put the harshest light of truth on it right now i would be begging to find an alternative way to do it. and i asked myself, did i exaggerate the importance of what i did? did i place myself above some kind of moral compass? did i, did i quit too early trying to find a way to accomplish the same thing. but, but that's sort of right now between me and god and me and my conscious. smallpox has been eradicated, and i'm thrilled about that.

>> the idea of night raids or forcible vaccination today is just unthinkable. there's a few big things that are very different. internal politics, global politics, extremism, the whole issue of human rights. you have to be transparent, because the wrong information can actually contribute to the spread of the disease. i'm particularly interested in looking at rumors. the way that rumors replicate and spread are very similar to how viruses spread. they need a host. they need to be supported to stay alive and thrive. >> oh, there we go. >> oh, there we are. okay. hi. >> rumors have been around since man existed, but i think right now what's changed with technology, and particularly social media and the internet is

the global spread and the speed. i mean, look at twitter. you needed 140 characters or something. and that's all you need to spread some of the rumors and perceptions that we're certainly tracking. and one of the things we found is that rumors thrive in times of uncertainty. they thrive in times where people need an answer, are eager for as answer. >> the old model of how you respond to an infectious disease outbreak is you issue some firm warning to the public and tell them what they should and shouldn't do. that doesn't work anymore. because people are responding to rumors on twitter or facebook, and they want to engage, and they want to challenge. and they want to have their own opinions about what's going on.

>> agenda. okay. go for it. >> when an epidemic occurs there's clinical management you but there is also the reactions of society. and managing that can be as important as actually dealing with the epidemic itself. >> okay. good afternoon, everybody. this is the third meeting of our task force on ebola. and generally, would you like to give an update because where we are with the epidemic. i'm very worried, to be honest. >> the president likened the outbreak to a war. >> cases in death continue to surge. riots are break out. >> as ebola continue to spread across west africa, the government implemented massive quarantines. distrust exploded. >> security forces blocked roads with scrap wood and barbed wire.

>> forced open an isolation ward, hundreds clashed with police and fired live rounds and tear gas. >> liberia has tried to use our own resources, but obviously we have limitations and we hope the international community sees this as an edge catastrophe. >> two americans who had been infected. >> will be sent home for care. >> in atlanta. [ speaking in spanish ] >> became infected, was working as a nurse in eastern sierra leone. >> a photographer for nbc just diagnosed with ebola. >> he will be flown back to the united states for treatment. >> that's him? >> mm-hm. >> oh, my god. he's from west africa, right? >> no, he's from the states. he's from here. >> he's from the states? >> he's an american. >> oh, my god. >> oh, my god. >> in a repeating pattern, the

world really only started to pay attention to the ebola epidemic when foreign workers began to fall sick. >> the international response is continuing to ramp up. >> we're going to create an air bridge to get health workers and medical supplies into west africa faster. >> over a billion euros across europe will be galvanized. >> china is sending health care professionals. [ speaking in chinese ] >> there are 84 flights a week leaving these affected countries. >> the first time the ebola virus is in the united states. >> contracted ebola in liberia before flying to dallas, texas. >> he lied on his exit form so he could leave liberia. >> why not just shut down the borders and flight. >> we should not be allowing in these folks, period. >> as of today, one case came

from liberia. one. there will be more. but right now, one. and in response to that, they say let's close the borders. nobody from africa will be allowed in. they don't even know where east or south africa is. nobody from africa should be allowed in. and close our airports. i mean, that's a combination of ignorance and arrogance that could create ruination for our economic system, our financial system. >> please be advised that a health care worker who lives in your area has tested positive for the ebola virus. >> today testing confirmed that a patient here in new york city had tested positive for ebola. >> greg spencer treated ebola patients in guinea. >> 12 hours before he detected his fever he was on the uber, on

the l-train, went to a bowling alley. no quarantine was required. late this afternoon the governors of new york and new jersey decided to change that. >> after returning from treating ebola patients in sierra leone, cas casey hickox was forcibly quarantined, even though she tested negative for ebola twice. >> we have the authority to do it, we're doing it. >> it was pretty clear that the united states epidemic was overwhelmingly an epidemic a fear. we got a practice run on how americans will respond. and boy, we got an f. >> in addition, we have renewed our determination -- >> we're spending a lot of time

with a community. >> beloved country of this dreadful unwanted guest, ebola. >> community leaders to better discuss how to handle this ebola epidemic. >> my big question children of everybody is this a wakeup call for you and the international community to start looking at all the potential viruses that may come as vulnerable as we are individual so that we start putting things in place to prevent us getting the virus. >> well, to be honest, in this 38 years, we have collectively failed. and every time when there's a big epd, we say oh, never again, and we are going to, you know, put in place mechanisms to do this and that, and it doesn't happen. and so we have to now really fight that this will happen this time and there are better systems in place.

>> in the fall of 2014, significant aid and manpower finally started arriving in the region. in liberia, germany, cuba and the united states. it was chaotic and coordination was often difficult. but makeshift etus were finally replaced with purpose-built field hospitals. >> our communicator, jfk, so we just transferred a team from

jfk. ali, check this, the scrubs and clean. >> i create a call coordination team. >> good morning. yesterday i started getting complaints. there were two patients brought to triage. one in an hour. nurses were informed. every patient could not come here. you don't treat patients like that. you can't have patients waiting in triage for one hour before they get care. we need to stay vigilant about it. >> i've seen so many people die, you know, sometimes i'm afraid of being a medical doctor.

one laboratory technician working for us at jfk got infected. then a hygienist who got into a physical fight before the paish became infected. then two got infected at home. then a doctor got infected. after i joined jfk, three intern doctors came, including skymay. he always wanted to walk side by side in the unit with me. and when everybody else is tired and walking in and out for hours, dr. skyland would stay. perfect friend, perfect colleague. one day he took a day off. and that evening i call him to

see how he was doing. he said oh, doc, you know what? i have sudden chills. i said sh! i said keep it calm, come to the unit, and we'll take a sample. that night, scotland was the first to call me, he said dr. moses, guess what, my result came back positive. i started crying, started to shed tears. and i told him i would do everything in my power to make sure you are okay. i will get an ambulance. and then the ambulance came, they receive him, they put him in, i did everything i could do for him. we managed to preserve him that night. i kept called all through the night. i didn't get him. he didn't talk to me. the following morning he just drop and die. he just drop and die.

just drop and die. yeah. maybe just our survival unit, when i think about it i think i've done nothing.

[ speaking in foreign language ]

>> i voluntarily decided to give care to these children. >> hello, everybody. lunch is ready, and we're going to have our lunch. these children are here because they lost their relatives from ebola, and the community are afraid of them to take care of them. in taking care of these children they are risking their life. since we have survivors, we cannot get infected by them. so these children are brought here to be under quarantine.

sn not wanting to talk to anybody. not wanting to share their problem. you don't know who to trust. while talking to them one on one, hearing their stories, they start talking back to us. >> when ebola ends, everything's going to change. families are a powerful tool. my daughter is 4 years old. i call her my best friend on earth, and my son is also very brilliant. because i'm so afraid of them becoming infected, i had to stay away from them for long while. people only see the deaths. but the consequences are far

from that. in africa, we eat together. we drink from one cup. we share from one spoon and we eat from the same plate. how many of want to do that now? ebola is not only killing us or destroying all of our cultures and traditions and reducing our hope for the future. [ natural dd soaring voices sing ] [ music begins to build ] [ drums beat faster ] unlimited coffee for $8.99 a month. panera, your cup is always full. like getting stuck in the middle seat. trees scare me. who could be scared of a tree? know what's crazy? squirrels are crazy. maybe i was a squirrel in a past life? i don't know, it's possible. but when you switch to esurance, you could save an average of $462 and a lot of pain. it's as easy as switching seats.

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when we are talking about the prevention of the virus, there are three factors, early identification, precision of the diagnosis and immediate action. >> we are trying to find some small molecules or some anti-bodies to inhibit the virus of ebola virus to enter the cells. >> the 21st century can be characterized as a race between

the dangers of modernization and the advances. our only chance of winning the race is to use 21st century tools to fight epidemics, ideally, even to prevent them with vaccines. >> in terms of research, they provide incredible tools to understand ourselves. they have been with us for millions of millions of years for evolution. so we can ask the right questions, then we may be able to find out some useful information. >> yes, he is. come right on in. >> we have surveillance projects. we are trying to isolate from humans, birds. >> when you are talking about vaccine development, we know even less for flu than we know

for ebola. so we need to have a universal flu vaccine, soon. so everybody's working on that. >> can you show me the slides that you have prepared? >> these are the slides. >> oh, yeah, okay. >> currently, we create a new flu vaccine every year, adjusting it to match the circulating strains of flu. it takes months to make that vaccine. what scientists are trying to develop is a universal vaccine, one that could work against all strains of flu, seasonal and pandemic. >> right now, it takes at least nine months to develop a vaccine. that's too much time. if there is a pandemic, a lot of people will die before a vaccine is ready. >> like this? okay. good-bye. i'll see you soon.

>> the problem is not just vaccines. we also need better diagnosis. >> better diagnostics are critical to preventing outbreaks from becoming epidemics. we frequently misdiagnose influenza. and we frequently misidentify of zika and ebola, confusing them with other diseases. we lost valuable time to contain them. >> thank you. you have been identified. >> this is the area where we have a lot of diagnostic machinery that we're working on. so the general idea is your sample's going to get placed in here, and it will run across the chip. you close it up. and then the cartridge can sit right here. right now, the run time is somewhere in the order of half an hour.

so what you can see on the screen here, this is the in tact virus. maybe it's ebola. maybe it's influenza. maybe it's zika. could imagine it being useful in your doctor's office, in an airport, or you can imagine someone wanting to bring it to a triage site if there is some disaster or some outbreak. [ speaking in foreign language ] >> today the president of brazil gave public health officials the right to enter any home or business. >> cases of the zika virus have been identified. puerto rico is in the cross hairs of the virus. [ speaking in foreign language ]

>> zika is spreading rapidly around the world. at least 49 countries or territories in the western hemisphere have local zika transmission. >> we're aalrealready seeing mosquitos transmitting zika in the united states. it's just a question of how many mosquitos, how widespread and how many people will acquire infection as a result. we are not prepared for zika. every outbreak we go to the capitol hill folks and beg. and every outbreak it becomes very political. in the united states, there are a patchwork of laws that guide health. there is no consistency in the level of funding or urgency or

training or expertise. am i allowed, as a public health official to go on your front lawn, your private property and spray insecticide? in some cities yes. in some cities no. am i allowed to force you, compel you to drain a swampy-like condition in your back yard because it's breeding mosquitos? again, there's no consistent law. public health is a two-way trust. i have to trust that government's going to do the job. but government can't do the job of public health unless the public iss engaged. if government says mosquitos are here and they're carrying a really dangerous disease. we need to come on your property. we need to have access to ways to eradicate those mosquitos, and you say i believe in the second amendment, nobody's

coming on my property. then there's no trust. and there's no public health. and similarly, if there's an epidemic that involves a vaccine, government doesn't line your children up. you line your children up. and, if you're not willing to do so, then you're not part of the trust that is the basis of public health. >> hands up, don't shoot! >> if there's one hallmark of my lifetime on this planet, it is the erosion of trust in government. and public health is paying a price at every level for that erosion of trust. >> each year, terry gets the vaccine. i doesnn't get it.

and we gave shannon the choice, and she chose not to. i'm trying to understand the flu vaccine, because i want to know if we'd have got shannon vaccinated if it might have saved her life. there's so much information on the internet. i can go to 30 different websites and get 30 different answers. you don't know who to trust. >> there is something about the flu vaccine that conjures confusion. while not currently a perfect tool, and varying in effectiveness from year to year. over the last decade, the flu vaccine reduces the risk of getting the flu by at least 50%. it also reduces hospitalizations and deaths. >> a little over a year ago mom that lost a little girl put together a facebook page, and she titled it "flu moms."

and when she hears of another mom or somebody finds us, they join. here's a mom. she had a booth at a fair, and all of us, all of our children were pictured. there's shannon. and when children came to the booth to get their faces painted, then the parents standing there waiting would get the information. they'd be told about these children who have died. and the importance of vaccination, that kind of thing. >> we have a new mom. julia. how wonderful to be part of a flu mom group. but it's great that we are all here for one another. shoot. we'll learn her story pretty

soon. >> there's a huge amount of parents that are just utterly confused. and that's a big communication challenge when it comes to the vaccine. >> so the question is, does she have anything now? >> yes, you know. >> vaccine hesitancy is something we observe to be on the rise, which is quite alarming. influenza is possibly preventible with the vaccine, that's great, but nobody uses it. that's not great. one of the most common misperceptions about the flu vaccine is people say, you know what, i'm in my best years. i'm healthy, never been sick. but there's another aspect to vaccines, obviously, and that's not just me. it's the people around me, because of the potential of me giving something to somebody that may be serious to them, even if it may not be serious to me at this moment.

and i may very well sit in the subway next to somebody who has a very weak immune system. and they may not even know it, and i may not know it, but i may very well give somebody the flu. so there's the question of the common good versus the individual good. if we want any effectiveness of a vaccine, we need to get vaccinated. >> the great influenza of 1917-1918, that virus is said to have gone around the world four times without an airplane. 100 years ago now. at the end of the great influenza, 50 million or 100 million had died.

that's against a global population at the time less than two sevenths of what it is today. multiply 50 or 100 million by three. you're talking about a number of deaths that's totally catastrophic. a hit to our economy that's unimaginable. in 2006 i brought the top epidemiologists from all over the world together. and the vast majority felt that in the next 20 years, 30 years, there will be a pandemic. and it will will sao have thave to bring humanity to its knees. >> new strains of influenza are already infecting birds in over 75 countries. and the way we are interacting with the animal world is putting us at risk. we encroach on wetlands, so wild

birds mix more frequently with domestic poultry. our food trade is completely globalized. and factory farms are growing in scope and size. >> with all influenzas, there is some critical moment when a virus circulating in one species of, say, birds manages to mutate in a form that allows it to get into, say, pigs. and then from there to spread easily between people. we've seen this over and over. it's going on all the time. right at this moment. here's what a truly, horrible, worse-case scenario pandemic would look like. first, there would be a jump from some animal species to humans. the first humans would be the people close to those animals. and then their families and the

kids in the schools. and it would not be regionally confined for long at all. days. that's it. let's assume that it kills 5% of the people it affects. well, 5% would be hundreds of millions of human beings. >> pandemic flu will soon reach this country. >> if you become sick while traveling, contact -- >> so once the epidemic has really begun to spread you can't even begin to imagine the scale of this. >> you want to get as far away from the city as possible. >> it's going cause problems. >> huge numbers of people not coming to work. that includes jobs we consider essential for public safety, like the guys that turn water systems on and off. the police. the fire department. then if people start blasting their conspiracy theories out, about where this disease came from.

who caused it. why is it here? you would see a whole wave of shortages of goods and services all over the world. the stock out of every kind of drug. the overcrowding of the hospitals, the overcrowding of the mortuaries, the shear numbers of sick and dying. what a really severe influenza pandemic would look like is something close to social collapse. >> when not effectively prepared as a world for a pandemic, we don't have effective enough coordination and response. but the biggest thing is that the on the ground preparation and preparedness is full of holes. there's a pattern here of

responding to an outbreak while the investing in preparedness. preparedness is so much cheaper, so much more cost-effective than responding after the event has happened. >> major nations around the world currently spend 10 to 25 times less on biosecurity than they do on homeland security in spite of the threat of an epidemic causing even greater loss of life. we are overdue for an influenza pandemic. on average, they happen every 20 to 40 years. a lesser influenza pandemic, one equivalent to 1968, would likely now kill up to 2 million people. an influenza pandemic like 1918 could kill 200 million people, more than the entire population of germany, great britain and

spain combined. to prevent pandemics, we need to do a much better job of controlling outbreaks. ♪ sport drumming starts

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morning. >> we see a few patients now. but the staff are better prepared now to work. they are more trained. i think if we're this prepared, i think of those in september who have done ♪ ♪ >> in december, we had 16, 17 patients. and about 14 patient, 14 of the 17 who are gone. hello, baby, you all right? how you doing today? >> so with time we got better. >> no fever, no sickness. you ready to go today? how are you feeling?

any fever? any vomiting? nothing. >> it's like a miracle. you see a patient today, dying, sick, and two, three days onward, the patient is trying to grow and get stronger each day. and then the most exciting thing is that you put the patient out of the ward. and then you remove the tyvek. and then the patient sees you. patient knows dr. moses, the name, has seen dr. moses. but doesn't know the person. and some of them start to cry. i said wow. it gives me joy. yeah. it gives me joy.

♪ ♪ >> morning. every time we are able to help one person to stay alive and leave this danger zone and go home, we give god the glory, right? >> yes. >> now this doesn't stop here. staying alive is a continuous challenge. so these certificates are so they can go home. if people in your community, if people in your family are afraid to come around you, you can show this to them. here is some evidence from the minister of health that you were tested and treated and now you are cured. okay? so on behalf of the ministry of

health this certificate says that you have successfully undergone care and treatment related to ebola disease. and after treatment assessment you are now declared free of ebola through medical examination and a confirmed of negative laboratory test. this is given december 2014. and it's signed by me on behalf of the minister of health. [ applause ] >> want to present this certificate. please talk to me. this is for you. take it from me now, baby. it's for you. [ applause ] >> when i see patients, i remember them. especially those that are sick that were really sick.

i remember them. there's something in each individual body that makes that person survive and another person won't survive. because i see one patient so sick and that person lives and you see another patient that's not so sick and that praiatient dies and you say why? they're getting the same treatment, the same feeding. the statemeatemenemenmen care. why? [ speaking in foreign language ]

[ speaking in foreign language ]

>> when an outbreak catches hold, it affects every part of our lives. business and government, trust and freedom. equity and security. the fight against epidemics can only be won if each of us does our we are all the front line. 're ay that controls hiv, fights cancer,

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>> i think it goes on your left side. >> oh, no. >> created a procedure so when people look -- >> it was in this hall, 52 years ago, that my life was forever changed. i felt i had been drafted into a

different kind of army to fight for human rights. in 1980, small pox was declared eradicated from the world and, so far, it's the only human disease ever eliminated by a public-health campaign. if small pox could be eradicated, we thought what about hiv-aids? can we stop sars and mers, h1n1 at their source and never become a pandemic? i don't dispute it's hard and complicated. but we have the tools. we know what to do. it's merely the application of public will. go out and change the world.

>> what keeps me awake at night, now, is that we will deliver on our promises to the people of west africa. that we will support its countries to build the systems to make sure that when there's

another case of ebola, which will happen, that it doesn't give rise to a big epidemic. >> time is gone that we lived on islands or that we were protected. and there's no way to stop that. because fighting aids or fighting the flu and sars in asia benefits people in europe and in north america. so we need to act beyond the bou boundaries of our own countries. >> the networks that connect us accelerate everything. the spread of ideas. conflict. people. and microbes. there is no running away. there is no wall high enough. >> what's absolutely missing, just not there, is trust.

and so coming up with preparedness that looks like it could stand up to microbes when the attack comes is really about each country carrying their own weight. yes, we always need to be watching. vigilance is permanent. >> the hallmark of the 21st century is that our world is simultaneously more connected and more fraught. epidemics are a test of who we are. we can use our connections for good, to make the world safer and healthier. or those connections will turn on us in an instant. >> we cannot just continue to be responding to every outbreak as it occurs. if we do not invest in better preparedness, we are setting ourselves up for future epidemics and pandemics that

will cost enormous amounts in terms of both lives and money. >> i constantly run into people who are fatalists. and they say, well, pandemics are inevitable so don't work on them. >> pandemics are not inevitable. outbreaks are inevitable. pandemics are optional. it's our option if we will be lazy. it's our option whether we will deny the risk. it's our option whether we will refuse to face the consequences. >> we have a chance to stop something that, otherwise, could be horrific. but it's going to take all of us. ♪

♪ ♪ ♪

hello and welcome to our viewers here in the united states and, indeed, all around the world. i'm michael holmes and coming up here on cnn "newsroom." so much for social distancing. u.s. citizens returning from overseas, facing hours-long waits in airports across the country, all for coronavirus screening. plus, the days of saying it wasn't necessary. u.s. president donald trump, finally tested for the coronavirus. >> why don't you guys cover his legs up? you can open the windows today. >> and a daughter desperate to show her sick mother some love. she