mean, or if they're not lying to us, they don't know what's going on over there. if they don't know what is going on, what the hell is going on? [ gunshots ] >> i'm glad they are on our side. >> move out, move out! >> alpha company has reached hill 943.

[ gunshots ] >> coming this way. up! >> after sweeping the area around 943, hill 943 is taken. there is nothing to take. and now that the enemy is gone, there is no reason for the americans to stay. >> when we abandoned the hill, it was crushing to morale because your friends died. what was all that about? >> there is a hill in vietnam, which was assaulted twice, taken twice, and abandoned twice by americans. and today, 943 is again controlled by the north vietnamese. >> progress was not being made. there was no end in sight. how would you measure progress? so it was a kind of absurd situation. >> how do you feel about it now

that it's all over? >> pretty bad in a way. you live with them. >> we have to carry them out, you know, and that's when it bothers you, you have to carry them to the slump. it really gets to you. ♪ >> i'd lose friends, and i would just, like, wow, you know. i got a job to do here. and you would throw them on a chopper and that would be the last you would see them. so you were constantly shoving it down, because if you didn't, you couldn't function.

>> stop the war now! stop the war now! stop the war now! >> these women came by the thousands to the pentagon this week. they demanded to see secretary of defense robert mcnamara, to ask him to stop sending their sons to vietnam.

and they showed their anger and frustration. >> fundamentally, we didn't have a strategy in the vietnam war, except that of attrition. >> they talk about, well, we can kill 300 north vietnamese for every one of us. do the american people care about the 300? no. they care about the one. ♪

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500,000 american troops, 14,000 american dead. the war in vietnam is no longer simply their war to win or lose, it's ours as well. and it has become the most divisive in 100 years of american history. >> please stop, please stop! please stop! please stop! >> it was the first time that all of these different factions and philosophies and personalities came together in one place. >> the seed was planted when there was a massive march on the pentagon. people realized that we could go beyond polite protests into more massive civil disobedience and shake up the war makers.

>> mcnamara had been managing the war since 1961. the man was just overwhelmed with guilt. >> in less than 60 days, i will have served seven years as secretary of defense. no one of my predecessors has served so long. i myself did not plan. to. >> robert mcnamara leaves office. i think it's fair to say that he is by that point tortured on a personal level by the war. >> tonight the communists hit the very heart of saigon, the brand-new u.s. embassy building. and at least ten cities in that war-torn country. >> the tet offensive was the big show of the vietcong. >> it's huge. they've got the americans and south vietnamese completely by surprise.

>> it exposed how tenuous the u.s. hold was. >> who won and who lost in the great tet offensive against the cities? i'm not sure. the terrible loss in american lives, prestige, and morale, and this is a tragedy of our stubbornness there. it seems now more certain than ever that the bloody experience of vietnam is to end in a stalemate. >> when walter cronkite, who is the most trusted man in america said that, lyndon johnson said "if i've lost walter, i've lost middle america." lyndon johnson realized he was no longer in charge of the war. the war was in charge of him. >> what did you lose? >> i had 36 when we started.

we got 21 killed. >> what were you thinking about? >> i was thinking of my wife and my baby that i haven't seen, i guess. i got a baby coming in june. that was on my mind. i just knew we were going to get overrun. >> if you look at the history of vietnam, it was a tragic comedy of errors from beginning to end. and the tragedy of johnson is that he achieved remarkable things, particularly in terms of civil rights, but will be remembered for vietnam. >> it's the full shakespearean wheel of fortune, the man who has nothing who rises to everything and then loses it all. >> in a moment of tragedy and trauma, the duties of this

office fell upon me with america's sons in the field far away, with america's future under challenge right here at home, i have concluded that i should not permit the presidency to become involved in the partisan divisions that are developing in this political year. accordingly, i shall not seek and i will not accept the nomination of my party for another term as your president. -- captions by vitac -- www.vitac.com

up next, a woman fears for her life. >> judy was afraid. >> she expected something to happen to her. >> he was waiting for her in the house! >> does she know who shot her? >> the evidence shows it was an ambush. was it someone she knew? >> possibly a murder-for-hire type situation. >> or a random attack, the hardest to solve? >> most screwed up in the head defendant that i have prosecuted in my 15 years as a prosecutor. >> it was the end of a long day, and judy southern returned home from work to what she thought would be an empty house. instead, she encountered something unexpected. judy tried calling her husband at work, but he'd already left.