all people should obey just laws. but i would also say that an unjust law is no law at all. >> i say segregation now, segregation tomorrow, and segregation forever. >> america's not living up to the dream of liberty and justice for all. >> we are confronted primarily with a moral issue. >> we're willing to be beaten for democracy. >> we want our freedom and we want it now. >> open hostility towards the civil rights. >> black power!

this is the wrong way! ♪ we talk about it here as separation of the races. customs and traditions that have been built up over the last hundred years that have proved

for the best interests of both, the colored and the white people. >> it was almost 100 years after the emancipation proclamation, and america is still rigidly and racially segregated. black people couldn't vote in the south. they couldn't even go into the public libraries. the public libraries were segregated. the churches were segregated. >> frankly, as others have said, i don't know what the future holds, but i know who holds the future. >> he was frustrated because he had obama famou-- become famous.

he's preaching all over the country. he knows that's his gift. but he says, people cry at my sermons, and the next morning it's still segregated. >> martin king called about 50 ministers from across the south to start a non-violent movement. the understanding of teaching non-violence was clear, but there wasn't anybody that could teach it like jim lawson. >> james lawson has been to india and comes back with this storehouse of gandhiian tactics. >> martin king said come to nashville now, we need you now. so i went to nashville and organized other people. >> now tonight we have a most important business to try to accomplish, and that is to try to have one major role-playing experience, which sort of tries to set the stage for an actual demonstration for an actual sit-in. >> you talk about the civil rights movement in the '60s. people talk about selma, birmingham, confront. but the incubator of it is nashville, tennessee, where james lawson started teaching his classes on nonviolence. teaching people like john lewis, james bev. limit, diane nash, how to not swing back if somebody hits you in the head

with a nightstick. >> we actually practiced sitting in. some took the role of students who were sitting at a lunch counter and others took the role of white thugs. we were practicing how to remain non-violent even in the face of violence. >> there had been other sit-ins in those early months of 1960, but no one is centrally organizing or coordinating this like the student group from nashville. >> it was on february the 13th. and we had the very first sit-in in nashville. i took my seat at the counter. i asked the waitress for a hamburger and a coke. >> the students sit down at the lunch counter asking to be served, knowing full well that it's against the law. >> we were prepared to be arrested and go to jail and if necessary, stay in jail. >> it was a moving feeling within me that i was sitting there demanding a god-given right. i could no longer be satisfied or go along with an evil system. >> the big surprise for them was that they weren't arrested. they sat there all day and they realized that white people were flummoxed. >> the new tactic came as a surprise, creating bewilderment and confusion in the white communities, and even among the negroes themselves. >> when this disciplined platoon comes into the store, occupies all the seats at the lunch counter, they refuse to move on the request of the store owner. they put on a bullish exhibition of what seems to be plain bad manners. crashing into a place where they are not welcome. i submit to you, sir, it strikes me insane for the leader of the race to charge the store owner

with bad behavior. >> mr. kilpatrick, i think on this point you would have to agree with me that all people should obey just laws. but i would also say that an unjust law is no law at all. and when we find an unjust law, i think we have a moral obligation to take a stand against it. >> during the weeks after the sit-ins began, opposition in the white communities of the south solidified and the first signs of violence appeared. >> the man came out and said there was a bunch of colored boys and girls on the stools of the counters. so i instructed the men to put them -- place them under arrest. >> on february 27th, 80 nashville students were arrested out of over 300 who were participating in the sit-ins that day. as the students were confronted with the choice of paying a $50 fine or spending over a month in jail, each of them chose jail. >> i felt free. i felt liberated. i felt like i had crossed over.

>> nashville became the first major city in the south to permit whites and colored people to eat together in public places. >> king is extremely pleased with the emergence of the student sit-in movement in early 1960. there were sit-ins in atlanta where dr. king is living by that time. king himself gets arrested in one at rich's department store. king is kept in jail when everyone else is released. >> and that's when it got involved in the presidential campaign. >> john kennedy, the presidential candidate, calls mrs. king to express his concern. very unexpected public gesture.

>> next thing we knew was daddy king had gone public and had said, i was against having a catholic for president, but if he can wipe the tears from my daughter-in-law's eyes, i have the courage to vote for kennedy for president. and i have a suitcase full of votes. >> it turned out that phone call was given credit for kennedy's victory in one of the closest elections in modern history. king said, i hope that at last we have a president with the intelligence to understand this problem. i'm convinced he has that understanding and now we'll have to see what his passion leads him to do. the complete balanced nutrition of great tasting ensure. 24 vitamins and minerals. 9 grams of protein... with 30% less sugars than before. ensure, your #1 dr. recommended brand

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>> brave blacks and whites rode into the deep south together on greyhound and trailways buses to challenge segregation as freedom riders. >> the freedom rides started with two buses, 13 people going from washington d.c. to new orleans. >> the concept of the freedom rides was to show that desegregation laws were not being enforced. >> they are buying tickets from town to town and getting off in each town, going into waiting rooms, restaurants, cafes which are traditionally segregated, in such a manner to enrage them and provoke them into acts of violence. that's what they are doing.

>> they dragged about six of the passengers out, both negro and white, they took them into alleys and began beating them, began hitting them with lead pipes. they knocked one man, a white man, down at my feet and beat him and kicked him until his face was a bloody red pulp. >> the nashville movement decided that we had to take up the freedom ride where it had left off. >> diane nash said the line that made the difference. she said, we will not allow violence to destroy nonviolence. this was the test. ten of the kids said, we will go tonight. and that's the stuff that makes you free. that's the stuff that is freedom. >> an angry mob just came out of nowhere. they started beating the freedom riders. i was hit with a wooden crate. beaten, left lying in a pool of blood.

>> after the riders are attacked and brutally beaten, the freedom riders essentially become trapped in ralph abernathy's first baptist church. >> the church was surrounded and people were setting fire to cars. >> dr. king had gone over to montgomery from atlanta to lend support to the freedom riders. and so king, too, along with the riders, is trapped at this church. >> martin luther king jr. places a call to robert kennedy and said to the attorney general, something must be done. >> in this situation, i want to make this announcement. that the city is now under martial law and troops are on the way into montgomery.

>> finally, with federal intervention, the freedom riders were put on a bus and headed to jackson. >> we pull on into jackson. the wagon was waiting for us. >> the kennedy administration makes a deal whereby the mississippi police units agree that there will be no violence, but the tradeoff is that every freedom rider arriving in jackson immediately will be arrested. >> the freedom riders included james bevel, john lewis, james lawson, among others, were sent parchman state penitentiary. >> this attempt to stop the freedom rides only served to fuel the flames of the civil rights movement. >> i'd like to see the show of hands of those of you who would be willing to continue the freedom ride in the near future. let's see a show of hands, please.

>> freedom ride after freedom ride would come through and get arrested in jackson, they'd go to the heinz county jail or jackson jail, then they'd get moved to the parchman penitentiary. >> during the time they spent in prison, a bond formed and they came out of prison more dedicated than ever. and they began to fan out across the south. martin luther king decided that they should have major demonstrates only in areas that local law enforcement would react violently. >> do you think you can keep birmingham in the present situation of segregation? >> i may not be able to do it, but i'll die trying. >> bull connor has a well-known identity as one of the hardest hardliners in defense of segregation.

>> king is assuming that bull connor is going to provide the pictures and the footage they need to outrage the country. >> police commissioner bull connor used mass arrests, fire hoses, police dogs to break up the demonstrations. >> the demonstrations continued for weeks. you've got 12, 14, 20 adults maximum per day marching, they're making no news, and the numbers were dwindling. the movement was on the brink of extinction when bevel and the nashville movement comes along and says, i've got plenty of teenagers in my youth workshops who are willing to go to jail. >> there's an understandable reluctance on king's part of organizing students to get arrested when their parents are going to be furious for putting their children in the line of fire. >> finally, it's king who makes the decision to send the children into the streets.

>> will you use the hoses and dogs? >> we will use the dogs if they start drawing knives again, and throwing rocks. we will use the hose if it becomes necessary to stop the mob. >> of course, what he was doing was exactly what head of the civil rights movement in birmingham wanted him to do, to create the theater that was going to be broadcast on national television that would show just how bad things were in birmingham. >> demonstrators attacked with water hoses were as young as 6, 8, 9 years old. >> birmingham was a crucible in which the soul of the nation was

being forged. >> the negro drive for equality gathered momentum this week. the supreme court sanctioned sit-in demonstrations, another court removed the strongly segregationist city government of birmingham, dominated by eugene bull connor. >> all i can say is i have enjoyed my 22.5 years as public safety commissioner in the city of birmingham. i don't believe i owe the taxpayers of birmingham anything. they're going to owe me almost two and a half years back pay. >> don't shop for anything on capitol street. these are stores that helped to support the white citizens council. >> the nbc network affiliate was notorious for featuring segregationist speeches. >> when the jackson, mississippi, television station found itself under threat from the fcc, they agreed to allow medgar evers to go on television

and make a statement about the goals of the movement. >> you know this black son of a bitch that's on television? been on more than goddamn 17 minutes, they better get his black ass off or i'll get up there and take him off. >> sir, we are required to do this -- >> no, no, this is in the south. this is below the mason-dixon line. you don't have to put these black jungle bunnies on tv. >> to many white mississippians, it was an outrage. that's the first time a black man had ever been allowed to appear on television in mississippi. certainly to argue against segregation. it made him in some ways a kind of marked man in mississippi. >> we'll be demonstrating here until freedom comes to negroes here in jackson, mississippi. thank ythank you for defendiyour sacrifice. and thank you for your bravery. thank you colonel. thank you daddy. military families are uniquely thankful for many things,

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our guest today on "meet the press" is governor george c. wallace of alabama. his state is the only one in the country today whose schools are completely segregated. next week the issue heads for a climax when two negro students will seek to enroll at the university of alabama. governor wallace has been quoted as saying he will personally bar their entrance despite a federal court order and a threat of federal troops. >> can they be enrolled without the use of troops? >> of course i -- we'll have to wait and see exactly what transpires on that occasion. >> at the center of this potential storm are two young negro students. vivian malone and jimmy hood. she's 20 years old, made the national honor society when she attended a segregated high school in her hometown of mobile, alabama.

he's also 20, was president of his class in high school at gadsston, alabama, and president of the student council. >> well, i feel like it won't be as much trouble as has been on other campuses. but it will be bad news when the n-- comes in. >> does the government plan to use federal marshals if he does go through with his announced intention to prevent the negro students from entering? >> i know there's great opposition in alabama and indeed in any state to federal marshals and federal troops. and i would be very reluctant to see us reach that point. >> governor wallace has ordered 500 alabama national guardsmen into tuscaloosa. at the moment they are under his control. it would require hardly more than the flourish of a pen to convert their status to federalized troops and place them at the disposal of president kennedy. >> national guard units are commanded by a governor unless they're federalized and the

president becomes their commander in chief. kennedy had to make the decision of what to do next. >> president kennedy has done some significant things in civil rights. at the same time, i must say that president kennedy hasn't done enough, and we must remind him that we elected him. >> under a searing alabama sun that already has the temperature near 100 degrees, the waiting continues. governor george wallace's direct confrontation with federal authorities and two negro students at the university of alabama is now believed to be only a very short time away. the two negroes, vivian malone and jimmy hood, reportedly are en route from birmingham to the campus. governor wallace reportedly about ready to make his appearance on campus.

>> coming into it, nobody knows what's going to happen. the justice department doesn't know what wallace is going to do. wallace doesn't know whether he's going to be put in jail. >> as governor and chief magistrate of the state of alabama, i deem it to be my solemn obligation and duty to stand before you representing the rights and sovereignty of this state and its peoples. and now being mindful of my duties and responsibilities under the constitution of the united states, the constitution of the state of alabama, and seeking to preserve and maintain the peace and dignity of this state and the individual freedoms of the citizens thereof, do hereby denounce and forbid this illegal and unwarranted action by the central government. >> governor, i'm not interested in a show. i don't know what the purpose of

the show is. i am interested in the orders of these courts being enforced. that is my only responsibility here. the choice is yours. i would ask you once again to responsibly step aside. very well. he's going to remain on the campus. >> the justice department says that the negro students will be enrolled sometime today. >> after ole miss, the kennedys learned their lesson about negotiating with a southern governor. kennedy just decides to go ahead and federalize the guard. he's not going to play games anymore. >> governor wallace moved away from the door and has left after being confronted with about 150 federalized national guardsmen. >> united states assistant attorney general nicholas katzenbach now all smiles as the two negro students are to enter the registration building. >> each time a big issue came up, the president and the

attorney general did everything they could not to have to get involved. and it was after the encounter with wallace that civil rights became top priority. >> this is not a sectional issue. difficulties over segregation and discrimination exist in every city, in every state of the union. but love alone cannot make men see right. we are confronted primarily with a moral issue. it is as old as the scriptures and is as clear as the american constitution. >> and that was the first time the president made the question of ending racial segregation not because it's politically expedient to do so, because it is morally right to do so. >> next week i shall ask the congress of the united states to act, to make a commitment it has not fully made in this century to the proposition that race has no place in american life or law.

>> it's his most eloquent speech in some ways, most heartfelt speech. >> and this nation for all its hopes and all its boasts will not be fully free until all its citizens are free. >> there's a kind of bitter irony in that within hours afterwards, medgar evers comes home and his wife and children are up because they want to tell him about the president's wonderful speech. >> shortly after midnight, medgar evers steps from his car in this driveway. then evers was murdered. >> i was appalled at the cowardly ambush of him at his home in front of his wife and children. it said something about how far we still had to go in reaching any semblance of social and civic justice.

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>> we will keep this demonstration nonviolent. it will be peaceful. it will be dignified and disciplined. and i think it will have a great impact. >> the white house, the washington police department, the defense department were all drawing up these tremendous contingency plans for mass violence. >> they came from all over america, negroes and whites, housewives and hollywood stars. more than 200,000 of them came to washington this morning in a kind of climax to a historic spring and summer in the struggle for equal rights. >> as a student, and as a participant in an international movement, i was ready to go. i wanted to push. i wanted us to stand up and speak up and speak out. >> we're tired of seeing our

people locked up in jail over and over again, and then you holler, be patient. how long can we be patient? we want our freedom, and we want it now. >> and i would never forget the speech of martin luther king jr. on that day, dr. king spoke out of his soul. and he used that day and the steps of the lincoln memorial to preach a sermon. not just to america, but to the world. >> i have a dream that one day my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the

content of their character. i have a dream today. let freedom ring from every hill of mississippi, from every mountainside. let freedom ring. when we allow freedom to ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to feed up that day when all of god's children, black men and white men, jews and gentiles, protestants and catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old negro spiritual, "free at last, free at last, thank god almighty we are free at last." >> i don't think they quite anticipated just how successful it would be. it represents the civil rights movement at a kind of high water mark.

♪ freedom, freedom >> in the immediate wake of the march on washington, the civil rights movement has a national glow to it that it never before had had. but that glow tragically lasts hardly two weeks. >> the bombing of this birmingham, alabama, church claimed the lives of four little girls attending sunday school. >> we felt like we were involved because if there had been no movement, chances are that bombing would not have taken place. >> white house press secretary malcolm kilduff has just announced that president kennedy died at approximately 1:00 central standard time which is about 35 minutes ago. >> after being shot at -- >> after being shot --

>> -- by an unknown assailant. >> by an unknown assailant. >> -- during a motorcade drive through downtown dallas. >> during a motorcade drive through downtown dallas. >> no memorial oration or eulogy could more eloquently honor president kennedy's memory than the earliest possible passage of the civil rights bill for which he fought so long. >> johnson gets that civil rights bill moving in the first few weeks after kennedy's assassination. >> lbj and his allies knew they were short. so thus began a 24/7 campaign. he bullied. he cajoled. he made deals in order to get

enough senators on board. >> surprisingly, after a year on capitol hill, this bill is stronger than the one president kennedy first requested. president johnson should have the bill on his desk by the fourth of july. >> there is some mystery and some fear concerning three civil rights workers, two whites from new york city and a negro from mississippi. police say they arrested the three men for speeding yesterday, but released them after they posted bond. they have not been heard from since. >> mr. president, i wanted to let you know we have found the car. >> yeah? >> now, this is not known, nobody knows this at all, but the car was burned and we do not know yet whether any bodies are inside of the car because of the intense heat.

>> we can understand without rancor or hate red how this all happened, but it cannot continue. our constitution, foundation of our republic, forbids it. the principles of our freedom forbid it. and the law i will sign tonight forbids it. >> the civil rights act of 1964 is not going to create instant brotherhood. no one pretends that. but the attorney general gets new power to bring suits against racial discrimination in voting, in public accommodations, in education, in employment. >> three civil rights workers have disappeared in mississippi. they have not been heard from. our search has thus far produced only one clue, the burned-out station wagon in which the three were last seen riding.

there is little hope that they are still alive. >> schwerner, chaney and goodman were found shot to death in a grave at the base of a recently built dam just six miles from the city of philadelphia. >> we know they're going to say not guilty. because no one saw them pull the trigger. i'm tired of that. don't bow down anymore. hold your heads up. we want our freedom now. i don't want to have to go to another memorial. i'm tired of them, tired of it. you've got to stand up.

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>> today marks the beginning of a determined, organized, mobilized campaign to get the right to vote all over this state. >> martin luther king chooses the city of selma because it has the worst record of any southern city on black voting. >> now move. move. move. move.

>> the dallas county sheriff, jim clark, was an even tougher version of birmingham's bull connor. >> the registrar is not in session this afternoon as you were informed. you came down to make a mockery out of this courthouse. this courthouse is a serious place of business. you seem to think it will just be a disneyland or something on parade. >> you are breaking the injunction by not allowing these people to come inside this courthouse and wait. >> this courthouse does not belong to sheriff clark. this courthouse belongs to the people of dallas county, and these are the people of dallas county. and they have come to register. and you know this within your own heart, sheriff clark. >> i'm here to tell you tonight that the mayor of this city, the police commissioner of this city, and everybody in the white power structure of this city must take a responsibility for everything that jim clark does

in this community. >> we're marching today to dramatize to the nation, dramatize to the world, the hundreds and thousands of negro citizens of alabama, but particularly here in the blightfield area, denied the right to vote. >> opposing the protesters was a force of alabama state troopers, sheriff clark, and clark's private army, the so-called posse men. >> i thought we were going to be arrested. the mayor said, troopers advance. >> i was hit in the head by a state trooper with a nightstick. i thought i saw death. i thought i was going to die. >> sheriff clark and his volunteer army, the posse men, sent 80 men, women and children into the hospital.

>> in our country, we don't tolerate police by terror taking the law into their own hands. this is unacceptable and just not american. and i believe the time has come for the president to step in. >> the pettus bridge incident is one of those seminal events that help create a political groundswell for lyndon johnson to quickly, and this time without nearly as much opposition as his civil rights act of '64, to push through the voting rights act of 1965. >> their cause must be our cause too. because it's not just negroes, but really, it's all of us who must overcome the crippling legacy of bigotry and injustice. and we shall overcome.

>> dr. king decided that the only proper response to this was to continue the march to montgomery and a court order forced the state of alabama to permit said march. ♪ ♪ come and follow me you know the master said ♪ ♪ don't wait til tomorrow or you may be dead ♪ ♪ i was young and i wanted to play, said i wait just one more day ♪ ♪ don't you know i would, no, i would, i would ♪ >> all the world today knows that we are here, that we are standing before the forces of power in the state of alabama saying, we ain't going to let

nobody turn us around. i come to say to you this afternoon, however difficult the moment, however frustrating the hour, it will not be long. because truth will rise again. how long? not long. because no lie can live forever. how long? not long. because the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends towards justice. how long? not long. because mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the lord. glory hallelujah, glory hallelujah, glory hallelujah, glory hallelujah. this truth is marching on. i don't just make things for a living i take pride in them. so when my moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis was also on display, i'd had it. i finally had a serious talk with my dermatologist. this time, he prescribed humira-adalimumab. humira helps to clear the surface of my skin by actually working inside my body. in clinical trials, most adults with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis saw 75% skin clearance. and the majority of people

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in the summer of '65, johnson gets that voting rights bill passed. >> thank you, mr. president. >> sure, the '64 civil rights act led to dramatic changes. but politically, at least in the short run, the voting rights act was even more dramatic.

>> but then very quickly after that, things start to fall apart. >> we feel that we must continue this march right now, that it is urgent to do it. and we will be calling on people of good will from all over the nation to join us in this march. >> mr. carmichael, are you as committed to the nonviolent approach as dr. king is? >> no, i'm not. >> why aren't you? >> i just don't see this as a way of life. i never have. and i also realize that no one in this country is asking the white community in the south to be nonviolent. and that in a sense is giving them a free license to go ahead and shoot us at will. >> there was a lot of disunity because the only thing that had really kept the black community together, ironically, was segregation. once that has been overcome, then the question is, what do you want?

>> i would like for all of us to believe in nonviolence, but i'm here to say tonight that if every negro in the united states turns against nonviolence, i'm going to stand up as a lone voice and say, this is the wrong way. >> martin luther king jr. was killed tonight in memphis, tennessee, shot in the face as he stood on the balcony of his hotel room. >> martin was gone. and the main part of everything was over. and we knew that the movement would never be the movement as it was. but then the things that we had lived and really fought for was won. >> i just want to do god's will, and he has allowed me to go up

to the mountain. i've looked over and i've seen the promised land. i may not get there with you, but i want you to know tonight that we as a people will get to the promised land. so i'm happy tonight. i'm not worried about anything. i'm not fearing any man. mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the lord. >> we had to give everything we had to the movement. we accepted a way of peace as a way of life, a way of nonviolence as a way of life, as a way of living. >> we forged an agenda in the mind of the country.

the movement begins with montgomery, becomes the sit-in campaign, the freedom ride, the birmingham campaign, the mississippi summer, the selma to montgomery march. >> history will record that those singular cumulative acts of courage transformed the south. transformed the country. >> we wanted to change america, make america better, not just for our generation, but for generation yet unborn. >> all of the civil rights, all the marches, all the people who have died in the civil rights struggle will have died in vain if once the opportunity, once the doors are open, no one is prepared for it. i know there's got to be several

young people here who are like 5 years old, right? it's now becoming a possibility that that young man by the time he's 50 could be running for the president of the united states. >> the beatles! >> nothing but a bunch of british elvis presleys. >> it's not true, it's not true! >> when the beatles arrived, from then on, a thousand different things arose. ♪ >> is it a sex thing or -- >> it's sexual. >> yeah. >> completely. ♪ >> there is a desire to get power in order to use it for good. ♪ how does it feel >> pop musicians in today's generation, they can rule the world.