challenge. the global energy challenge, brought to you by -- with each new generation, expectations will demand more efficient power from greener and cleaner sources. on this journey, i'm in the united states of america to meet the visionaries and innovators who explore how to make this critical energy transition. our very essence may depend on how we face up to the global energy challenge.

the united states consumed more energy in 2018 than ever before. 0% of it was generated by fossil fuels. as the world urgently debates the global energy transition, what happens in america impacts the globe. this nations of 330 million people, so much is at stake. the picture complex. how to allow the economy to thrive, to raise and maintain living standards for all citizens and uphold the responsibility to the environment. my journey begins in midland, texas. there is an abundance of shale oil and gas across america.

eight million barrels produced each day. the permian basin straddling new mexico and texas is the country's most productive site. midland is at the epicenter. this is a critical turning point for u.s. shale. after plans for retirement, scott sheffield came back as pioneer ceo to reconstruct the company. the last four areas alone, nearly 200 oil and gas companies in the u.s. have gone bust with over $100 billion of debt. >> the permian basin started in 1920s. so we've been producing for over 100 years, and so with the recent uncon vnkoconventional s revolution that started five or six years ago, it will allow it to lakefront another 100 years. we're probably halfway through. we thought we were on a decline

until unconventional was discovered in the permian basin. probably 2011. now it's going to last another 100 years. we're at 80 billion barrels recoverable in the midland basin and probably about the same in the delaware which puts us at around 160 billion barrels of oil equivalenequivalent, close the numbers are in some of the middle eastern countries. >> how do you think you fit into the energy equation? there's much more awareness now to introduce solar and wind to the equation. and where natural gas fits in into the future, say 20, 30 years from now. >> yeah. we're still, in this country, we're still using about 80% hydrocarbons for energy use. we have some of the cheapest energy confederates in the world today in this country. and it's kept renewables probably from growing faster because they have to compete with natural gas. that's their competitive nature. >> pioneer has some 6,000 wells currently in operation. each one is closely monitored to maximize efficiency.

fracking is not benign to the environment. heavy water use and flaring, the burning of excess of methane gas, are issues still to be addressed by everyone. >> pioneer has been a leader on both fronts. in regard to water, we decided to move away from fresh water several years ago. we entered into agreements with the cities of midland, odessa, to use their affluent water and use that to frack with. secondly, in regard to we take methane emissions seriously, we're the first company to start aerial flying over all of our sites, our tank batteries and our well sites. so we use a plane flying about 3,000 feet above the surface. we do it once a year. and we have methane sensors and flare guns and we estimate do we have any leakage going on. when we detect it, we fix it immediately. the biggest issue in the permian basin today is the flaring issue in my opinion. we're flaring about 700 million a day. it's roughly about 7% to 8% of

the current gas production in the permian basin. and it's got to stop. ♪ ♪ this simple banana peel represents a bold idea: a way to create energy from household trash. it not only saves about 80% in carbon emissions... it helps reduce landfill waste. that's why bp is partnering with a california company: fulcrum bioenergy. to turn garbage into jet fuel. because we can't let any good ideas go to waste. at bp, we see possibilities everywhere. to help the world keep advancing.

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if you're stayingcessful businessat holiday inn.is easy, rapid growth of shale has created an opportunity for america to do what was unheard of -- export gas to global markets. for decades, these terminals on the louisiana-texas border handled inbound oil tanker traffic to satisfy america's

thirst for energy. but in 2016, this equation's been turned upside down. there's so much natural gas around that the u.s. exports to better than 30 countries. this vessel is headed for chile. >> asia's the primary driver of energy demand. and a lot of our cargo's, over 40% since 2016, are landing in asia. countries are trying to meet their growing energy demand and do so in a way that reduces carbon emissions and improves air quality. natural gas, l&g, from this stilt, plays an integral role, particularly compared to coal, and then also enables renewables. at present, america's the world's number-one oil producer. but job creation and less re reliance on imported crude need to be balanced with the threat to the environment. as i leave texas, you can see

the winds of change. in 2019 for the first time texas wind power outpaced koom in terms of electricity generation. the drive for more solar on the grid is under way. to understand what determines the speed of change, i travel north to see if wall street is willing to continue to finance america's shale. [ bell ] >> the growth of u.s. production in the future will depend in large part on what happens here on the floor of the new york stock exchange because major stock funds are looking for a higher return on their investment. and many are shying away from oil and gas now altogether. the market cap of oil and gas companies in the s&p 500 has been cut in half already in the

last five years alone. >> the pressure from investors is building on the oil and gas industry in two respects. one is to show returns from shale, and they want to see capital discipline, they want to see -- they want to see dividends paid back to shareholders and not just sort of a cycle of debt for growth and production. and then also the investment community is asking people to show us that you can survive in a world that sees an energy transition happen, that your plans are aligned with whatever might come in the form of a long-term transition to a lowish carbon future. >> having held senior policy roles at the white house and the national security council, professor jason bordaff is the founding director of columbia university's center on global energy policy at the forefront of the energy transition. has the u.s. been spoiled by this prolific production that we've seen in shale over the last decade and it's stalling the energy transition here? or is it still proceeding? >> the energy transition is still proceeding in the united

states, but we have to recognize the scale and speed at which that's happening. so by far renewableses are the fastest growing form of energy in the u.s. electric vehicle sales are growing quickly. the u.s. has reduced emissions more than any other country over the last decade, and that has primarily been driven by cheap shale gas. market forces have allowed that to lap. increasingly you're seeing renewables play a larger role, complementing the role that cheap gas has played. >> reporter: in 2018, natural gas accounted for nearly 35% of the net power generation in the united states. more than any other source. when it burns, it produces nearly 50% less carbon dioxide than coal. so as a transition fuel, it is playing a role in reducing the use of coal and lowering emissions. the shale boom is dramatically altering the global energy landscape. and while still a net oil importer, the united states is paving the way toward energy independence. >> if you think about one basin of american production, the

permian, the permian would probably be the third largest member of opec on its own at this point. i mean, we never thought -- i joined the u.s. government right after 9/11. we never thought we would have this resource endowment in the united states. we really saw ourselves as perpetually dependent on foreign supply. so this is explosive growth of american production has been an enormous game changer. but it's really the story of like individual companies and their entrepreneurial spirit. >> reporter: do you make the link between global independence or growing independence and climate change? >> i do think there's this kind of general malaise about energy, about investment in energy because there's this view of maybe we're not going to need a few decades out. maybe this is potentially a dying industry. and so i do think that there's kind of a dark cloud hanging over the energy sector. >> despite the storm clouds

brewing for the energy sector, the federal government lacks a unified direction of action. >> more than 100 democrats and n congress now support the so-called green new deal. their plan is estimated to cost our economy nearly $100 trillion. >> the rhetoric from the white house has given individual states a new sense of urgency to pursue their own green policies. . and we want to keep you connected to those you love, with the new iphone 11. so t-mobile is giving you an iphone 11 on us for each new line of unlimited. for yourself, or up to a family of four. keep your family connected, and hurry into t-mobile today, to get up to four iphone 11's on us. only at t-mobile.

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washington, d.c., the seat of america's political power. we are living in turbulent times as we navigate through this global energy transition. change is not entirely driven by the men and women who occupy capitol hill. donald trump is the first u.s. president to out to america as the number-one oil and gas producer, allowing it greater energy independence and providing an option to disengage from middle east conflict. but on the policy side, many wonder whether american innovation's being held back in the green economy as a result. former u.s. energy secretary earnest moniz is the founder of an organization intent on nurturing the next energy breakthroughs. he is a realist. there are no quick solutions. >> the carbon dioxide removal from the atmosphere through variety of processes, i actually put at the top of the list as a giant game changer.

and if we have this rapid technology transformation to go to low carbon, many of those technologies depend upon a supply of critical materials and minerals and metals. but let's call it an order of magnitude increase in the supply of these minerals and metals. that implies a lot more mining activities going on. some, you know, that's part of the underbelly of this transition. >> give me the best example if you think -- what are the states that are really driving the energy transition and doing it well in the context of where we are today? >> states, first of all, are really in the lead in terms of addressing -- addressing climate in the absence of any explicit climate policy at the federal level. now clearly, states like california and new york, well and the new england region, have always been out front in terms of state energy policy, energy

efficiency, low carbon, getting into carbon pricing. when president trump made his announcement to start the withdrawal process from paris, a very strong we're still in movement began. and that certainly had roughly half of the governors in the united states -- >> i'm speaking out on this as mayors across the country have already committed to following the -- the paris agreement and will continue to do so. >> a crazy decision. it's against the facts, it's against science. it's against reality itself. >> it didn't take long for more than 2,000 businesspeople to say, you know, we're still in, too, because handwriting's on the wall. we're going to low carbon. the pace, the scope, the scale remains in some state of uncertainty. but we're going there. so in california's case as an

example, they say, okay, we're going to net zero by 2045. we looked at that in great detail at our organization energy futures initiative. and we looked at 33 technology pathways to meeting that 40% reduction in just over a decade. we found that actually it could be done. i grew up in california. the gold rush and oil fuel past fortunes. going forward, the california energy commission has declared clean tech will define its future. you have an ambitious target to go 100% renewable by 2045. is it overly ambitious? >> so it's absolutely achievable. and to those who believe it's mythology, i would just point out what's happened in the last ten years. so we've tripled renewable

energy production in the state of california over the last decade, renewables have fallen radically in price. so go back to 2000, solar energy was about 50 cents a kilowatt hour. we're getting bids of two cents a kilowatt hour. falling almost 90% in the last decade. so there's incredible momentum in this space. we're at 55% carbon might have free electricity on the grid today. so we're already, you know, the term alternative energy is a misnomer for renewables. we shouldn't use that. fossil is actually the alternative energy now. >> reporter: california is blessed with natural resources. hydropower. thousands of hours of sunlight each year. a terrain favorable to offshore

and onshore winds, but infrastructure upgrades are critical to enable this energy mix of renewables and hydrocarbons to power the state. >> you're seeing more of a push towards clean electricity, clean transportation. the market here has grown for these technologies. we're adding, for example, about 20,000 electric cars to the road every month in california. we're deploying a new program here, 200 electric lesses sporting for public schools. electric for this is virtually nothing. that will grow rapidly. >> reporter: many see natural gas as a transition fuel. we have it in abundance in the united states. it's not going to be needed in california, though, in your view? >> the trend is very much away from natural gas. we have more pollution coming from natural gas pollutions from our buildings than the entire fleet.

that's part of this shrinking as nor renewables come on. nine counties in california since may of this year adopted natural gas bans on new construction or electricification preferences. we expect as many as 50 cities to adopt similar policies in the next few months. >> reporter: citizens would need to embrace the policy. it may be easier to sway people to give up gas in their homes than change their cars. high electric vehicle costs make switching unaffordable to most californians. and one of our daily distractions, hunger for content, has seen traffic double by 2015. by 20255 billion online while on the move. datacenters set to drive electricity consumption worsewide worldwide. hi dad. no. don't try to get up.

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>> reporter: apple the world's first trillion dollar company claims to have become 100% renewable energy sourced. space-age hq a testament, a global supply chain as well. how do you define 100% renewable energy in practicality. >> i love that word practicality. we have to work with what we're given, an effort to clean energy around the world. our goal is a couple of things.

first, add new clean energy to the grid and didn't want to do it through simply offsets or renewable energy offsets. thoughts are great tools for transition for us but we thought wouldn't it be cool what we call additionality, additional energy on the grid? we love to, whenever possible, displace dirty energy, browner sources of power like fossil fuel generation. >> reporter: is there a lot of pushback only the comply chain or do you have a dominant position in this segment of the market they'll follow suit if you set the example? >> i think one of the surprising things for me, at least, was how eager the supply chain is to embrace the idea of clean energy. what they don't have is know-how. a lot of what we bring to them is, you know, know-how. we've done it. we can show them how to do it in their kicountry. we'll be alongside them and sometimes are investing alongside them.

>> reporter: can design and innovation be compatible with renewable energy? >> our approach at apple bring the same level of innovation and engineering and design to the clean energy journey as we do to our products. recycling rare earth elements and getting those into our products. recycling the aluminum that forms the enclosure for so many of our products. all of those things are part of the innovation our engineers love. they love being a part of rethinking what, you know, the iphone will be as it continues to be more friendly for the planet. >> reporter: apple is more than hardware. products of ingenuity and operations consume vast amounts of electricity. to mitigate this, apple invests in its own renewable infrastructure. solo farms like this one powers their grid. >> you know, america had a power

system that was designed to get as many people energy as quickly as possible. and we should take a minute and realize that our energy system has been key to our success and prosperity as americans. it is against that our parents and grandparents a gift that they gave. investing in our energy system is much more forward-looking than defending the old systems. a new energy system is what we need. >> reporter: after this tour of the united states i could see firsthand that the energy transition is well under way. the pace will be set by the big states. california out here in the west. new york in the east. texas in the south. but after a quarter century of underinvestment in energy infrastructure it is also clear that business as usual will not work. especially with climate change

knocking at the door. ♪ you are in the "cnn newsroom." i'm in for ana cabrera this evening. the president has openly complained the house impeachment hearings so far have been unfair to him and he hasn't been allowed to participate. now democrats are offering him a chance to call his own witnesses or present his own evidence. so will he? how judiciary chairman jerry nadler is giving the white house until friday at 5:00 p.m. to make their decision, but there is a second more pressing deadline. tomorrow evening at 6:00 p.m. that's when the president has to decide whether he'll send white house lawyers to the judiciary committee's first impeachment session, which will take place on