for all of the other people who were shot in atlanta last night and over the past few weeks because reality is this. these aren't police officers shooting people on the streets of atlanta. these are members of the community shooting each other. and in this case, it's the worst possible outcome. there were two other people who were shot and killed last night and several others. enough is enough. >> that does it for me tonight. cnn original series event 1968 starts now. welcome to a very special evening. we're living in an historic moment. racial inequality, protests taking over american cities. all while we head towards a divisive presidential election. your calendar might say 2020,

but to many historians, america today feels quite similar to 1968. cnn tonight is bringing you an encore presentation of 1968, a year that changed america forever. yul relive the events of that iconic year and decide for yourself if history is repeating itself today. ♪ >> he has met his faster in the field. i'd like to say.

>> dianna ross. >> you have. >> we are planning simultaneous action. >> today i state that i am a candidate for president of the united states. >> confirm i will be in the new hampshire primary. >> i think we have to support the president and the administration.

>> mr. speaker, mr. president, members of the congress and my fellow americans. i was thinking as i was walking down the aisle there tonight of what was told to me many years ago. the congress always extends a very warm welcome to the president. >> as 1967 faded, lyndon johnson had to one of the most important presidencies for domestic in history. >> and last year medicare and medicaid brought better health to more than 25 million americans.

>> also a great period in which he passed all the landmark civil rights legislation military if ever there was a nation that was capable of solving its problems it is this nation. >> johnson had to be the best. he was driven by this idea to be top dog. >> since i reported to you last january, the enemy has been defeated and battle after battle. >> he knew all of that would make him a candidate for some future on mount rushmore, but he also knew he was unlikely to be there because of the vietnam war.

>> thee bombers are in position. >> 6,000 marines and 500 rangers are surrounded by 40,000 communist troops. >> this is great. this is the the battle we want. >> johnson is worried that the outcome of this battle could change the outcome of the war. >> the eyes of the nation and all history itself are on that band of defenders. >> and the area around it. >> it's hard for me to imagine that the '60s would have turned out the way they did had there

been in the war in vietnam. >> they raised their voices in the march against the government. >> 1968 is the culminating moment for a generation of young people who really couldn't understand with so much unrest at home why there were so many resources going to the vietnam war. >> i had a big sign on my bulletin board at home that said ailuation is when your country is at war and you want the other side to win. >> to understand the passion behind the anti-war movement, you have to keep in mind that the united states had a draft at the time. that every year dwrung men were waiting to find out what their number be the number that's chosen. >> president johnson orders 10,500 men sent to the war. >> there was also a sense that even if you weren't chosen, your

friends were chosen. so you're in it together as a generation. >> in the beginning it was said we were simply sustaining and strengthening south vietnam. the early escalation did not satisfy that and so the objective was extended to include nation building in south vietnam. then we were told we were saving all of southeastern asia. >> yao gene mccarthy was this senator from minnesota who entered the new hampshire primary as an antivietnam war candidate. they cut their hair off, the they were going clean for jeanne. >> it's crucial to pay attention. >> when he chose to be a candidate, i dropped out at the

end of the first smes isser. ask went to work for the pain. the issue was vietnam. >> you have to say that this war has gone too far. >> what makes 1968 such a pivotal year in american history is that the incumbent president couldn't seem to hold his party together. >> will there be a split in the democratic party? and the conservatives will support lyndon johnson. is that possible? at t-mobile, we have a plan

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simultaneous attacks on every city in vietnam shocked the american people. >> the enemy very deceitfully has taken advantage of the tett truce within south vietnam particularly the populated areas. >> every year there was a cease-fire on lunar new year's holidays known as tet. they believed that year would be the same thing but that wasn't what happened. >> vietcong snipers and suicide commandos were holed up inside the embassy compound and firing from surrounding buildings. >> now cia men and mps have gone

into the embassy and trying to get the snipers out by themselves. >> mirth police got back into the compound at dawn. the fighting went on for six hours before the last vietcong raider was killed. the mission coordinator george jacobson, who had been hiding out all morning. >> you had an escape. >> they put riot gas into the bottom of my house which would drive whoever was down below up top where i was. they had thrown me a pistol a few minutes before this occurred. with all the luck i've had my whole life i got him before he got me. i'm sorry. >> m16. you got him. >> i got him. >> that scared people.

that showed americans being attacked. marines not able took defend the embassy. in the end they did defend the embassy, they killed them and drove them back but that's not the way it looked on tv. at the same time the destruction of this beautiful ancient city. my god, what are we doing here. >> it's been like this all weekend. one nasty little firefight right after another. rounds overhead. a little firefight across the river. what do you think of at a time like this. >> keeping down. >> we weren't prepared for combat in an urban area. we had to go in. to use the marine corps phrase we had to adapt, improvise, overcome the many obstacles and challenges we had. how do you cross a street.

how do you go in and attack a position which is a home. >> colonel, what are your men about to do? >> i've got two companies about to clear the next two blocks out. >> what kind of fighting is it going to be? >> house to house and room to room. >> did you ever expect to experience this kind of street fighting in vietnam. >> no, i think it's the first time street fighting since 1950. >> most in the country side. north vietnamese and military leadership believed large scale military action in cities will stimulate a popular uprising and basically make the american position in south vietnam untenable. >> apparently hoped when his folks mingled with the people, intimidated them, terrorized them, that they would join his ranks. >> but the south vietnam meese people don't rise up.

>> the biggest fact is the stated purposes of the general uprising, a military victory or psychological victory, have failed. >> the tet offensive may have been a huge military defeat for north vietnamese but psychologically it was an enormous victory because it suggested that this war had no end. >> we lost a lot of people. we probably had to drop back and regroup. >> how do you feel yourself? >> scared, i guess. but i'm hoping we drop back and regroup because i lost my engineer. i need him to do my job. >> there was something deeply corrupt and even evil in our involvement. i'll tell you the moment that defined tet all over the world. it was the moment when the general, who was the chief of police, of the saigon police department, pulled out a snub

nose 38 revolver and held up up to the temple of vietcong and shot him. eddie adams of the ap took the picture. it was the next day all over the world. it was injected right into the center of the american brain, and i had made americans feel morally unclean. can it be that we were the most idealistic people in the world? can it be that we're actually evil? that was what tet did. >> awful sick of it. i'll be so glad to go home. i don't know. it's the worst area we've been in since i've been in vietnam. >> do you think it's worth it. >> yeah. i don't know. they say we're fighting for something. i don't know.

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one thousand workers marched on city hall this afternoon and demanded mayor henry hear they grievances. >> on february 1st, in memphis, two sanitation workers were crushed in the back of a garbage truck.

memphis policy did not allow them to seek shelter in a rain storm, because the white citizens of memphis did not want to see sanitation workers in their yards and that sort of thing. the rain was so terrible that they got into the back of this barrel trash truck, and a broom fell on the lever and compacted them with the garbage and killed them. the situation in memphis was local. that sense that they were desperate led them to accept these conditionings until they just got to be intolerable, and then they went on strike. >> the garbage collectors, predominantly negro, want higher pay and recognition. >> public employees cannot strike against their employer. i suggest that you go back to work. >> no! >> police used riot control gas and night sticks to break up a disturbance among a group of striking garbage men. >> over a thousand of us were maced and marched from the

beginning of that corner up to here, was broken up. that became the cry essentially for the entire negro community to say, the fight was on. >> i saw that strike as another part of the emerging movement of non-violence in the united states. and that's the way king saw it as well. >> the vast majority of negros in our country are still perishing on a lonely island of poverty in the middle of a vast ocean of material prosperity. and it is criminal to have people working at a full-time job, getting part-time income. >> i think king was inspired by that movement, and he saw that as a poor people's movement. >> we are poverty stricken and we have been at the bottom too long. >> it was always hard to be

martin luther king, but it was really hard in 1967, '68. he had alienated many of his moderately conservative white allies by his attack on the war in vietnam. >> let us save our national honor. stop the bombing and stop the war. >> on the other hand, his continued insistence on non-violence had alienated him from many activists who felt that non-violence had run its course. >> is this what you want to do, destroy the country? >> i'll destroy a whole bunch of y'all. >> what you want to destroy who? >> you and a whole bunch of others like you. anybody who gets in our way. >> people started to say, we aren't going to get our rights the martin luther king way. so what are we going to do? we're going to build black power, black companies, black organizations. we'll have our own black power center. >> black power.

black power, my friends, means that we are developing now a new breed of cats. >> this is what spurred stoker carmichael. >> the major energy is the honky and its institutions of racism. that's the enemy! >> this is part of what spurred the black panthers to organize. >> it's the pigs and their mentor, the people who control the power structure. >> so there was a sea change in the movement and its goals, and that impacts the black perspective being played out every day in american society. ♪ >> say it loud, i'm black and i'm proud, there's no ambiguity here. it's a civil rights anthem, a black power anthem. >> i want you to know that i'm a man, a black man, a soul brother. >> james brown had been the dominant black musical figure.

he was the best showman by far in any genre of music. he also was a smart businessman, took over booking his own shows. so he was the hardest working man in showbusiness. then he becomes soul brother number one. >> he's black and he's proud. >> mr. brown is the number one soul brother in the united states. >> there's no question that james brown was a huge influence for sly stallone. sly stallone was different, there were women and the band was integrated. that was a big deal. >> sly stone is a product of the black church and also a child of the bay area, which is incredible progressive politics, and he also was a radio deejay. there was no show better, no band more interesting to look at. and he was writing hit song after hit song after hit song. ♪ dance to the music

>> sly came out with those outfits, it was over. every r&b group had to flip it. >> so in 1968, the supremes put out "love child," and it's this whole idea what it's like to grow up in a tenement. i started my life in an old, run-down tenement slum. ♪ my father left ♪ i shared the guilt my mama knew ♪ >> diana ross is singing this? for the supremes, this is a darker, more mature album, they're singing about social issues. and motown promoted itself as the sound of young america, not black america. for motown, that was a big step. ♪ love child ♪ never meant to be ♪ love child ♪ scorned by society

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have you thought about graduate school? >> no. >> would you mind telling me then what those four years of college were for? what was the point of all that hard work? >> you got me. >> "the graduate" is probably the most important movie of the '60s. maybe it's the best movie of the '60s.

>> the pervasive sense of alienation, of being not at one with the world around you. that's the idea of the '60s and that is the crucial idea of 1968. >> now you know we are just about the friendliest folks you'd ever want to meet. >> in bonnie & clyde, the impossibly attractive couple robbing banks as a sexual summation. >> what's it like? >> when it was released in '67 people didn't know how to take it. >> armed robbery. >> it had a tone that challenged people that they hadn't seen in the film before and this was a movie that changed the way people regarded how those movies were done.

♪ >> so we go to see "planet of the apes" at an all-black theater in brooklyn. and we're having a base time because we identified with the apes. hell, yeah. [ bleep ] charlton heston. why we rooting for him? >> do we want something? come on, speak! >> charlton heston lands on this planet and he realizes that this planet is a plan of the apes, that the apes were now in charge. >> take your stinking paws off of me, you damn dirty ape! >> charlton heston would have to confront the tragedy of a broken civilization. >> you maniacs! you blew it up! oh, damn you! god damn you all to hell! >> this was a hit. it really captured something very deep in the psyche of america in a year where the cities were falling apart. >> please go in your homes.

please go in your homes. >> in 1965, after the civil rights and voting rights acts passed, you had the watts riots. >> then in '66 and '67 in newark. in detroit. dozens of people are killed, and johnson is chagrinned and said, look what i've done for the blacks, why are they doing this to me? >> there had to be a response to that by the establishment. and that's what led to the kerner commission. >> we need to know the answer, i think, to three basic questions about these rights, what happened, why did it happen, what can be done to prevent it from happening again and again? >> now, asking the question and accepting the answer are two different things. and they didn't like the answer. >> for the last few days, this country has lived under indictment, a charge of white

racism, national in scale, terrible in its effects. the evidence to support that charge has now been presented in the text of a report released just last night. our nation says the report is moving toward two separate societies, black and white -- separate but unequal. >> get your hands up. and go! >> you told people about the civil rights act, that we would have more freedom and told them we'd pass this law and have this, and when you give people hope and you don't fulfill that hope, then you are more likely to have problems. >> every time i come to town, you overcharge me for everything i get. and how in the world do you expect for me to get it? you're not going to give them nothing, just enough to keep you eating. yeah, i eat breakfast this morning. i don't know where dinner coming from. how do you think i feel? >> in 12 out of 24 riots studied

by the commission, the spark that touched off disorder was the violent response of our own institutions. >> first one drops their hands is a dead man. >> it was going to take a lot of resources to deal with it. >> if the police in this country could just run it for about two years, then we could walk in the parks and on the streets in safety. >> george wallace was a southern segregationist politician, former democrat, and he runs for president as an independent and taps into the deepest well springs of american rage and reaction. >> well, i think that the negro, no doubt about it, has got out of hand. and i think wallace will enforce law and order. >> you can see character in its eyes. got a little spunk to him, little backbone. that's what the american people need. >> wallace realized that if you could remove overt racism from

conservativism that lots of americans would go for it. because they were tired of the rights revolution. it was too much change for them too fast. >> well, let's come to the basic question. would you let your daughter marry a negro? >> i don't even want to -- i don't want to get into a discussion of race, really. because the most important thing in our country is maintaining law and order. race relations are going to work themselves out. i don't believe in the marriage of negros and whites. i'm candid about it. i don't think it's good for either race. i think the races ought to

remain intact. >> one of the most astute men in the world of politics and world affairs on the scene today, ladies and gentlemen, the former vice president of the united states, richard m. nixon. >> when 1968 begins, it's an open question whether richard nixon can win anything. >> you have that stigma has a loser because of losing two big contests. how do you plan to combat that? >> the way you combat it is to win something. >> nixon lost two big elections, to kennedy, to brown in california. people would say, the guy's a political loser. talented, yes, but a loser. >> america will be watching on march 12th. let the people go out in new hampshire, the people of new hampshire want a change and america will have a change in november. thank you. [ applause ] >> television is a vital, political meeting place. to be successful, a candidate must use the medium and use it well. richard nixon prefers informal, no-holds-barred discussions. >> new hampshire was the first time we saw a new innovation in televised campaigning. richard nixon's aides would gather a group of ordinary citizens and have them, instead of the media, asking questions. >> any further questions that you have? >> and they made it look like richard nixon was this brave truth-teller, who was willing to face down any critic, when in fact, it was completely staged. >> this is the nixon answer, in

which richard nixon discusses the issues with citizens of new hampshire. >> lawlessness, crime, is a major problem in this country today. we talk about civil rights, you know what the most important civil right in this country is? it's the right to be safe in the streets, to be safe in your home. >> nixon's campaign in new hampshire was a classic. there is a new nixon, the reporters were saying. he's much better disciplined. he also is more relaxed. he takes criticism well. >> i plan to shake a lot of hands, and i have a good strong hand, and i also like to talk to people. >> the intelligence of the old nixon, combined with the better behavior and outlook of the new nixon. that's the candidate in '68. >> i am my son and i am going to continue to play that role. if people looking at me say that's a new nixon, well, all i can say is, well, maybe you didn't know the old nixon.

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[ rapid gunfire ]. >> after the initial attacks of the tet offensive were beaten back, hue was still occupied by the enemy. it had been completely overrun. >> the north vietnamese are deeply entrenched in buildings and bunkers, carefully camouflaged, waiting for the marines to move forward, to gun them down in the open. they have been holding out for three weeks n what has become the longest, bloodiest battle of the war. >> initially when we went into the citadel, the citadel being a fortress that was roughly four square miles, it was occupied by some 7,000 mva. the remains of an old tower fortress built more than a century ago again is put to combat use. that's the north vietnamese strong point, that's where the rocket firing had been coming from. now the marines are trying to silence the firing with grenade launchers. >> i had a strong group of marines, they were magnificent

in every way, unwavering in going forward under intense fire. [ rapid gunfire ]. >> after 24 days of heavy fighting the americans and the south vietnamese troops finally pushed the enemy out of the citadel. the estimate was that 80% of the city was damaged or destroyed, and 80% of its population was homeless. in order to preserve the city of hue, we had to destroy the city of hue. >> whatever price the communists pay for this offensive, the price to the allied cause was high. where if our intention is to restore normalcy, peace to this country, the destruction of those qualities in this most

historic and serene of south vietnam cities, is obviously a setback. >> walter cronkite and the cbs evening news had a very large audience. when he delivered what he did from vietnam, it had an impact. >> but it is increasingly clear to this reporter that the only rational way out would be to negotiate, not as victors, but as an honorable people who lived up to their pledge to defend democracy, and did the best they could. >> he felt he had a public obligation to actually share with the americans the fact that our government is not telling us the truth. >> no matter what we say, it is our napalm burning thatched huts, our bombs being used against simple people, our gas reported three non-lethal, the other day was reported to kill only 10% of the adults who inhale it, and 90% of the children.

so it's only semi- lethal. >> the big surprise of the first primary of campaign '68, has been the strength of senator eugene mccarthy. [ applause ] they hope for perhaps 35%. the total they ran up was a dream come true. >> the results on election night gave us a sense that there was a real opportunity here. we even got the feeling like maybe we can run a national campaign after all. let's take a run at this thing. >> the mccarthy vote was just not a peace vote, it was an anti-johnson vote on many other issues. >> mr. nixon, do you think you can be stopped now? >> let me put it -- >> no! >> that's a fair enough question. i can say this. i'm not going to stop myself, that's for sure. >> new hampshire was critical. but you know what, we looked at the numbers and nixon's total in new hampshire was more than all the other candidates in both parties combined.

>> new hampshire was a significant turning point. it locked in a certain popularity that he had. and at the same time, you had the democrats fighting among themselves. >> the president and his advisers are most concerned about what tonight's returns mean in terms of bobby kennedy. mccarthy worked hard, had good financing and good organization in new hampshire, one of the president's advisers says, but mccarthy and new hampshire don't mean a thing, unless they mean bobby is coming in. >> would this encourage you all to change your -- >> i have no plans. i have no plans at the moment. maybe i'll have something further to say after i see the rest of the figures. thank you. >> would you accept a draft? >> i don't think anybody's suggested that. >> i'm suggesting it now. would you accept it? >> i don't think that's a practical matter. >> would you refuse it? >> i just don't think -- would you accept one? and i don't think anybody suggested that's going to happen. >> all of bobby's more seasoned

political advisers were saying, you don't depose an incumbent president. all you're going to do is rip the party apart and make sure that nixon was going to win. he was also worried people would chalk it up to bobby's ruthless desire to be president or his loathing of lyndon johnson. >> lyndon johnson and bobby kennedy hated one another. >> this man is mean, vicious, an animal in many ways. >> i believe that bobby has had his mayors and his catholics. >> all of it makes him look like a hero. >> bobby kennedy doesn't go after lbj until he's politically wounded. >> i am announcing my candidacy for the presidency of the united states. >> i run because it is now

unmistake reply clear that we can change these divisive policies only by changing the man. >> can you imagine the anger that johnson had? here was his nightmare. >> i hear lbj is trying to get rid of 150 pounds. bobby kennedy. it triggers a tax liability for you. and the higher the turnover the more you have to pay in taxes every year. and here's the worst part, because of high turnover, you actually might have to pay taxes even if the fund itself loses money. that's why you want to own low turnover funds whenever possible. the less you pay in fund fees, the less you pay in taxes, the more wealth you can accumulate... the less you pay in fund fees, the less you pay in taxes, (burke) at farmers, we know a thing or twe've seen a thing or two. like how nice it is to save on your auto policy. but it's even nicer knowing that if this happens...

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>> today in memphis, a march led by martin luther king jr. >> we were an orderly march going up the main street. i was in the middle of it and there were some unruly people, no doubt loud people. and i saw the police and said to myself, they're going to break up this march. then suddenly, there are a handsful of men busting a window over here. >> chaos has just broken out downtown. >> and i went back to king in the first rank and said, martin, the police up there are planning

to break us up and you're going to be a major target. we're going to turn around and go back. >> that sound you just heard was the sound of tear gas fired by a police officer and an attempt to thwart this unruly demonstration. >> if you do not leave this area, you will face arrest. we urge you to return to your homes immediately for your own safety. >> we must not allow the events of the day to cause us to let up. that would be a tragic error. >> there will be continued marches. we will not stop. >> i don't think king had a choice. he had to go back to memphis and prove there could be a nonviolent march.

>> good evening, my fellow americans. tonight i want to speak to you of southeast asia and vietnam. no other question so pre occupies our people. >> it is a new war in vietnam. >> the enemy has been an issue. there are finite limits to the destruction vietnam can absorb. there are only so many buildings and so many people. the time is at hands when we must decide whether it is futile to destroy vietnam in the effort to save it. >> we are prepared to move immediately toward peace through negotiation. >> daddy tried to the ends to get peace with vietnam. >> i'm no fascist. i'm trying to settle. this both of my husbands are going out. right there in the middle of it. god knows i'm more concerned

than anybody. >> i followed chuck to get out on the plane to vietnam. so there's a picture of chuck and me carrying this tin of cookies. and before he left on the airplane, i am now pregnant. but it's a secret. and he says to me, i have signed my will and if i'm killed, the marine corps will take care of everything. >> now as in the past, the united states is ready to sends its representatives to any forum at any time to discuss the means of bringing this ugly war to an end. >> by the end of march, president johnson is in despair. bobby kennedy, his great nightmare, is in the race. >> i'm interested in the future of this country and what this country must assistant for and i don't think it's been satisfactory to the present time. >> so this on top of all the other bad news he's had in march pushes lbj over the edge. >> finally, let me say this. >> he told very few people about

the last part of his march 31 speech. >> of course his mother knew he would do it that night. i talked to him and said don't do it. but daddy had made his decision. >> with american sons in the field far away, with america's future under challenge right here at home. i do not believe that i should devote an hour of our day or my time to any personal partisan causes, nor to any duties other than the awesome duties of this office. >> he just was worn out. by all of these heavy heavy burdens. >> i shall not see and i will not accept the nomination of my party for another term as your president. >> i stood in the wings and

cried. >> good night and god bless all of you. >> but i think it lifted a lot from his shoulders. and ehe said i did the best i could. it was very hard. very, very hard. >> in terms of politics, it's a long time. a lot can happen. >> the next president of the united states. hubert humphrey. >> richard nixon. >> this campaign train is on a life or death mission. >> columbia university, students barricade university buildings. >> the students push forward and the police push back. >> washington, chicago, detroit, new york, racial confrontations. >> mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the lord!