that every one of the 52 hostages was alive, was well, and free. >> the americans are leaving. the vietnamese must stay. >> we've reached the end of the tunnel and there is no light there.

there's no understanding america in the 70s bout

understanding vietnam. >> fighting in the last week has been so bitter that military sources released the casualties unofficially today. 340 americans and 527 south vietnamese wereilled last week. enemy dead wr reported to be more than 5,000. there was some grumbling among young g.i.'s questioning whethering the objective is worth the bloodshed. >> out here in this difficult war, i think history will put this may have been one of america's finest hours because we took a difficult task and succeeded. you're doing your job. i assure you we're doing ours. thank you very much. >> nixon did not want to be the first president of the united states to lose a war. it was a matter of personal pride with him.

his basic goal was to end the war as quickly as possible but on honorable terms to keep credibility. >> president nixon dispatched henry kissinger to paris for the peace talks. >> the u.s. is working on a new proposal to offer to the viet cong and north vietnam. >> nixon's strategy was to negotiate a peace agreement but v. >> we had to turn it back to the vietnamese. >> they were taught to think like americans, act like americans, fight like americans. >> he had a lot to withdraw. there were over 5,000 men there. >> they did it slowly as they

shifted the burden of fighting to the vietnamese. there was no end to it. >> october 15th, 1969, vietnam moratorium day. >> surely this is a day unique in our history. never have so many of our people publicly and collectively expressed opposition. >> it wasn't hippies or radicals and marxist. it was middle class americans, two million of them taking the day off from school, from work. it was a genuine democratic explosion. >> mr. nixon has told aides that the loss of american popular support or the appearance of it, could induce the new leadership in hanoi to press on in the expectation that the united states would quit. >> the october moratorium made richard nixon go to the mountain

top literally, to answer the anti-war mooumplgts. the elites had gotten on the anti-war bandwagon. they were all anti-war. and nixon wanted to rise up and show that there was another side. his side. the outesiders who wanted to support our soldiers. >> to you, the great silent majority. my fellow americans, i ask for your support. north vietnam cannot defeat or humiliate the united states. only americans can do that. >> the term silent majority clicked with middle america. they were never represented on television and they didn't feel they were represented in

washington and didn't really have a voice. >> president nixon's finally displayed 52,000 telegrams of persons who supported him. >> it's time to stand up and be counted. >> at that point he went to the 68% approval. >> it gave him the room he needed to maneuver. >> good evening my fellow americans. tonight american and south vietnamese units will attack the headquarters for the entire com nis military operation in south vietn vietnam. this is not an invasion of cambodia. >> nixon's conviction is that what you've got to do is cut off the supplies that the north vietnamese are funneling into the south to the viet cong. the way to do it is take out the

ho chi minh trail. >> they don't quite realize that cambodia's its own country who have had tenuous relationships with vietnam. >> the cambodian operation will continue during the coming days. american units searching for north vietnamese installations but what they will find or how long they will be there, no one can say for sure. the active large-scale american and south vietnamese fighting in cambodia has brought a cry of anger from universities. at kent state thousands of demonstrators faced national guardsmen and police.

>> four students are killed at kent state. two students killed at jackson state in mississippi. nixon is sort of overall whemd. he's bewildered. >> he was upset by the deaths, the belief that he had caused them. that was the low point of his presidency. >> the events of this past week have pulverized the opposition to the war and opposition to the anti-war movement. police joined ranks with attacking workers and watching

students beaten. >> it's tending to obscure the only real question, will the demonstrations have any effect on shaping the president's vietnam poilgs. the answer remains no.

. a united states military court-martial confirmed there was a massacre. if convicted.

one of the. >> it was a village supposed to be harboring the enemy. >> we came across some people. i have this one photograph. you can see the expression in their faces just before they were b about to be shot. especially the small child on the left and the one small boy not realizing what is about to happen. >> hundreds of people are killed, all of them civilians. >> this unit lost it. they said that we just felt like we were killing vermin. they pulled 2 trigger by tricking themselves into thinking they're not killing a human, they're killing an

animal. the captain did not do anything to stop them. the they had lost it 24e78s. it was a complete failure. >> he was shot in cold blood. old men, women, and children and we fail to recognize an act of cold blooded murder. >> why not convict the ba dahl oncommander. >> whoa, whoa, whoa. >> president nixon -- every single one of us that put the men in veit la nina to be burning there, saying i am guilty, too. that's how i feel. >> vietnam.

initiating new men. >> going home in body bags, do-dah. ♪ you're going home in a body bag ♪ you're going home in a body bag ♪ >> five men came home in body bags. >> by the 70s, the u.s. army and vietnam had been essentially destroyed. we were getting ki8d. there was no end to it. you got what amounted to a state of individual mutiny in the u.s. army. >> i'm not going to walk down it. >> always walking. >> we going to move out or i'm going to take a point and they

can fire me if they want to. it's that simple. >> we're going to refuse to do it. it's -- you may be in jail but you won't be dead. >> we're supposedly withdrawing, right? since we're going home, just take it easy, you know, don't go out looking for trouble. just sit down. if they come to us, we'll fight them. but looking for trouble and wasting more lives for just time's sake to me is absurd. >> all the people coming over now are a lot different than they used to be. like world war ii people. the woodstock generation coming to vietnam. >> the campaign against the war in vietnam took on a new dimension today. men who were there began demonstrations on speeding the end to the conflict. >> businessmen protested.

students protested mothers have protested. everybody has. but the men who fought the war haven't and it's the first time in history that they're going to do that. >> i got a medal. i got a silver star and a purple art. doesn meaa thing. >> good evening. the war in vietnam has often been cam flanld by statistics of body counts, weapons captured, hamletts pacified. >> the pampls tell the agonizing story of the u.s. involvement in vietnam through four administrations of expanding commitment. the pentagon papers have touched off controversy centering on whether the presidents and their men deceive the people. job daniel elsberg, an official

who servinged in the defense department and had access to the materials is the one who leaks this to the press. >> i was the lead reporter in the pentagon papers. >> elsburg copied these papers in the hope that eventually they'd be used to embarrass people. >> i think kissinger was obsessed with skreszy. >> my first three articles were published.

>> my argument was if you want to make the case against the papers, get up and charge the new york times with publishing national security secrets and sab standing the war in vietnam. >> the justice department went to court today and got a restraining order against the times. >> attorneys claim the protection of the first e-mai d amendment. the supreme court today ruled that the new york times may continue to publish the secret pentagon papers. >> i think the lesson is that the people of this country can't afford to let the president run th country by himself, even foreign affairs, any more than domestic affairs. without the help of the congress or the public. >> if you had to sum up the

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. because of the following cbs news special report, the merv griffin show will begin one half-hour later than usual. the president disclosed a

vietnam peace offer he says has been offered to the communists. it draws for the withdrawal of troops in six months. in exchange for a cease fire and return of all american prisoners. >>ology behalf of the government of the united states and the government of south vietnam with the full knowledge of the president is generous and far reaching. >> the response from north vietnam was you're missing something. we were not going to overthrow an ally as we left. that was the sticking point. >> we were stuck. it was a stalemate. >> this is the scene on the white house lawn as the presidential helicopter waits for president nixon to begin what must be surely one of the most remarkable journeys every undertaken by an american president. >> i will take what i deeply hope will become a journey for peace.

>> is the food as good as people say it is? >> i'm no expert on chinese food but i liked it. >> it's the lead item on every television program. >> nixon was a geopolitical thinker. he liked this are idea of linkage, the idea that he could link u.s.-vietnamese policy and produce one tidy bundle. >> they were communists domestically but they were no one's pawn. they were using the chinese and the russians, playing them off against each other. >> baddest fighting in a year broke out today.

north vietnamese struck south of the demilitarized zone. >> the vietnamese are unserved. >> they're feeling alienated from their principal arise. they see this as a bold effort to bring the war to a close or put themselves in a better position with respect to negotiations. >> the president has decided to keep american troops out of the fight and to keep them coming home on schedule no matter what happens to the south vietnamese. he will limit action to air strikes against enemy forces in south as well as north vietnam. >> the americans respond in great force, so you see an absolutely massive aerial bombardment. >> the latest of mr. nixon's

gamble to end the war with honor and not defeat. >> now the world is waiting to see how the american minefield will affect the supply system. >> the north nails in this effort to have a break-through as a result of this offensive and they suffer massive casualties. >> it helps to advance the negotiations in a way that hasn't been possible before. >> henry kissinger has dropped out of sight and no one is saying where he is. he left the western white house yesterday with his children. there has been speck population las vegas he might have gone to paris to reare knew secret peace talks. >> the position began to change weeks before the 1972 election. they knew nixon was unpredictable. to get this mad man re-elected, what the hell's he going to do

to us from now on? so in october in paris, the north vietnamese presented a proposal after years of negotiations dropped their political requirement that we overthrow the eyeingon government. i remember during a break kissinger and i shook hands and said we've done it. >> we believe that peace is at hand. there will be a return of all american prisoners within 60 days after the agreement comes into force. >> now with the election 12 days away, the nixon administration says peace is apt hand, it might appear that someone has pulled the rug out from under mcgovern. >> did he reveal? >> yeah. >> if he blows the whistle on

us, we're in perfect shape to twist his arm. >> kissinger was seeing tit as ploy to twin election. >> he's a23r5id he's been sold out. and that once the americans left it would be a matter of time before his own government fell. >> looked like we had a deal. kissinger said peace is at hand publicly. no deal. ♪ minutes old. ♪ a baby's skin is never more delicate. ♪ what do hospitals use to wash and protect it?

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. state goingorcgovern.the only >> president nix is swept back into the white house. the victory landslide seems to be mr. nixon's alone, not his party's. >> i think nixon was rez lutd. now i'm liberated. now i'm going to be whom i wish to be. >> the united states has resumed

full scale bombing of north vietnam. the north vietnamese said american planes carried out heavy attacks and that hanoi forces shot down planes and captured several pilots. >> nixon wanted the communists to think he was crazy in hopes it would drive them back to the bargaining table. >> several civilian areas must have been hit. i don't want to say it was not a very painful thing to have to do. >> when 8500 bombs go out of one plain, that's the closest thing to nuclear weapons. >> here is this small third world country that the susz p bombing back to the stone age. >> military pressure will continue until a peace

settlement is reached, the president says. >> within days after this so-called christmas bombing, the north vietnamese made some concessions. it produced peace within about a month. >> good evening. the vietnam war ended toads, ended officially in this room in paris. >> the treaty basically said the south nam ease get to keep their government. the north vietnamese release the 500 american p.o.w.s and everybody promises to stop fighting. >> as far as this administration is concerned we've done the very best that we can against very great obstacles and we finally have achieved a peace with honor. i know it gags some of you to write that phrase, but that is true. most americans realize it is

true. >> it is the americans who are celebrating. they are leaving. the vietnamese are not celebrating. they must stay and face the uncertainty of whatever is going to happen to them next. >> in hanoi, the american military involvement came to an end. for anything or anyone to symbolize the oog any of vietnam, it was the prisoners. >> most were pilots and most had spent six years in prison. now they were on their way home. >> it wasn't until we rolled down the runway, finally lifted off hen any soil that we broke loose and started hugging and kissing the air force nurses. it was unbelievable. it was euphoric. >> there was no word as to which of the three planes he would be on. the first one landed, then came

the second plane. someone in the family said he won't be on this one either. but he was. >> we were greeted by thousands of people. they let out the schools and everybody was waving flags and calling our names. it was a great, great homecoming. >> we are honored to have the opportunity to serve our country

under difficult circumstances. >> they were legitimate heroes. they had suffered terribly. they were home. it gave the country something to cheer about after having so little to cheer about. >> mr. nixon says he does not plan to greet returning p.o.w.s because "this is a time when we should not grandstand or exploit." >> so many soldiers that came home in the early 70s couldn't wear their uniforms in public. they were called baby killers to their face. it was really very disturbing. it distressed us all to think

that those comrades in arms had come back to such a negative reception to where we had come back to ticker tape parades. >> the american language has changed since you went away. the conversation of your wives, friends, your children may seem strange. >> the today show devoted a two-hour episode to explaining ostensibly to the prisoners of war what had happened in america in their absence. they left a country where "the sound of music" was the most popular movie. they returned to one in which "last tango in paris" was the most popular. >> whatever you do, don't call a group of women girls. it's no longer considered a compliment by many. >> we came home to a different world. it was like rip van winkle

waking up. our chul chur had changed that point. >> they've accused each other of violations. the nixon administration expressed confidence the cease fire will prove effective before long. >> mr. president we have been allies in a long and difficult war. now you can be sure that we stand with you as we continue to work together to build a lasting peace. >> nixon promised that if the north vietnamese renewed the offensive he would send the b-52s back to hanoi. well, it didn't happen, because he was caught up in watergate. 's hectic home: its raised 1 dare devil, 2 dynamic diy duos, and an entrepreneur named sharon. its witnessed 31 crashes, 4 food fights,

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henry kissinger still trying to get the peace agreement implemented. for a time the guest of honor are about 600 americans who were held as prisoner of war at some time during the agonizing conflict. >> all of us would like to join in a round of applause for those men who did the job. >> nixon was overjoyed when the p.o.w.s came home. he was a hero to if pmpltd o.w.s. >> if they hadn't done it, you wouldn't be here tonight. >> while he was cheering the p.o.w.s, nixon was thinking watergate's going to take me down that night he went back to his study and got his daughters down and said, you know, i might have to resign. >> good evening. the congress of the united states in a historic action

today made a limitation on the powers of the president to make war. the house and then the senate yoerch turned the vito o the war hours we'll. >> several presidents have tried to take this untop themselves but the people are demanding that never again do we stumble into a watergate -- excuse me -- people are demanding we never stumble into another vietnam. >> at 9: 04 this evening richard m. nixon became the first president ever to resign his office. >> as we bind up the internal wounds of walshgate, more

painful and more poison ougs than those of foreign wars, let brotherly love purge our hearts of suspicious and hate. >> there was this sigh of relief in the country. we have a new president, it's a new day. let's see how things go. >> secretary kissinger and the president has announced that he will stay in the cabinet. >> sophisticated vietnamese believe they're the victims of watergate. they think congress cut usa to settle a score with president nixon. >> according to pentagon sources v they've penetrated 25 miles east of the city of ban ma t unks it. >> the south vietnamese fought well but by 1975 it became more

and more clear that the north vietnamese were building up a for midble system that pour tended real danger for the south vietnamese. >> the communists began the first major attack of their offensive. saigon's troops made a vital stand. the high lands might be lost and south vietnam could be cut in two. >> the plan that the north vietnamese conceived would be a two-year plan. what happened was that when attacking the central highlands town, the government lost its composure. >> government troops were ordered-to-pull out of the central highland provinces. >> the withdrawal became a route. civilians and soldiers leaving in panic, leaving behind huge supplies of american-made war materials. >> the north vietnamese never thought it would result in this decision to abandon the

highlands. they reconvened their central military committee and determined that the iron is hot and this is the time to strike. >> president tiu said the people are leaving, anyway. he said he would not abandon quang tre. >> the world witnessed the tragedy of the overrunning of the d.m.z. followed by other places. those of us sitting in saigon are watching our map legitimately bleed red. >> a somber henry kissinger outlined in a news conference what he saw as the choices now facing the united states. >> what we face now is whether the united states not just will withdraw its forces, which we achieved, and not just will stop

the end of the loss of american life, but whether it will deliberately destroy an ally by withholding aid from it in its moment of extremity. >> there is a new harris poll out today about how people feel abut continued military aid to vietnam. only 17% favor that and almost three-quarters of those questioned are opposed to further military aid. >> it is a tragedy unbelievable in its ramifications. i must say that i am frustrated by the action of the congress in not responding to some of the requests both for economic and humanitarian and military assistance in south vietnam. >> when you consider how much we've spent in blood and treasure in southeast asia with how little we bought with the money, i should think that now the time has finally come to say no more. the future of sleep is here with the new sleep

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a communist commando unit, probably viet cong, has slipped into saigon and dug itself beneatthis american bridge over the sain river. above them south vietnamese helicopter gunships circle and fling down their salvo rockets. soldiers behind me are firing at viet cong units who are 500 yards away, no more.

this is the closest the fighting has ever come in saigon since the communist offensive in 1968. reporting from abc news, saigon. >> now there are reports that the communists have the city within artillery range, at least the airport. >> many americans on the ground in south vietnam at that time felt a serious obligation to vietnamese whom they had worked with and knew. i had maybe one hour. we have to go. go. go now. i say can i take my papi. >> they were running in panic, not because they were on their heels but the threat that they were coming. >> the city was suddenly choked with people and cars all chasing one american evacuation convoy after the other.

>> i'd borrowed a truck with a bogus embassy license plate on it and stuffed people in the truck and drove them through the gate. >> the american army had an airplane. they have two machine guns. they point down. they're ready to shoot if something happens. everybody's crying. we think we leave vietnam, go to -- we don't know if we'll come back. >> the airport received sporadic rocket fire from communist forces closing in on the city. >> minutes later came the report that all americans are to be evacuated immediately. >> by the 29th at noon, there are about 2500 people in the u.s. embassy who can only be gotten out by helicopter. >> the scene at the u.s. embassy here in saigon is total chaos. >> the embassy gates were closed.

and we, like the frightened vietnamese and their families, had to fight and claw our way out. >> i turned to help them if i could. and i couldn't get anyone out. >> 50 at a time they took off for the carriers waiting in the south china sea. >> there was no room so the navy men ordered the pilots to ditch the helicopters in the ocean. >> we were living in a period of what the greeks call hubris, overweening pride. this was the eighth great military power. how were they going to defeat us? >> once it became a reality in seeing the pictures on television of not only a retreat but a disorderly retreat, and that ate within ourselves saying, this is not who we thought we were. >> to see what was in store for the south vietnamese people, to see the visions of our

helicopters and people struggling to get out and the terrible triage and choices that had to be made was clearly one of the lows in my life. >> the communist forces, some of them riding in russian-made tanks, some in captured american jeeps, rolled into saigon about three and a half hours after the end of the dramatic american evacuation of u.s. nationals and many south vietnamese. >> there's no way to capture in one evening's broadcast the suffering and the grief of 30 yes of a subcontent at war. there's no way to capture the suffering and grief of our own nation from the most divisive conflict since our own civil war. in vietnam, we've finally reached the end of the tunnel, and there is no light there. what is there perhaps was best said by president ford, a war that is finished. >> the vietnam war produced a million unwritten stories of human misery and human dignity.

in all, the war in the south produced over 11 million refugees. 430,000 civilians died in the war, according to an american estimate, along with 254,000 south vietnamese soldiers. the united states has spent more than $350 billion on vietnam, and it may end up being much higher than that. >> the other loss we also know about, even though we don't talk about it very much, and when we do, it's as if it were some kind of index or score. 56,000 lives plus about 150,000 seriously wounded, many of whom will never recover. so when some future politician for some reason feels the need to drag this country into a war, he might come out here to arlington and stand maybe right over there somewhere to make his announcement and to tell what he has in mind.

if he can attract public support, speaking from a place like this, then his reasons for arting a new war would have to be good ones. this is happening now, if you can possibly believe that. >> the terrorists are saying they'll blow up the school, killing all the children inside. >> the german police have been waging a relentless war against the terrorists, capturing some, killing some. >> the finnish army are the terrorists. >> no one, even the most powerful, has immunity from these urban guerillas. >> there are 298 people held hostage. >> those people, they have good ideals. they're just going about them the wrong way. >> we are ready to go on into martyrdom. >> the communique ended with the appeal revolutionaries of the world unite. ♪