this is gps, the global public square. welcome to all of you in the united states and around the world. i'm fareed zakaria coming to you live today. we'll start the show with donald trump's banter on that bus. >> you can do anything. >> has a presidential candidate ever recovered from such a revelation? will trump? i have a great panel to discuss it. jon meacham, kathleen hall jamieson and james fallows. and they'll look at tonight's

debate by looking back at the history of presidential debates. also, we'll bring you a glimpse of the future and the artificial intelligence that is becoming more and more powerful by the day. i will talk to ginny recommeome the head of ibm and will watson take our jobs or make our jobs better. >> we'll get to donald trump's vulgar comments about women but first i want to talk about the scandal before that one last week. his taxes. and on that issue, here is my tame. donald trump has done america a great public service. no really. by taking advantage of the country's tax laws in such a spectacular fashion, he has shown a spotlight on the corruption that is at the heart of american politics. the tax code.

see, when most people discuss taxes they tend to talk about it in left-right terms. the right says the taxes are too high and the left worries that the rich don't pay their fair share but the facts don't support other position. the simplest way to judge a country's tax burden is to look at the tax revenues from all levels of government as a percentage of gdp and the u.s. has the fourth lowest burden in the industrialized world, ranking 31st out of 34 countries. the u.s. percentage is lower today than in 2000, while the average has stayed about the same. nor is it true that the rich don't pay much in america. now obviously some people managed to arrange their affairs so they don't pay many, or in trump's case any taxes, but the federal government derived revenues from the income tax and 70% of federal income tax is paid by the top 10% of

americans. it is a very progressive system. the problem with american taxes is something different. the complexity. the u.s. has the world's longest tax code. the scholars tabulated the word count which is 3,866,391 words. german and france have codes that are less than 10% as long and size makes for burdens. in most international comparisons, the u.s. scores very poorly on this measure. the world bank ranks the u.s. 53 for the corporate tax and the polls and executives on the five biggest burdens of doing business in a country, for the u.s. numbers one and two are tax rates and tax regulations. even though american is generally more competitive than other rich countries, it is

taxation system is much more complicated an inefficient. why this anomaly. it is intentional. a feature, not a bug in the system. the complexity of the tax code exists by design because it allows for the distinctive feature of the american political system -- fundraising. america is unique among democracies in requiring at all levels of politics that vast amounts of cash be raised from the private sector. in order to get this money, congressman and senators need something to offer in return. and what they sell are amendments to the tax code. when you pay $5,000 to have a stale breakfast with a congressman, you are not paying for his insights or personality. you and others like you are buying a line of the tax code, which is why it is thousands and thousands of pages long. it is the world's ultimate pay for play setup. there are only two ways to fix this problem.

one would be to simply stop people from paying politicians. but the supreme court rules in buckley versus vallejo in 1976 that money is speech and constitutionally protected and this is a view shared by no other western democracy so that leaves one other path, take away what congress sells. if the tax code were made short and simple with a handful of deductions, politicians would have little to offer people as a quid pro quo. you could still pay them for ideas and personality but i suspect the flow of money would slow to a trickle. it is the simple single exclusion to the cancer in american politics. for more go to my washington post column this week. and let's get started.

let's get straight to donald trump's newest troubles in the wake of the leaks tape and the high level republicans who have repudiated trump has gotten stronger. yesterday condoleezza rice and john mccain added their names to the anti-trump list. and donald trump said there is zero chance i will quit, unquote. and how much of a game-changer is this 11-year-old tape. joining me is jon meacham, and the historian and the author of the george h.w. bush biography destiny and power. kathleen hall jamieson, director of the public policy center at the university of pennsylvania and james fallows the chief speech writer to president jimmy carter and now national correspondent for the atlantic. jon, let me start with you, can you recall at any point in history where something this startling has happened with just

one month to go. >> well, things -- october surprises come almost every year. 1972, dr. kissinger came out and said peace was at hand. the fact that we've gone from issues of war and peace as an october surprise to "access hollywood" may disprove darwin which we could talk about, even in recent history, you have george w. bush dui arrest which came four days before the election in which he himself is convinced cost him the popular vote in some quarters. and in 2004, osama bin laden issued a video tape that senator kerry also believes hurt him significantly. to me, what the trump story does, in terms of political narrative and in terms of life, when you hear something, it either changes your view or affirms your view. sort of like the old saying that all stories are about a man goes

on a trip -- goes on a journey or a stranger comes to town. so does this change or affirm. it seems to me this is one of the most remarkably affirming developments that one could have in terms of the popular impression of trump. >> jim, to that point, what strikes me about this is didn't we know this already? the many, many references in the howard stern audio tapes, testimony from other people, the controversy around miss america -- miss universe, and all of it is part of the same pattern which basically is that trump object fied women, very clearly and distinctly and essentially seeing them as objects of interest for men. why do you think this revelation has been so much more dramatic?

is this just the straw that broke the camel's back? >> i think it is partly what jon said. the fact of hearing and seeing it in realtime and seeing the contrast between the talk inside of the bus and then this gentlemanly demeanor when he gets off the bus and starts talking to the young actress, that has a young vividness. over the last year, many of us in discussions like this around the country wonder why things that would have stopped any previous candidate had not stopped donald trump. and this started i think when he was making fun of john mccain as a loser for having been captured during the vietnam war and then mocking a disabled reporter and on down the long list. so i think we had sort of developed a sense of anything was going to be possible for the people who were really for trump and for reasons that i'm sure will look back when considering this election, suddenly this was the thing. it wasn't the mexican judge or build the wall or no taxes, it wasn't the thousand other things, including the howard stern tapes that really pushed

people over. somehow this did it. and on the historical comparisons, too, the only thing the spectacle of the last 24 hours makes me think of is the last week or so before richard nixon steps down when republicans began stepping away from him. if this were a normal campaign, nobody has come back from as far behind as trump is now. this is not a normal campaign. and to have his own party bailing out, i think the nixon funnel days are the only comparison that come to my mind. >> kathleen, what is it that changes people's minds? you've looked at so many polls. i'm struck by -- we should take this for what it is. there is one poll out since the video revelations and he hasn't dropped much, he is four points behind. this is one poll and it is not clear that it was polled after all of the revelations. but what is your sense of what changes people's minds. >> new evidence could change

people's minds. what we are missing in this discussion when donald trump defended he said that these words don't reflect who i am. the statement on the bus is not simply about his words. these are statements about things he reports having done. and the tapes that came out this weekend from howard stern show also put into words things that he says he has done. walking into dressing rooms of contestants before the miss universe pageant, for example. so to the except that people up to this point have heard these words that have been problematic, re-aired constantly in hillary clinton ads and they've characterized this as language and the trump campaign said distant past or i was an entertainer and different person and this is not words about what he said he has done. that potential new evidence is highly consequential because of the way it is framed in media. look at the words used by republicans. sexual assault, those are descriptions of what he said he had done, like predator and

predatory were being used. that is new evidence. new evidence could change frames. new frames could change attitudes. >> stay right there. when we come back, we'll dig deeper into tonight's debate and what history should teach trump and clinton about what to do and not to do on stage tonight. don't forget it is at 9:00 p.m. eastern on cnn. we will be back. now that fedex has helped us simplify our e-commerce, we could focus on bigger issues, like our passive aggressive environment. we're not passive aggressive. hey, hey, hey, there are no bad suggestions here... no matter how lame they are. well said, ann. i've always admired how you just say what's in your head, without thinking. very brave. good point ted. you're living proof that looks aren't everything. thank you. welcome. so, fedex helped simplify our e-commerce business and this is not a passive aggressive environment. i just wanted to say, you guys are doing a great job. what's that supposed to mean? fedex. helping small business simplify e-commerce.

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being fdr's tap dance instructor. he was not a man who enjoyed or took much direction in terms of public speaking. donald trump faces a huge challenge now tonight. and he's not a man who takes much instruction. so watching the debates, and i know you watched them very carefully of the terrific cover story in the atlantic, watching the debates, what are trump's weakness, watching the primary and the first presidential debate? >> his main weakness is that there is a style he has, which works very well in some circumstances and quite poorly in others. his style is essentially domination, bomb bast and simplicity of message which during the primary worked fine because there are a lot of people on stage and competing for air time and trump could step in whenever he wanted as if it were a reality show and a wrestling match and make fun of the other people, little marco or whatever else. that worked very well in the primary campaign.

it is not as good in normal general election debates because there is only two people on stage. it is much harder to get away with being domineering against a female opponent who -- and also trump has a history of shrinking from female opponents in live exchanges and he doesn't know enough substance. but what will happen tonight is unprecedented in all public rhetorical experience because nobody has ever come to a debate with this preceding 48 hours of news as donald trump has. so i'll just say one own thing, the main comparison was bill clinton, after his impeachment, had to give "state of the union" speeches and had to recover himself and clinton was a gifted performer and trump seems to have this one speed. so we'll see how he applies that one speed tonight. and i think that is why it may be the largest audience ever for

a debate. >> jon, the format is of course a town hall and trump hasn't done these so much. there is a -- a part of what you're trying to do here is connect and have empathy and there was this moment in the bush-clinton-ross perrot debate where president bush really fumbled and clinton was able to connect. what went wrong and what went right for bush and clinton? >> that's with in richmond in 1992. and president bush had not done of these. presidents always, as jim and kathleen know, debates for incumbents are always tricky things because no one has spoken to them this way since they took the oath. no one has really questioned them very much. but what happened in richmond was a question or asked of the president about how the national debt had personally affected

him. president bush took that literally meaning the national debt as opposed to the economic recession and said, as he was trying to answer it, maybe i just don't get it. and clinton aides are reported to have started high fiving each other in the control room because they realized that at that moment where bush had inadvertently crystalized what was the popular narrative. and if you watch the tape, you'll see bill clinton with almost a wolfish look on his face and sitting and waiting to come in and have a kind of oprah moment. president bush sits down and clinton comes in and says i bet you know people who have been affected in my state, if someone loses their job, there is a good chance i know them. and in this way, the 20th century ended that night because you had a world war ii figure, a man who did in fact -- george h.w. bush is a emotionally

tactile man he just has a hard time in public showing that. bill clinton understood that our current generation needed that kind of confessional politics. >> fascinating. we're going to stick with all of this and come back. and when we come back, i want to start with kathleen hall jamieson and jon meacham and james fallows and what should hillary clinton do if trump brings up bill clinton's past. stay with us.

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meacham and kathleen hall jamieson and james fallows. kathleen, before we get to bill and hillary clinton, i want to ask you about trump again. because one of the things that struck many people was that during the primary debates, the one person trump was not able to debate effectively was carly fiorina. there was a moment where he insults her and he had previously insulted her because of her looks and she stands up and said this is what somebody -- a woman of this age looks like. deal with it. and he really can't deal with it.

and to a certain extent, in the first debate there seemed to be that same problem. james was alluding to his style is domination and it looks bad and now he has revelations, as i say, of really powerfully confirming the degree to which he objectified women in their sex roles. how difficult or how big of a burden is it, just that gender dynamic for him in your view? >> the thing that carly fiorina said that was most effective was the women of america know what they heard donald trump say, in essence letting women bring their lives experience of the interaction between trump and carly fiorina, about carly fiorina's appearance. and that is what will play tonight. and to the extent he interrupts as he did in the first debate, it is interpreted through a different set of understanding in light of the most recent controversies. >> fascinating. okay. so jim, you are doing debate prep with hillary clinton and

they say trump has now signals three or four times that he intends to bring up bill clinton's infidelities and hillary's role in covering them up. if he does, what should hillary clinton do? >> so i think the dynamics have changed in the past 48 hours and i think she has a strategic goal and a tactic one. the strategic goal for hillary clinton is to show people that she is the adult in charge. she is the one who is responsible. she is the one that they could feel comfortable with in contrast to what they've learned about donald trump in the last couple of days or have confirmed and she needs to be above the fray and tactically, if he brings up bilk, she could say we are talking about something involving my husband 20-plus years ago that the entire government of the united states litigated and was tied up in over years and people could make their own decisions about it, we are here to talk about the

future of the economy. the more economically she could address it and say it is in the past and her husband that she's been married to all of these years and it is sort of tried in the court of both the congress and public opinion and say the real point for america is x, y and z. that is my guess. >> jon, it does sound like from what jim is saying, the most important thing is style rather than substance. come across as presidential. i remember that moment in the reagan-carter debates, when carter brought up a factually correct point which was that reagan had been against social security and wants to cut it and reagan just said there he goes again. and that charming sort of demeanor trumped the substance of what carter was saying which today nobody even remembers. >> right. and i think style and substance we sometimes treat as two separate dichotomy, when there is a connection, what hillary

clinton needs to do is present herself as temperamentally and intellectually fit for the presidency. she is in fact fit for the presidency and there are real concerns that donald trump is not. and so in that sense, style and substance are connected. if i were talking to secretary clinton right now, i would simply cite the napolian adage, never get in the way of a opponent destroying themselves. i would come offer and defer the balance of my time and let him keep talking. because the more he talks, the further the -- the deeper the hole gets. >> let me ask you very quickly, kathleen, if you had some advice for hillary clinton or donald trump, what is the goal here for this -- for tonight's debate? >> donald trump, show you're knowledgeable and command the detail necessary to be the president of the united states and demonstrate a temperament

that shows restraint and treat hillary clinton with respect. this is about the future, not about the past. the weighting people place on issues, he will argue supreme court, taxes and isis and change and establish, hillary clinton that you are change and that people in barack obama's words that people believe you could share their values and the future is better than the past. >> jon, just one final thought, we have about 30 seconds to go. sorry, i think we've lost jon there. jim, we have 30 seconds to go. is the election over. a lot of political scientists would say, at this point nothing matters, it is all baked in. >> so nothing is certain in politics or this year in particular. but it would require things even more unusual than what we've seen in the past year for donald trump to recover at this point. when he has significant numbers of his own party leaders saying they are not going to vote for him. the last time we would have seen

this would have been with the case more than a century again and you would have to bet money against his prospects right now. >> jim fallows, kathleen hall jamieson and jon meacham in absentia, a fascinating conversation. thank you all. >> thank you. >> don't forget tonight's presidential debate, the second of three. this time moderated by our own anderson cooper is here at 9:00 p.m. eastern and 6:00 p.m. pacific, do not miss. >> next on gps, ibm watson won jeopardy but now it has moved on to much bigger things, like helping make sure cancer patients get better and maybe helping you do your job better. is it a hopeful future or a frightening one? i'll ask the ceo of ibm when we come back. [ crowd noise ]

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in a moment, i'm going to

introduce you to a multi-talented brilliance. what if i told you there is a person who has read every medical text book and journal out there and uses that knowledge to diagnose medical mysteries but has also collaborated as a fashion designer on a dress that was worn by a supermodel at the met gala. has helped produce the movie trailer from major feature film and is also a published cook book author and has a budding career as a weather forecaster and did i mention won a huge tournament on jeopardy beating ken jennings. that last part might be the giveaway. i'm not talking about a person, but a much. meet watson, the ibm tech platform that uses machine learning in extraordinary ways. that list of watson's accomplishments scares many who wory that computers are powerful enough to do almost any human job. i went down to the center in

downtown manhattan to talk about it all with ibm chairman, president and ceo, ginni rometty, who is also a multi-talented brilliance. ibm is one of the world's largest companies with a market cap over $140 billion. welcome ginni rometty. >> thank you. nice to be here with you again. >> explain to us the road to watson. how did we get here what is happening in technology that led to this? >> this is a great question. and it speaks a lot to what i think everyone is experiencing around the world. either personally or in a business. there have been three big ticket trends, i think shaping are lives. one, cloud. mobility and the explosion of data around us. you have this explosion of information. it is impossible to understand it and this is the road to watson. we saw this long ago. there would be all of this data but for it to bring any value to business or to the world, to solve these unsolvable problems,

you need a whole new way of computing of systems that could take that and make some sense out of it. if you think about, if you go back 20 years and retail, and if you are online buying something, you are a typical retailer, you might have half a million things you could look at. today, 20 million to 25 million. so as a buyer, how could you discern what is the right thing to do and that is one small example. so this is what has led us to watson. this explosion of information and once you become digital you need some way -- data is going to differentiate companies and how do you make sense of it? that led us to this world which was watson which is think of it as the ability for systems to learn. >> how is watson different from your average computer? >> this is -- it is very different and i want you to not think of it as a computer. think of watson in this new world of cognitive, it is in the cloud so it is applicable to everyone and think of it being

imbedded in everything you could do. so it will impact your daily life, it will impact your business. and so when you think of it that way, thinking of it as a service imbedded, it will touch billions of people, billions of things they do, to basically help you make a better decision. whether that is personally or whether that is professionally. >> so let's take medical, because watson does a lot of medical work. explain to us why watson is a better doctor than most doctors? >> i won't say it that way. what i really envision, and this is an important point about cognitive, the goal is not to replace anyone, it is not about artificial intelligence, it is about augmenting intelligence and helping people make better decisions and that is, in fact, what we are doing. and i mentioned we do work and i see this era doing work with both every day decisions and as well as what i would call solving the unsolvable and you mentioned health care. >> but let's take a diagnosis.

>> so here is how it would go with the diagnosis. cancer, the oncology adviser is rolling out and been developed and watson has been taught by some of the best institutions in the world, the cancer center here in new york and we've done with cleveland clinic and mayo clinic, nd anderson and systems abroad and what a doctor would do to assist, and watson has been able and read all of the literature on cancer and all of the journals and the texts and your emr, your medical record which could be hundreds of pages long and your tests and when i said it could understand and reason, just like you and i, formed hypothesis and checks against the data and knows with a percent of confidence and shows your doctor these are the different kind of ideas around the diagnosis and the appropriate treatment. >> but the key difference is, correct me if i'm wrong, but a doctor could hold maybe a couple of hundred articles in his or

her head and watson is looking at 22 million articles. >> millions and millions now. >> and presumably with access to millions of articles and that much data, watson must make better diagnosis than an average doctor. >> it will help an average doctor, absolutely. and that is the point. because you won't see a world class oncologist but your general doctor is going to have that access to help them do their job. and then they actually can do what we want our doctors to do. they spend time with you in understanding you. an average doctor visit could be a very small period of time. and so that is why i say this is really a world where it is going to augment what professionals do and what each of us do. >> in the movie business, the art of making the trailer is seen as a very soft scale. it is something you have to do -- appreciating what an audience will like, how it will evoke certain emotions and a successful movie trailer is a

fine art skill that an editor puts together and yet watson was able to do this thing that the human does in -- it would take months apparently to cut a movie trailer and watson sort of did it in a day. explain how. >> watson helped the film editor do this in a day and something it would take him weeks to do and this is an element on one path that we have worked on which is creativity. so in fact, what watson is doing is watching different movies and how people respond and what is it they are responding to and then looking for, in this movie, what are the elements that would duplicate that. and then giving that input to the person putting together the trailer to have them then put together the most popular trailer that is going to get and illicit the right audience behavior from that. so it is very much that idea of the systems could learn and they are learning by observation, reaction, knowing how people's brains work and how emotions react and puts all of that together. >> so what it suggests is that all of the things we think of as

creativity -- >> he assisted. >> but could it be broken down and digtized and coded so a computer could understand it. >> in many ways they could be. people think of things like smell and taste. but actually -- or even the way you react when you smell something that you remember from your childhood and it brings back, these are all chemical -- can can be broken down into chemical equations and by doing that, you could come up with better recommendations. we're working with campbell's soup of how to prepare the right recipe and when you were young and that could be broken down into equation and digitized. >> and when elon musk and steven hawking all agree on something and while they concur there are many huge upsides to artificial intelligence, there could be a huge downside, too. could artificial intelligence wipe us all out? i will ask watson's owner ibm

chief ginni rometty when we come back. and also, does she think women in high places face special challenges? what powers the digital world. communication. that's why a cutting edge university counts on centurylink to keep their global campus connected. and why a pro football team chose us to deliver fiber-enabled broadband to more than 65,000 fans. and why a leading car brand counts on us to keep their dealer network streamlined and nimble. businesses count on communication, and communication counts on centurylink.

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steven hawking wrote in a 2014 op ed that the potential benefits of artificial intelligence are huge and that success in creating ai would be the biggest event in human history, but then he went on, unfortunately it might also be the last invent. he and other big thinkers warn we ought to spend more time and money on the risks of ai, not just speeding it along.

i discuss that with ibm chief ginni rometty. listen in. >> bill gates, elon musk, people -- steven hawking have talked about the dangerous of artificial intelligence that the machines are getting too smart and that we will lose control over them. do you worry about that with watson? >> far eed, i don't prescribe to that pain of thought. part of that is your goal. i wouldn't call it artificial intelligence alone. artificial intelligence is around for many decades but it is one element that we are doing. what this is about is much more than that and the goal is different. the goal is to help you make better decisions and i believe in some number of of years in front of us, every important decision you make you will be aided by this sort of technology. every important decision will be aided by it. because you are going to have this cognitive overload and those benefits will far outstrip

and outweigh what will be some impact. and so i think the world we envision is this world that is assisted by this and it allows you to do things that you do best. that humans do best. so it is a world of man and machine, not man versus machine. >> will we always be in charge and be able to turn the machine off. >> i think you and i will be in charge for the foreseeable future, we do believe that. and in fact, people talk about jobs and they'll talk about this technology and say what about the impact on jobs? you and i have talked about progress and transformations of companies over years and of economies. you go back in time, technology has always had this impact where certain jobs will be impacted, but then a whole other class of new jobs will be created. and if you go back in time, whether it was when people started to not farm, where there was more machinery, it put a premium on reading. if you go on to the industrial

age, it put a premium on mechanical skills and then a flourish of community colleges and vocational schools. whatever we call this era in retrospect, it will put a premium on the next area of math and science and getting whether it is even at the low end of skills, mid-skills, up on the reading and math skills, no matter what the country is around the world. so it will then open up for that a whole new set of jobs and careers for people to go into. but there is a transition. >> i have to ask you, given the election season and given who is running and all of that, you are the ceo of one of the largest companies in the world. and you are among a handful of women in that position. do you think that even at this high level there are different standards for women that you still have to deal with, that are kind of a double standard? >> you know, i don't think of it

that way as all, actually. and it is true my whole career and particularly as i took on this role. on one hand it is important for me to recognize differences in being a role model. i i think each one of us is a role model to some constituent and you have to internalize that. and the standard that i set myself to is being a steward of a company, arguably one of the greatest companies on this planet and to make decisions for the long-term and that is what i need to be a role model about, about being the very best ceo i can be and that ibm has lived 105 years and that it will live another 500 years. >> do you think it breaks a barrier could have a woman as the united states. >> i think we all want the best person to be president of the united states and there are other great role models around the world that are women that run countries and states. >> ginni rometty, a pleasure to

have you on. >> thank you. next on gps, the important lesson italian prime minister renzi might have learned from david cameron. what was it? i will tell you when we come back. an opening night on broadway is kind of magic. i'm beowulf boritt and i'm a broadway set designer. when i started designing a bronx tale: the musical, i came up... ...with this idea of four towers that were fire escapes... ...essentially. i'll build a little model in photoshop and add these... ...details in with a pen. i could never do that with a mac. i feel like my job is... ...to put out there just enough detail to spur the audiences... ...imagination to fill in all the blanks. this windows pc is amazing, having all of my tools... ...right at my finger tips is incredible.

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weand sustainability goals asool one of our top priorities.mental i definitely rely on pg&e to be an energy advisor. anything from rebates, to how can we be more efficient? pg&e has a number of programs, to help schools save on energy. when i see a program that fits them, then i bring it to them. with the help of pg&e we've been able to save a tremendous amount of energy and a tremendous amount of money. we're able to take those savings and invest it right back into the classroom. together, we're building a better california.

u.n. sect general ban ki-moon will pass the baton to a new leader in 2017. he is the eighth secretary general. those eight leaders of the u.n. have hailed from four condiments when brings me to my question. three have yet to be secretary general. they are australia and antarctica and is it europe, south mesh or north america and africa. stay tuned and we'll tell you thence. the book of the week is a magazine. in the 2017 coverage, i've enjoyed stepping back and reading the new yorker which is on a role. look at this week's cover, a brilliant sly take on the alicia

machado controversy. they have been first rate opening to obama's opening to germany and the west virginia trump country and juneau, the new rival to uber. that is just in the last two weeks. a great magazine like the new yorker is one of the world's best, and go online and read a subscription and better yet buy a copy of the magazine. last week we reported that columbians were likely to approve a peace deal between the government and the gorilla group known as farc but they soourped the world when they voted not to accept the deal. that same day, as pointed out, hungarian voters headed to the polls and rejected the european quota for re-settled refugees but that is not binding. and then there was the big british shocker earlier this year, citizens there voted to exit the european union, again upsetting posters and david cameron.

perhaps italian prime minister matteo renzi has learned a thing or two watching the trend and he promised to resign if a referendum to reform the constitution has failed but he has recently backed down from that pledge. the lesson here is clear, in today's climate if you give people a chance to register a protest with their votes, they will. the correct answer to the gps challenge question is c., north america. there have been no secretaries general from north america, australia or antarctica. the eight secretaries general so far have all hailed from europe, asia, africa or south america and they have all been men. while there were women in the running to be ninth secretary general, the top three candidates in the security council vote were all men and the council eventually chose former portuguese prime minister and u.n. high commissioner for refugees antonio guiterrez. thank you for being part of my program for this week.

i'll se i'll see you next week. good morning, i'm brian stelter and welcome to a special edition of "reliable sources." we are live in st. louis, missouri, we've brought the pep band out this morning with us playing the election night in america theme music. tonight it is debate night in america theme music. this is the site of the pivotal presidential debate just a few hours away and right now the stakes really couldn't be higher. right now the donald trump and the gop are in a state of crisis. and the expectations for the debate have changed dramatically as a result. if the ready-made narrative was about a comeback performance for trump after most people agreed he lost the first debate, well now it is about surviv