i'm w. kamau bell, we shot this episode of united shades of america in 2019, we talked to folks in oklahoma about the struggle to keep their family

farms alive. since covid-19 there's been a shift in the way we approach food. from what and where we consume it, even how we shop for it, family farms face tougher times now more than ever. as they struggle to get necessary loans to stay afloat. we love to mythologyize our family farms. we don't really like to think about their needs. i hope we learn to pay attention long after covid-19 is over. americans love stories that make us feel good about ourselves. and one of the big ones is that america loves its family farmers. do we? here's the current secretary of agriculture and millionaire farmer sonny purdue. >> in america, they get bigger and small go out. >> what i heard today from the secretary of agriculture was that there's no place for them. >> yep, get big or get out. if you're a farmer who's not

white, the message has just been get out. god bless america. ♪ >> this is oklahoma. this is a farm in oklahoma. that's an american flag. and those are pigs. there are 78,000 farms here, which means lots of barns, cows, hey bails and a spider. 91% of these farms are independent operations run

largely by families. typical family farmers like these guys. wait, what? what in the little naz x is going on. yep, at one time, agriculture, especially in oklahoma was where black folks could actually find a place in the american economy. we could make money off that trade we had been forced to learn and perfect for free for 300 years. >> the farm of my grand parents, this is where it all started from. they got the 40 acres, they didn't get the mule. we got the 40 acres. i'm the third generation trying to maintain the farm. >> george roberts is a classic american farmer. here in the town of weewocha, they work hard to keep his family farm in the family. >> we're going to go over here and see if we can't capture these pigs. they're supposed to be in the pen. >> you're trying to get them in there? >> yes, sir. >> okay.

♪ >> easy, easy, easy. go, pig, go. go, pig, go. ♪ [ laughter ] >> like chasing my kids, trying to get them in the bath, that's what this is. >> yes, sir. >> you have any special problems being a black farmer out here? >> oh, man, i'm the only black farmer out here, so i have all kinds of problems. >> well, that's one problem. you're the only one. at the meetings of black

farmers, it's just you. >> just me. and that's where we're at now. >> get this, around the turn of the 20th century, oklahoma had over 50 thriving black farm towns. black people were living a version of the american dream fresh out of slavery. some of you are wondering, what happened. racism happened. most of the towns were systematically annihilated by racist policies and outright violence. this isn't a conspiracy theory, this is absolute fact. if you lose the land, the united states will work overtime to make sure you don't get it back. >> that's what i planned to leave my offspring, that's what my grandpa left us. i feel like they left us a million dollars, it would have been gone by now. >> you're right. that's usually what happens. >> the land is still here, and he died in '39. the value of land is the only thing they don't make any more, besides time.

>> that's real. >> that's the way i look at it. >> what's about to happen here? >> he's been tasting too many girls so we're going to castrate him now. >> okay. >> they grow better. >> really? once they're castrated? >> they don't do nothing but eat. >> it's called emotional eat something. >> yeah. >> great thing about castration, it takes a lot of pressure off your man hood. i wasn't castrated. but i had a vasectomy. afterwards i'll be able to talk to the pig about how it makes you feel healthier, unless you're caught up in your 21st century of american man hood or

pig hood. ♪ >> go ahead -- we have one more. we see what he has on his mind already. >> that one needs to be castrated too? >> yeah. >> this is the wild kingdom out here. >> we talked to a lot of farmers, it's hard to run a farm. >> i don't know how much blood, sweat and tears was spilled here by my father and grandpa, i know it's plenty. i was 13 when my dad died. and i knew then that someone had to save the farm. if not, it was going to maybe banish, because like my dad used to lay in bed and lecture to my mom, somebody's got to care. i say, why me, lord.

>> the lord told you, it's you. >> it's you, son. it's you. >> there's been that much satisfactory to me to be able to walk over the ground and just say, this is the closest i'll ever get to my grandpa that i never got to know. >> this land is the same land he walked. >> over time, the roberts family has been able to turn the 40 acres into 1,000. it needs to be cleared. you know you're struggling if you need my help. >> larry, kamau said he's ready to take one tree down at a time. >> this would be much faster with a bulldozer. renting one of those can be a few hundred dollars an hour. and that means a usda loan which they deny. >> got to put my back into it. for now, it's just one tree at a

time. >> we were over there trying to chop down some trees and help you clear that land. we got three, maybe four trees, surrounded by thousands, maybe millions. and then i look over here. that guy's farm is all cleared out, perfect and it looks like a photograph of a farm. >> right. >> and it seems like they don't have a problem clearing the trees over there. >> they can grow 400 round bales a year. i can't even grow 50 bales. my cow eats the same amount of hey as the white man. >> that's right. >> john boyd junior is a fourth generation virginia farmer, the founder of the national black farmers union. and this is all the same land, but the bank sees that as a good investment. but the bank does not see this as the same level of good investment? >> there are any independent

farmers that aren't operating without help from the banks or loans? you need a farm operating loan to operate? >> yeah. >> every year. >> every year, and then you sell your livestock and you pay it off, and you do it again next year. and i'm going to say it, farming is a white man's game. and the top ten banks in the united states. they're guilty but not lending money to black farmers the way they lend it to white farmers. >> that's true. >> between 1910 and 1997, black farmers lost about 90% of the land they owned. where white farmers lost about 2%. it wasn't because they were 88% better at farming. internal studies found the usda authorities had routinely discriminated against flynn american farmers. >> the government treated us

worse than the dirt on the ground we're sitting on. 387 days to process a black farmer's loan application. >> 387 days? >> on the average. >> so you miss a whole year planting. >> bingo. >> and how long does it take to process a white farmer -- >> 30 days. less than 30 days. that's where the problem is. and if i can't get it there, i can't get it anywhere. >> that's it. >> that's the united states department of agriculture. the last plantation. and they haven't changed. you know, even after the national lawsuit. >> in 1997 timothy pigford and 400 other african farmers sued the u.s.d.a. for discrimination

against black farmers. >> it was merely an apology and acknowledge of guilt. my grandfather used to say, every step you take, every step you make requires landownership. so you can either be walking on your own or you can be walking on somebody else's and and they can have you for trespassing and locked up. the land was the only way to be free. and rich, radiant color. oh my god, i'm so happy! excellence crème, by l'oréal paris. we're all worth it. (dad vo) life doesn't give you many secobut a subaru can. (dad) you guys ok? (vo) eyesight with pre-collision braking. standard on the subaru ascent. the three-row subaru ascent.

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when we talk about agriculture, today it seems so abstract. we don't think about the money that's in agriculture. we think of farmers as low on the tote empoll in terms of business, but some of the biggest companies in the world of agriculture companies. because they're deeply family businesses. it's generations of wealth that are accumulated over decades, centuries. these large companies, purdue, tyson, start as family farms. >> john deer is number 87 on the fortune 500. adm had $64 billion worth of revenue in 2017. and cargill is the largest

private company in the u.s. all started as family organizations. >> my great grandmother grew blueberries and she used to create jam. imagine if she could have gotten usda loans in 1920 to turn that into a growing business. instead, the usda said, we're not going to give loans to black people. >> i decided to go get a loan. >> and you don't have generational wealth, my uncle gave me a small loan of $100,000. >> big farmers were the ones that could loan people money. pay for college tuition. >> when the farmers succeeded. they employed other people. they put their money into the local economy, started companies, sent their kids to college. american dream stuff. >> take like 1920, where we have around 920,000 black farmers in the country. until today, we have 48,000. and so we went from owning 14% of the country in terms of land

mass in 1920 -- >> 14% of the country is around the percentage of black people in this country? >> yes, to owning less than a half of 1% today. >> if those farmers were not only allowed to remain, but also probably create more black farmers how different would this country be? >> drastically different. when we crunch the numbers over the course of the last 100 years, we're talking 177 to 230 billion dollars that black farmers have lost because of active discrimination, paid for by us. >> not by us. >> well, taxpayer dollars. >> i don't want us to take the blame. >> our taxpayer dollars have been used to hurt our own communities. we're in tulsa, imagine look at the wealth that was built up in this city, in this one area, black wall street and extrapolate that out to how much

more they could have generated. >> black wall street very historic area in tulsa, oklahoma. has that moniker for reasons. booker t. washington gave it the name because when folks would visit this particular area, they saw black owned businesses, homes, industry, doctors, lawyers, we had black folks that owned their own planes, pilots. >> regina was born and raised in greenwood, it doesn't matter what her job is, she feels like the mayor of black wall street. >> it used to go down to pine, and pine is miles that way. >> really? >> yeah. >> i had no idea. >> greenwood was roughly 35 square blocks. a shining black city on the hill. and now it's one short street, and most of the neighborhood has been an ex-ed by the city. oh, look a freeway.

i'd rather have that than my culture. >> it's just this kind of abbreviated thing, folks come here, they're like, is this it? >> i was going to ask that question? >> no, you should say, is this it? we say, is this it? >> we have to keep the memory of black wall street alive. at the very least you remember all the potential this country lost and destroyed. the heritage house is the last remaining glimpse. look at it, it wasn't bad. carvin ross is the editor and chief of the greenwood tribune. >> what do you want people to see when they come in here? why is it important to keep this place? >> i think it's important because folks can get a feel for how folks lived in 1920s. >> this is a typical family in a black community. >> this was not the one black millionaire in town? >> no. not at all. >> it seems to me it's one of those times where segregation doesn't work out the way white folks planned, you have to be

over there, blacks were like, fine. >> we had it going on. >> we got a place to lang out, lawyers, doctors, multiple grocery stores, small businesses, we're doing great. and then they're like, whoa whoa whoa, you're supposed to be miserable. >> yeah, we put you in your place. >> thanks, we like this place. >> and we've made the most of it. >> instead of white people being like, oh, i'm glad they're okay, they had to take it away. >> that night, my family heard trouble is coming. they never would have imagined major may hem and murder. >> you had dick roland a shoe shine boy, and he went upstairs to use the restroom. there's a young lady who is the elevator operator. one story goes, that he stumbled on to the elevator and touched her. she screamed. a store clerk heard the commotion. he comes running.

runs to greenwood to safety. and next thing you know, you see the headlines in the newspaper. nab negro in elevator attack. and all hell breaks out. and it's on. >> fires, arson and bombs. you have the choice, if you're inside your home, you can either die inside your home while your house is on fire, or you can run out in the street and be shot to death. those are your options. >> yes. >> what was the law enforcement of -- >> you know, you know -- >> i had to ask. >> yeah, yeah, well, let me tell you. you have a system that thinks the kkk is a club. if anything, they would due ties the mob. >> they would depp u ties people to become terrorists? >> yeah, the police chief is in

on it. >> this is terrorism. it's not just crime or a riot. it was premeditated and thoroughly executed. even worse, it is state sponsored terrorism, and the state got away with it. >> some folks left on those train tracks, never returned to tulsa. the folks that remained feared for their lives, and they had a right to fear, because they had seen relatives murdered. so it became this culture of silence. this conspiracy of silence. that still carries over today. >> i just recently found out what my great grandfather had here. there's a freeway on top of his business right now. that could have been my place. that's my inheritance. >> that's sort of the ability to pass down business and wealth in generations. there's white families with

money in this country. we just accept those are rich white folks. black people haven't been able to have access. this would have been a place where black generational wealth establishes foundations and communities across the country would have come out of here. >> what we could have been is what we were. and that was destroyed. >> imagine what oklahoma would mean to black america if all the black farms, black towns and black professionals had been allowed to build and reinvest and discover new opportunities. then imagine what america would look like to the world if other cities had been able to replicate those models. and then remember george, still clearing his farm. one tree at a time. so, if your network's down, you're down. verizon knows your customers need to reach you seamlessly. your team needs to work from different places across many devices. plus, you want the security

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♪ other than grj and the fewer of 50,000 that fight on the story of black farmers is largely the story of the past. most are gone. it's a cautionary tale to all independent farmers. three hours northwest of george is the town of tonkawah and the

blue baugh family. every day is a fight to hold on to the land. >> we're the sixth generation to live here in the house. i was raised here, dad was raised here in this home as well. >> and what were you farming back then when you were a kid? >> wheat. you know, back then the wheat price was $3.50 a bushel. it's still $3.50 a bushel. there's just not any profit in it. >> scott is a lifelong farmer and rancher and recently elected president of the oklahoma farmer's union. his sons grew up on this land. >> we have this big gigantic engine. i was so little, i couldn't push the clutch in by myself. >> he would have to push the clutch in for me and say, okay. your dad's going to get down and you can let off the clutch, let

me get out of the way first. that's a lot of pressure for a kid. >> i'm responsible for my dad's life and well being. >> yes, it is. >> that's why i sell insurance. >> as i child, i remember mom working two jobs, working at a convenience store and walmart at the same time. >> just to pay the electric bill and buy groceries. because there was zero income at that time until '80s. the price of wheat just collapsed. you're looking back, i'm not sure how we hung on. it was really really rough. >> some of you might remember farm aid. no, no, the original farm aid. was there ever a young willie nelson? that concert was to benefit one of the biggest catastrophes.

this punished family farms, sending hundreds of thousands of them into crisis and leaving much of main street america looking like this. we're doing the same thing with china, apparently they can have our marvel movies but not our soybeans. >> we're fortunate we have a farm to pass on to the next generation to see what they can do with it. since his father was elected to the union, zach has taken over the farm. and he knows the cards are stacked against him. because being an independent farmer no matter your age, race or gender, that's how it works. >> and so how does it end up with you? >> it was more necessity than anything. if i didn't, what would happen? it's just as basic as it gets. >> he's got his hands full, jumping right in out of college, i'm proud of him.

he'll do very well with it. >> do you see one day passing this down to the next generation? >> yeah, i mean, i got to find a girlfriend first. >> yikes. >> look around. oil rigs, wind mills, livestock. a bunch of different crops, you got to get everything you can out of the land. >> you going to give the shots? >> jimmy will show you what to do. >> the hope is when one source of income fails, two succeed. the truth is many farmers barely break even and some lose money year after year. >> if your corn is the best corn, then your corn is going to sell, because people like your corn. >> well, i suppose in a few little places maybe that works, but out here, we grow commodities. our commodities are then sold to giant corporations that process

those commodities and then they go to the giant retailers to sell. >> and that's one thing that we're really getting squeezed on. so what you're paying at the grocery store. >> we pay $5 for a box of cereal. >> i get a nickel. isn't that crazy? >> yeah. >> and i wonder why it's so expensive, and i'm mad at you. >> yeah, you're mad at me. and it costs me 7 cents to grow it. we have no market power any more at all. as farmers. none at all. >> you don't get to negotiate the -- >> no, there's no negotiations in the prices. no. >> aren't there antitrust laws for stuff like this? >> sure is. we had the same scenario around the turn of the century. so 1921 they actually enacted the packers and stock yard act, that regulated this industry and it worked. it worked for all those years it

worked really well. then probably about 1980 we just started ignoring those laws as deregulation came about throughout the whole industry. and now we're right back where we were in 1921 at the same consolidation levels and we have no free market again. >> the laws are on the books in. >> the laws are already on the books, with he don't need a new law. all they have to do is start enforcing it. that's why our share is at an all time low today. >> i want to show you something here. these beans were lush and beautiful. looked like the best crop we were ever going to have. on the 12th day of october we got down to 30 degrees, freeze. and so it killed the beans.

they died down. that's the freeze damage on there. so because of that early frost and freeze here we're looking at just on my farm alone, losses up to probably $200,000. >> wow! >> you wake up one morning and you lost $200,000. that will make you sick. that will make you sick. >> i don't feel good hearing it. >> yeah. >> do you think this freeze is somehow related to climate change? >> i think definitely, we see the extreme weather patterns now. we do all the science, all the work, it's a gamble, mother nature. >> it's a gamble with rigged slot machines. >> yeah. you're better off going to vegas and trying. >> taking that 200 grand to vegas and see what happens. >> you might win there. >> yeah. >> out here, it's -- it's close

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we're in a big trade war. with the tariffs the president put on china, and they retaliate and put them on our soybeans. >> i think we're winning it, you know what? you want to know something? we always win. >> china was our number one customer, they're not any more. it's not just soybeans, it's all

of the commodities right now. wheat, corn, beans, cattle. there's no way to make up for that loss of that market. it took us decades to build those markets over in china. and they're buying a lot of that now from brazil. >> the tariffs go away -- >> even if they go away, they have a new place to get it from. >> they've tried to throw some money at the problem a little bit. through these market facilitation payments. they're tiny. >> the government is giving you money. >> hush money, you might say. >> we're glad to get it, but it's a band aid on a big problem. we lost a lot of family farms, once we're gone and out of the way, you're going to be totally dependent on these big corporations for your food. and they're really international companies, they're not even u.s. companies. i really think it's a food security issue.

>> as politicians crow about a trade war with china, a chunk of u.s. farmland the size of the state of ohio has been bought by foreign companies over the past couple decades. imagine a future where america buys its food from china but that food is grown here in the u.s. >> when the farm crisis of the 1980s hit here, it was devast e devastatidevastat devastating this part of the world. that's been 35, 40 years ago, and we haven't recovered yet. we had all kinds of thriving businesses here. and most of them are gone now. so our community has survived and we're still here. but i'm very concerned things are not going in the right direction. and i don't see a big will from congress to step up and do something now.

and the president talks the talk. but we don't see the action. >> another five scecents on a l of bread would make a world of difference for this community. the farms would be prosperous and this community would be prosperous. our young farmers can't hang on much longer. they don't have a lot of equity to hang on for the tough times. we're definitely in the tough times now. if we lose those young farmers and ranchers, then this town has no future. >> talking to scott, every loaf of bread that's sold or box of cereal, we get five cents. >> we give the biggest part and we get so little of the money from that. we get so little of it. >> you have a future economist over here. >> let's hope so. >> you're doing the most work and getting the least out of it. >> yeah.

>> we love the idea of the family farm, we like to imagine their loving hands growing our food. next time you're shopping, just check out the words family farm. they're on everything. here are your families. these are the folks you're imagining. real people with real children and real worries who are being squeezed to the breaking point by the same companies who print those words. when you imagine them, imagine that. >> no matter what's going on or the challenges, it's home. >> money's definitely not what drives us. everybody needs to survive, who wouldn't like a little more money. we could make a lot more money probably doing something else. we want to be here and raise our kids here, so --

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kamau you want to come see boars? hey. >> this is boris. he's so nice. >> so is he allowed to walk around free like this? >> yeah. >> he's not lost, he's just home? >> he's going to lay down and give us his belly. >> angela has a less conventional approach. she's not a multigenerational farmer. she doesn't deal with the big conglomera conglomerates. she sells directly to local chefs and farmer's markets. it's small, but it's working. no operating loans but massive debts. her, her husband, a horse, two bulls, eight cows, 60 pigs, 900

chickens and 7 kids. that 7 kids is hard. >> i talked to a lot of farmers who are raising commodities. i didn't understand what that was until this week. >> i was direct to consumer. profit margin is already pretty low at a wholesale rate. i couldn't imagine the commodity market. it's so tight of margins, you'd have to be such large scale. you need millions of dollars to build those barns. so my pigs, they live here in the woods. they get fresh air, sunshine. grain, free range. they get to root around and eat the acorns and be their pig self. over the years, i've worked with farmer's markets, restaurants. i've tried to enter the grocery scene, but this year, i've learned if i create bratwurst, heat it up, put it on a bun and

sell it to people who come to the farmer's market to shop, i go from $3 a pound to $40. to heat it up and let you eat it. >> can you just do the whole thing for me? i'll pay a lot more. >> you know who's pushing it? >> who? >> millennials. to make ends meet, she must make volume to let her people to move to the incubation. you need my help? it smells. >> these are 400 meat chickens. they're different than a chicken that lays eggs. >> where will you go out? >> to the pasture. you want to catch them around their wing so they don't flap and bruise. >> all right. let's do this. >> i'm trying to be gentle. oh, sorry. i'm being so gentle, i haven't actually picked one up yet.

okay. all right, guys. that's one, two. okay. you like to hold it like a basketball. you just are grabbing. away we go. i'm like, how's everything going? tell me about your father three. that's three. you didn't tell me that can happen. i'm still counting that as three. how many you got so far? >> almost 50. >> i'm at three. that good? am i doing good? >> yeah. >> are you being nice? >> yeah. >>. >> you'll love the outside part. my favorite part is the way chickens are meant to be raised.

>> sound great. that's a legal term. the usda gives huge often ugly latitude to that definition. if you care enough to buy free range at the store, find the next step, someone like angela. they are everywhere. that way the farmers, not the corporation, get a fair price for their work. as far as the chickens, well, they get to pursue their bug-eating dreams right here? >> yes. >> there we go. >> our hardest part as farmers is getting the big guys to buy into what we're doing. the grocery stores just -- >> usually they order from the big corporations? >> absolutely. >> they used to order from individuals? >> i've asked them to rent space on the shelf. >> i'm even pay for the space.

>> i will pay for the space. >> they tell us we'll get beat up on price. i know we're higher, let the consumer make that decision. >> thank you for fought making fun of me for not being as fast as moriya. take care, have a good four weeks. eat a bug. >> awarded for network quality 25 times in a row. this network is one less thing i have to worry about. then, give people more plans to mix and match, so you only pay for what you need. that is so cool! include the best in entertainment, and offer it all starting at $35. with the iphone everyone wants. iphone 11 pro on us, when you buy one. because everyone deserves the best. this is unlimited built right. only on verizon. will be about keeping a routine...

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. it's sunday back at gorge's farm. sundays are about church and barbecue, every sunday, every birthday, every holiday. because what george lacks in neighbors or government loans, he makes up for in family. curly is gorge's oldest sister and family matery arc. tammy is his niece. his grandniece is the heir apparent to robert's farm and legacy. what do you m3an about having all this family here? >> it get packed out here. >> this is the pact? >> yes, five generations. >> how do you have five generations under you are? >> i grew up in that house. my daughter built it one year. >> oh, wow, did you work this farm when you were a young girl? >> heck yeah. >> okay.

i believe you. >> what kind of work did you do? >> plow, milk cows. i did that. >> i would imagine two generations the family has to find people in that generation. >> the only next generation is my niece she was in the gardens with me since 5. are you interested? can you go to school and get an agricultural degree? >> yeah. she doesn't have no choice. >> you must want to do it somewhere in there yeah. whatever you plant and see what you did. that makes you happy i did that it's hard to plan what did you get excited about?

>> we chase the metals. grace and ocre, it's different. the farmers once they learn about agriculture, it's more about i love it. >> you are not intimidated by it? >> no because i know i have my family and god, so. it's third generation so you have to keep going. >> you keep building fine. >> you end up. >> this is where black women in this country come from. a few generations removed. >> i want to keep all the land there are so many of them. >> you can pitch a tent. it's your land.

>> right. >> they can't put a stop to this. >> this is your land. >> amen. >> this is their land, the family land him like we talked earlier, other farmers know if they lose their land they ain't getting it back. more than that you see these images. it's easy to fall into that classic american story about farming and hard work and good living but more and more these stories just aren't true. once again, it's on us. those of us that benefit from all this hard work to put pressure on our politicians and the big conglomerates to pay the farmaries fair wage. otherwise this story, is just a lie and i'll happily play another nickel for my corn flake itself. how about you?

yes like corn flakes. frosted flakes. yea yeah. >> hello, welcome, i'm anderson cooper in new york. >> i'm dr. sanjay gupta, this is our 19th coronavirus fact itself and fears. >> since the last time we gathered last week, nearly 8,000 more americans lost their lives, pushing the death toll over the 150,000 mark. we got word university of washington researchers revised their estimates upwards predicting almost 231 fatalities in this country alone by november. we also saw another 1.4 million fail jobless claims and the largest shrink on record. since our last town hall, covid deaths reached new highs in florida, texas and florida and more states in danger of their surge in cas.