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when lincoln and his family leaves washington, d.c., he was disappointed. but, he worked very, very hard to build up his law practice. >> lincoln was a great spinner of tails for juries. one time they said this reminds me of the little boy on the farm who comes running into his father and says pap, pap, sister is in in the barn and she got her pants down and she's a p pin -- and her friend got his pants down and he's squatting to do the other thing. he would turn and says sometimes the facts don't give you the right conclusion. lincoln was -- he often cut his

answers to serve his cause. he's this moral -- or a political animal. oh, he's a hybrid. if you want to understand him, you have to understand both sides. ♪ by 1854, spain, france and britain abolished slavery. it is very much alive in the united states. may, president franklin pearce signed the kansas nebraska act.

>> there could be no slavery north of the 36/30 line. the kansas nebraska act says slaveries can decide themselves whether slavery can be north of the line. >> it was talking about this e l the way up to the canadian border west towards oregon. the north goes ballistic. lincoln says you can't have a democratic process to determine whether an undemocratic institution can exist. lincoln recognizes that democracy can fail when the idea of a society are not founded on human equality. >> democrats doubled down, they're now the party of slavery, it propels lincoln in a one-term congressman considers himself a failure back into

politics. in the wake of the kansas' nebraska act, lincoln began to unravel over the issue of slavery. >> the democrats were not liberal and conservatives as we divide party today. the wigs were progressive about slaves. democrats were liberal in terms of voting opportunities and suspicion of immigration but not liberal when it came to protecting southern slavery because the south then was the democratic base. >> but the wigs are unable to commit on the perspective of the question of expansion of slavery. by 1850, the wigs essentially collapsed. >> out of this collapse, a new antislavery party is born. the republicans. >> lincoln begins to speak out

on behalf of this with the republican party. >> the first example of it is the speech he delivered in 1854. >> this was a moment of his great come back. >> the larger general question of domestic slavery, i wish to make and keep the distinction between the existing institution and the extension of it so broad and clear that no honest man can misunderstand me and no dishonest ones successfully misrepresent me. >> lincoln puts forward a strong condemnation of slavery. he says it is a cancer eating away the life of the nation. let us turn slavery from its claims, let us return to the position our fathers gave us and

there let it rest in peace. he says there could be no more right in slavery but at the same time he really believes that if we stop allowing slave ry to expand, he feels that's enough. >> very rarely in his life and career, did lincoln actually talk about the concrete and justices of enslaved. it was profoundly frustrating. you can keep it where ever you have it. it is like this guy gets it but does not quite get it. >> he's an absolute sensation. republican papers go wild and praised him as the great order of the day. democratic are fearful of this

rising man. >> it is washington. massachusetts' senator, he gave a speech. he maybe makes fun of him a little bit. the nephew was the congressman named preston brooks and one day preston brooks walks in with a cane and begins beating charles sumter over the head. sumter on the floor of the united states senate. how did the south react? brooks was flooded with gifts of new canes. >> 1830 to 1860s, there were over 70 agents of violence

between members of congress in t the south. folks in the south are lashing out. more states coming in are free. the senators andfear even if it the future, they'll eradicate slavery and their investment and world is all bound around the idea of human enslavement. and 8k video, cinema quality. this is different. told you. with so many nourishing shades, this is different. a color change is easy. nutrisse has 77. from our darkest blacks, to our lightest blondes. it nourishes while it colors. plus avocado, olive and shea. change a little, or a lot. nutrisse. nourished hair. better color. by garnier, naturally!

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for the republican party. he makes speeches reeling against the expansion of slavery. as partisan line across the country deepens, more legislation ignites more political unrest. >> dred scott is a black man enslaved. he had been taken into free territory and abolitionist sued for his freedom and the freedom of his family. it goes to the police report. >> the court says that slaves are slaves where ever they are. that slavery is in a sense national. >> black men have no rights that white men are bound to accept. black people are not citizens of the united states and by the way, if you are a slave holder, you can take your property

anywhere you darn well please. that really sets off lincoln. >> usually supreme court rulings set matters. the one didn't. lincoln argued publicly that the ruling should be ignored. a brazen stance for a man preaches firmly on the sanctity of the constitution. >> to say you don't have to respect the supreme court's decision is outrageous to say you don't have to respect a person's humanity based on color. >> and so lincoln is absolutely focused during this period. he's in exhaustible and he's able to lurch from tiown to tow, making long speeches so he's

constantly on the road. he was gone many weeks of the year and this was hard for a young wife but, lincoln and mary both had a political vision. she knew he was building his political network and how important that was. mary saw an opportunity in that moment as she saw lincoln rising even greater has a leader and a spokesperson. she knew her husband finally could get the senate seat he deserved. >> in 1855, lincoln runs unsuccessfully for the u.s. senate, three years later, he's determined to try again. so in 1858, the republicans have a convention and choose him as a nominee and lincoln gets to address the convention. >> lincoln reads the speech to his advisers before he gives it

and they say don't give the speech, it is too radical. >> what you said in the opening lines is going to end your political career. >> but lincoln ignored the advises of senior party members and delivered the speech as it is read. a house divided against itself can't stand, i believe this government can't endure permanently half slaves and free. >> words taken from the gospel. i do not expect the union to be dissolved, i do not expect the house to fall but i do expect it will seize to be divided. it will become one thing or the other. >> he wows the convention and he begins his campaign for the senate. think of illinois in 1858 as a

mic micro casm. >> the southern part of the state was pro-sliavery. abraham lincoln was running against the leader o f the republican party. steven douglas. douglas was the author of the ka kansas/nebraska act. >> everybody saw lincoln was a sacrificial lamb in that race. >> douglas spends a fortune. douglas had his own campaign train. the back of the train got a cannon on it. every time the train gets into a

town, they set off the cannon as if to announce the great man has arrived. douglas is joined by big crowds where ever he campaigns. so lincoln begins to show up at douglas' speeches and rallies. he's getting bigger crowds than ever by campaigning at douglas' wake. >> so his advisers come up with an alternative. >> lincoln writes a letter that'll change his career and really changed politics. he challenges douglas to

debates. here was a one time congressman, abraham lincoln, he was going to take on steven a. douglas. oh my goodness, you can hear the laughter. the fastest 5g in the world. available in parts of many cities. it's not just a great network. it's ridiculously fast. (vo) stream your favorite shows in ultra hd. i'm so excited about this. streaming is crystal clear. select unlimited plans get the disney bundle included and discovery+ on us. yes! buy samsung galaxy s21+ 5g. get one on us. only on verizon.

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challenged steven a. douglas to a series of public debates. >> douglas had everything to lose by accepting lincoln's invi invitation, he can't say no. because to say no would be to look cowardly. >> they arranged for seven debates. one in each congressional district where they had not yet spoken. >> lincoln/douglas debates were one of the highlights of the period. people did not have tv, watching politicians making speeches was entertainment. >> the super tall abraham lincoln verses the little joint, steven a. douglas is off to the races with 16 minutes .

their style could not be more different. lincoln was laid back, he stood in one spot and he rarely moved. steven douglas prance along the stage like a lion and he gestures widely. he spits and shouts and he tears at his hair. the first debate, lincoln starts off some what technical and douglas challenges lincoln saying you are a radical republican and you are apart of an abolition party. a lot of time in our contemporary discourse and in the past, radical ideas are demonized. the idea of abolition is

demonized because abolishing slavery was a radical idea. he basically had to defend himself against from being abolition. lincoln did not succeed. douglas is a master of twisting facts of lying so quickly that people have forgotten it is a lie when the second one comes. lincoln comes out of the first debate feeling defeated much to mary's dismay. mary is always lincoln's biggest booster. she sat up in the gallery with her notebook, who was for against lincoln and who was happy or not. after the debate, she was not entirely happy. she does not come back. after the first debate, lincoln

supporters said to him, for god's sake, lincoln, charge. he needed to do much better. lincoln does charge and he often use jokes. he kept this brilliant wit, one thing i appreciate about him is some of his responses. the next debate when steven douglas says he was hypocrite cal and a woman shouts out you are two-faced. lincoln says if i was two-faced, do you think i would use this one? this was a come back. he's like a club comic. he had a great comic sense and knew how to use it to get the crowd on his side. >> once lincoln begins to win over the crowds, he turns the conversation back towards policies. >> douglas has said we can resolve this problem of con flcon flicks over slavery.

they call this popular sovereignty. >> to douglas it seems like the essence of democracy, let the voters decide. to lincoln it was -- lincoln backed him into the corner. if a southern community decides to ban slavery by vote, would you accept that? douglas says yes, i am going to standby popular sovereignty. southern dams would never support douglas for president after that. >> though it is just an illinois senate race, douglas' celebrity and lincoln's sharp rhetoric got national attention. >> their debates fired up the nation. here is this country lawyer using humor and logic to condemn

the man who's the architect of the kansas nebraska, the policy that divided the nation. the newspaper fed the beast. newspapers were not covering the debate, they were riling up converts to their causes and strictly, openly partisan, the way some people believe broadcast and cable television is today. according to the republican news newspapers, when the debate was over, abraham lincoln, was carried off in triumph on the shoulders of his supporters. according to the democratic newspapers, when the debate was over, abraham lincoln had to be carried off by his supporter. with the media fuelling partisan fires, regional triablism only escalates. the republican antislavery agenda gains tractions in the

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from endpoints to everywhere. tensions around the issue of slavery slav slavery escalated across the

country. lincoln goes to charleston. here is a place that he got to shine. there is central illinois, this is where the election will be decided. >> douglas kept on saying the republicans want black man to marry your daughter and blacks will flood into the state and take over. douglas says the declaration of independence was not designed to apply any other than the white people. he uses the "n" word a lot. he uses it a lot. he asked lincoln are you in favor of equality between black people and white people? people laugh as if a mainstream

would harbor such radical thoughts. lincoln begins with the most extraordinary statement in the entire debate. i have not nor have i ever been bringing social inequality of the white and black races. >> he says i am not in favor of blacks voting or holding office. lincoln says not only he does not want a black woman for slave but he does not want a black woman for a wife, he's saying stuff that's shockingly bad. there is no way to polish it up. he had horribly antiblack racist views. there must be a position of superior. i as much as any other man been i favor to assign to the white

race. lincoln believes he belong to the superior race and he believes that slavery is wrong that no man should own another and whether or not equality was something very different. >> lincoln was a man of his time. lincoln was born into a nation with laws designed to uphold slavery. he envisions a world in which slavery did not exist. we know lincoln can imagine link -- >> by the final debate, douglas lost his voice and he's barely croaking his way through and abraham lincoln gets the final

word. th he says slavery is a compromise, founder did not intend for slavery to expand. >> lincoln reminds the crowd that only 82 years before that the founding fathers liberated the united states from the tyranny of kings. he's saying slave owners are like tyranns and they are fundamentally un-american. nothing about that antislavery approach is predicated on concern with black people it is fundamentally about lincoln's ideals for the nation and i

think that's one of the major appeals to a lot of white northerns. lincoln's nuance stanc proudly to slavery. his rhetoric had the country ab abuzz with news from illinois. >> illinois was a deeply racist state. the state was gerrymandered until the democrats created the district lines. >> he loses. you would think that's it for his political career but he says the fight must go on and these debates provide platform for what's launched into his presidency.

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new york city mayor sewer. >> his friends invite a series of republicans to come and give speeches in new york. >> they want to hear from a variety of speakers who may be alternatives to sewer. of course, the man who engaged douglas so brilliantly was invited. it was a scream test for a presidential nomination. on the very day of the speech, lincoln walks all the way up broadway, the photo gallery, the most famous gallery to make an important photo to this important visit in new york city. it is important to realize that photography is a new phenomenon in american culture. >> you have this culture that

comes up in the 1850s and 1860s that makes politics real. lincoln knows how to present himself. that's part of what lincoln's genius was as a politician. >> it is a remarkable shot. the most important photograph of lincoln taken. >> the union is in trouble. this is going to be the most important election that the country ever seen. who do you want to lead through that? here is this elegant figure in a tuxedo looking at us in the eye. his left hand is on a book. it brings home the theme of education of learning but look at that right hand, the sleeve comes out from underneath the coat. >> this was someone who worked on the frontier, carl sandberg,

the great photographer, the left hand is velvet and the right hand is iron. that's not accidental stuff. that's lincoln composing himself as a public figure. >> hours later, lincoln makes his way to the great hall. its got 2,000 seat force an audience that's described as the pick and flower of new york. >> the young men republican club, it was really the organization of east coast republican leadership and they're charging 25 cents a ticket. people came to be entertained. >> lincoln knows this is the do or die experience of his lifetime. >> the editor of the new york evening post introduces him as the warrior of the west and lincoln is brought to the stage.

the first part was meant to mock steven douglas. >> a lot of laughter and shouts hit him again and he abruptly switches and gets more serious. he says if now people in the south would listen, we do not mean to threaten real property. he goes through every single argument that's been thrown against the republicans and logically deconstructs it. he ellen dnds with. >> let us have faith, in that faith dare to do our duty as we understand it. it was a magical performance. >> at the end people are saying this is the greatest speech we have heard in new york ever.

the audience on their feet and people threw hats in the air. by the time he gets on the trolley, his feet hurts so much, he's limping. did he go back to the hotel? no. he read-proof of the speech before it was set in type and edited. he wanted it to be perfect. he cares about getting it into the press. that's where campaigns were won and loss. >> before long, copies of the brady's photos bring up and illustrated weekly, alongside lincoln's story and rise. >> lincoln is a master of commun communications. he was illustrating a speech deliberating it and promoting it

all in the same 24 hours. the most cooper union momentum built spontaneously. >> lincoln begins touring new england, performing variations on the cooper union speech for eager audience. >> connecticut, rhode island, new hampshire. two hours speeches everywhere. lincoln schedules a stop and exited in new hampshire where his oldest son, robert, is in boarding school. >> robert thinks this is really embarrassing. i have to sit with my friends and hear my western father gives a speech. one of the boys says too bad bob had an ugly brother and report is sinking in his chair.

lincoln stands up and the dazzling begins. when it is over, the boys all came and slaps bob on the back and says wow, your father is something else. may of 1860, the republican national convention is held in chicago. going into the convention, senator william h. sewer of new york remains the front runner. >> lincoln sneaks in a fresh face moderate candidate from the west. lincoln was a dark horse candidate. the battle begins. on the first ballot. no surprise there. lincoln is second. they go to the second ballot,

seeward stays the same and lincoln is beginning to catch up. crowds is getting excited. the third ballot comes along. lincoln draws ooerch with seeward. ahead of the ohio delegation announces that ohio is going to change their votes for lincoln lincoln emerged as the republican nominee. the cincinnati newspaper says the entire tribe of comanche and acres of hotels could have been lost in the hall. you could have heard them. >> where was lincoln when all these ballots were being cast? he was sitting in the office of the republican newspaper in

springfield, illinois in his favorite chair waiting for the telegraph. he accepts the handshakes of all of his friends and he says thank you, i really got to go home. there is a little woman that's more interested in this than you are. he makes his way home to tell mary that her dream was coming true. through all of the defeats and disappointments, setbacks, he still threw words that made himself the leader of the republican party. this looks different. it is. epic hi-res photos. and 8k video, cinema quality. this is different. told you.

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in 1860, after a meet youric rise from on security. abraham lincoln and self-educated one-term congressman wins the republican nomination for president. >> for a long time, once you get the nomination, you go back home. you're not going around shaking hands and kissing babies. that's a 20th century invention. it's really up to the party bosses how to best present the candidate. >> lincoln is sitting at home saying nothing. the great orator is silenced. >> but in a little parler in springfield mary lincoln was

finally able to come into her own. even though her husband can't campaign, that won't stop her. the press is invited into their home. she entertains. she demands that there be lots of beer on hand. she was very comfortable speaking about her husband. she took to that role quite well. >> marital harmony returns to the lincoln household. the partnership had always been founded in mutual ambition and flourishes when they work toward the same goal. >> the republican party does not want lincoln's anti-slavery views to be the major focused of the campaign. they're much happier focusing on his personal story. >> they wanted stories that show lincoln being a humble rail

splitter, being a country bump was pa politician a and had been a rail splitter years before. >> the images of a boy rising from on security are very much a part of his appeal. >> lincoln receives mail from proktive voters and those wishing him well. one letter from grace bedoh a young girl from new york makes a particularly interesting suggestion. >> i've got four brothers. and part of them will vote for you anyway. and if you let your whiskers grow i will try to get the rest of them to vote for you. you would look a great deal better, for your face is thin. all the ladies like whis kers and would tease your husbands to vote for you. and you would be president. my father is going to vote for you. and if i was a man i would vote

for you too. >> ling writes back to her. >> as to the whis kers, having never worn any, do you not think people would call it silly affectation if i begin it now? but at some point he must have reflected on that. and he decides to grow the beard. >> but as the republicans continue to curate lincoln's public image, the democrats scramble to organize their candidates. >> steven douglas is the overwhelming favorite to be the democratic nominee. >> but southern democrats never forgave douglas for trying to temperize during debates. >> ultimately the democrats from the south walk out of their own convention. they resemble and nominate the

president of the united states, the northern democrats reassemble and defiantly nominate steven douglas. now you have a southern candidate and northern candidate on the electoral ticket. and to make it worse you have a middle group who calls down a p. o. box on both houses, creates what's called the constitutional union party and nominates john belle of tennessee. southern votes are now split three ways. and it becomes obvious from doing the numbers that lincoln is going to win this election. >> on november 6th, 1860, a record 81% of voters turn out for what will become the most significant presidential election in american history.

>> lincoln spends most of the day in the springfield telegraph office. every time the keys clatter, he knows that returns are coming in from another city. it's tense. but in the middle of all this lincoln gets up and has ice cream with mary. and then he goes back to the telegraph office. by about midnight he understands that he will win the presidency. >> as suspected, he will win it not so much because he will win a clear majority but because the others will fall so far behind them in their division. >> when lincoln got the news that he would be the next president of the united states, he went rushing home.

and he said, "we are elected, mary." >> this is their triumph. but lincoln wins in the most sectional vote in the history of the presidency. that's a recipe for disaster. >> lincoln only wins 39% of the popular vote. >> he realizeds that the political triumph has occurred, with you the burdens of what's awaiting him is suddenly apparent. >> it's the worst situation anyone has been handed as president, literally, tag, you are it. the whole country starts to come apart. >> as soon as he is elected the southern states start to bolt. >> they recognize the threat of lincoln being president. the threat of this new party united in the opposition to the expansion of slavery coming to power is enough to have the south say, this is what we've been warning against.

we will secede. >> lincoln's next moves will determine whether the american experiment survives. will he be remembered as the greatest president of the united states, or the last? america is at a reckoning. for more than 250 years we have battled racial injustice and political division. in times of crisis we look to the past for examples of bold leadership. >> lincoln of course is the most admired american president. >> if there is anyone who lived, breathed and walked the basic ideas around which america is built, it was abraham lincoln.