tv Lincoln Divided We Stand CNN February 27, 2021 9:00pm-10:00pm PST
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determine whether the american experiment survives. will he be remembered as the greatest president of the united states, or the last? america is at a reckoning. for more than 250 years we have battled racial injustice and political division. in times of crisis we look to the past for examples of bold leadership. >> lincoln of course is the most admired american president. >> if there is anyone who lived, breathed and walked the basic ideas around which america is built, it was abraham lincoln.
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>> politicians recognize the power that his name still has and use it. >> and that vision of lincoln's of a generous, inclusive america has driven this country for more than 200 years. >> president lincoln not only understood the heart break of his country, he also understood the cost of san francisco. >> abraham lincoln signed the emancipation prock clamming and said and i quote if my name ever goes down in history it will be for this act. and my whole soul is in it. my whole soul is in it. >> generations of black people name their children lincoln because lincoln freed the slaves. >> but it's a lot more complicated than that. >> a lot of people think lincoln was a fiery opponent of slavery from the day he was born. that's not quite true. >> turns out a great way to the yang the rebellion is to yang the slaves out from under the enemies.
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>> and the guy was freeing the slaves and they'd go back to africa. >> they don't tell you that in second grade. >> the sin of slavery loomed over america for centuries. and it was not absolved with emancipation. >> lincoln died close to easter. this made it easy for people to imagine he died for the sins of the nation. >> the martyr narrative made it possible to think of lincoln in a simplistic way. >> we live in a culture where everybody has to be a hero or villain. the reality is that great politicians are both. >> part of the challenge is to recapture him from all the bronze and lime stone into which he has been cast and see him as a person. >> lincoln had experiences. and most people evolve as they have more experiences. and it is not a criticism of lincoln to say he evolved. it would be a criticism to say he was a man who never changed his mind, never learned
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anything. >> we can become better versions of ourselves. we can change over time. lincoln was evolutionary. and being evolutionary, he became revolutionary . in 1809 america is a country in its infancy. the nation toils to pay off its revolutionary war debts and make a name for itself on the world stage. despite the legal end to the slave trade in 1808, demand for american made cotton and the enslaved men and women who farm is booms.
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the new country's growth is not only intertwined with slave labor, it's entirely dependent on it. >> it is absolutely crucial for understanding what went on in the country, that before the 1860s most of the first presidents were from the south. the slave power controlled the country. >> at lincoln's birth, we are still in the final weeks of the thomas jefferson presidency. so we are really in the founding era of the united states. >> you have this the immense territory that the united states had gained with the louisiana purchase. and so there is this whole question about the expansion of the nation. how it was going to expand, where slavery would exist. and this is the moment when abraham lincoln is important. >> abraham lincoln arrives on february 12th, 1809, on the far
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edge of the western front tier, in hardenville, kentucky. >> as much as story writers and image makers romanticized lincoln's boyhood life, he never did. >> everybody was poor on the front tier. the lincolns were really poor. >> he spends his first few years in a cabin that has a dirt floor. there are wild animals. roofs that leak. just think of what the nights were like. >> in 1816 when lincoln is 7 years old, his father runs into thomas with his land title, loses his farm and moves his family to the free territory of indiana.
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>> there were not a lot of people in southwestern indiana when the lincolns first arrived. they really had to carve their existence, livelihood out of the wilderness with their own two hands. young lynn lincoln and his sister sarah would have had a tremendous amount of responsibility, chop wood. farm. it was very rough. lincoln and his sister would have to rely on each other for so much at such an early age. >> his mother nancy hanks lincoln was a very beautiful woman. >> lincoln believes that his mother is his angel. >> but just as the family begins to settle into their new home tragedy strikes. >> in a period of drought on the front tier cattle would eat
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something called snake root that's a poison that gets into the milk. lincoln's mother drinks milk that's diseased. >> and she gets sick. >> and she ds. >> young abraham helps his father nail his mother into the the coffin that will take her away from him for the rest of his life. >> from modern psychological studies we know if the surviving parent is emotionally available and supportive and nurturing that the damage done by the other parents' death is largely offset. but thomas lincoln does not fit that description. >> there is little time to
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grieve on the front tier. 9-year-old abraham and his 11-year-old sister sarah are too young to take on all their mother's responsibilities. and winter is just around the corner. >> thomas lincoln needs a woman around the house. you can't do computer dating in this period. and he has to go courting. he picks up and head to civilization where there are women folk. >> and leaves the two children to fend for themselves. >> it was a risk that thomas had to undertake and was not the first to undertake. >> they were practicalically reduced to animal existence. their hair was uncut. they were unwashed. their clothes peeled away. they were at peril every second living in this environment. it's something that would merit a prosecution and jail time today. it's a remarkable survival
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story. >> lincoln had to find a way to be self-reliant. had to find a sense of courage and confidence in who he was. because it's life and death. serum from l'oréal. it seriously hydrates to visibly replump skin.. . and reduces wrinkles. effective for all skin tones. revitalift hyaluronic acid serum from l'oréal paris. effective for all skin tones. visible is wireless that doesn't play games. no surprise fees, legit unlimited data for as little as $25 a month. and the best part, it's powered by verizon. but it gets crazier. bring a friend every month and get every month for $5. which is why i brought them. two $5-a-months right here. hey. hey. plus the players of my squad. hey. what's up? then finally my whole livestream. boom! 12 months of $5 wireless. visible, as little as $25 a month or $5 a month when you bring a friend. powered by verizon. wireless that gets better with friends. this looks different. it is. epic hi-res photos. and 8k video, cinema quality.
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you get a shortlist of quality candidates from a resume data base. claim your seventy-five-dollar credit when you post your first job at indeed.com/groomer after months fending for themselves in the brutal wilderness, in spring hope arrives. thomas lincoln returns to his family with a new wife, sarah
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bush johnston. >> with the arrival of the step mother everything changes. she brought pots and pans, the furniture. and she brought books with her. a bible. aesop's fables. >> those books changed his life. >> his step mother saw something in him that his father preferred to ignore. >> his father criticized him and said he should be working, should be on the farm, learning useful skills. >> but abraham hates farmwork. >> he wants to read. his father hits him when he
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reads. >> his relationship with his father was very, very complicated. he resented his father who was not literate. and his father resented lincoln's own desire to embrace education, to move beyond his father's life. >> as lincoln gets older, his father grows more intolerant of his quest for education. >> lincoln's father needed money. so what did he do? he rented his son out to neighbors. in those days your labor was the property of your father until you were 21. any money you made had to go to the father. and thachs the law of the land and custom. >> he was in his own mind a slave to his father. >> so unconsciously i think lincoln identified with the slaves, identified his father with the slave hoerlds and that led him to early on hate and
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loathe and despise slavery. >> listen, i'm sure he was pissed off at his dad but didn't drive his politics. >> there are a lot of situations where americans when they were oppressed as workers. they feel like slavrs. but they are not like slaves. thirp status is not inheritable. >> at 19 years old lincoln accepts a job transporting goods to new orleans. where he gets his first taste of life beyond the prairie. >> it is enchanted, mysterious, daunting for a young man who has never seen the city. >> we are told that the thing that influenced him most was the slave auctions. >> he saw auctioneers out there
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selling slaves and showing them off as if they were horses. people crying as they were taken away, families separated, and money changing hands for human bodies. >> whether he took a life's vow to end slavery at that moment we really can't imagine. but he is seeing slavery in a different way than he saw indiana, which is slaves marched across the cumberland trail. he is seeing the sale of slaves for the first time. >> lincoln returns home determined to make a better life for himself. but his plans are thwarted. his beloved sister sarah dies in child birth. this tragedy solidifies the somber associations that lincoln will have with his childhood for the rest of his life.
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>> we cannot exaggerate the sense of loneliness and fear that marked his boyhood. >> he moves away from his family and doesn't really look back. they changed how the world fights cancer. blocking the pd-l1 protein, lets the immune system attack, attack, attack cancer. pd-l1 transformed, revolutionized, immunotherapy. pd-l1 saved my life. saved my life. saved my life. what we do here at dana-faber, changes lives everywhere. everywhere. everywhere. everywhere. everywhere.
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lincoln arrives in new salem, illinois, with little more than a bag of at thattattered clothi >> new salem, a tlichg rivertown outside of springfield. >> it's a place where the central road, cabins, a store and a mill. it's a place with an economic opportunity. >> lincoln in his early 20s is establishing himself trying to figure out who he is. >> the early new salem lincoln is to coin a cliche, a jack of all trades. he tries his hand at many different things. >> lincoln invests in a local grocery which fails and leaves him saddled with debt. he works odd jobs in order to pay it off.
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and eventually becomes post master. >> guess what came through the mail? newspapers. after a while, all of the subscribers began noticing that they were searching their newspapers refolded and clearly read previously. >> what they soon learned was that the village post master was so hungry for news he was reading the papers before they called for them. >> as post master lincoln is a public figure. he becomes quite popular and known around new salem for his good humor and colorful stories. >> he used wit and comedy at his own expense to connect with people. he had a lot of fun with the fact that he was not a good looking guy.
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i like stories where he is making fun of himself. there is the famous one where he was riding along. and a woman is riding the other way and stops him. she aimed a rifle at him. and he said madam why are you pointing that gun at me? you can see ling lincoln by buster keet or any great. >> because i always resolved that if i met a man uglier than i am then i would shoot him. and he said madam, if i am really uglier than you, then fire away. >> this is a guy who had seething ambition always. he realizes men like him. men vote. and so he runs for office. >> in 1834 the american political system is dominated by
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two major parties. the democrats supports state's rights. and the wigs believe in a strong federal government. at 25 years oltd lincoln wins a seat on the illinois state legislature as a wig. >> joining the whig party when he goes reflects and invests in the capacity of government to improve lives. the whig platform is about public transportation and education. >> this is why he was a whig early on. he saw the utility of things like roads and rrs improving the economy of the small towns in the west. >> in the illinois state legislature lincoln faces what is quickly becoming the biggest issue of the day. slavery. the missouri compromise admitted
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that maine would be a free state and missouri a slave state. after that slavery would be prohibited in all other states north of the 36" 30 parallel. the controversial ruling set off a debate over the extent to which slavery should be limited, expanded, protected or abolished. >> in 1837, the stateo state of illinois legislature was asked to condemn the abolitionist movement and passes by overwhelming majority, 7 to 6. one of the 6 was lincoln. that was fairly courageous. most of the constituent were from kentucky who hated abolitionist. people thought radicals, ablikes, irresponsible, don't know how to get things done. >> but you could be anti-slavery and not be an abolitionist.
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lincoln was no abolitionist. >> lincoln was a moderate anti-slavery advocate. and what that means essentially is that he was a person who said that slavery was wrong but didn't believe that it was really important to actively end slavery immediately. >> the institution of slavery is founded on both injustice and bad policy. but at the prom you will gas station of abolitionist doctrines tends rather to increase rather than abate its evils. >> his evolving anti-slavery position was that slavery was fine where it is in the south but shouldn't be resexpanded in the west. >> he believed the founding fathers had intended for slavery to die a natural death, and that if they aren't allowed to expand then the institution is going to die a natural death, and that that's why you don't see the
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word slave or slavery in the institution. >> he talked a lot about the fact that slavery shouldn't be allowed to expand because there were constitutional prohibititions on that. he talked a lot about the idea that slavery was harmful to free white northerners. >> he believed that free white folks who were workers could not compete with slave labor. he just thought it was bad economics. it's not about recognizing the humanity of enslaved people. rather it's wanting to secure territory where white men who were not slave hoerlds would not have to compete against slave hoerlds. >> he was willing for there to be gradual ee plans pacing, mostly he believed that those persons freed should be colonized outside of the united states. >> it doesn't quite fit with the image of the great emancipator
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we have. pick up a lot of books on lincoln and europe not finding the fact that he avoidly promoted colinization. he was a member of the board of directors of the illinois colinization society. this wasn't just a passing thing. why? well, because the white population doesn't want a new, large population of free blacks. there is no place for them in america. now, the fact is by this time most black people were born in the united states. the slaves were african-americans. >> at that point up and to his presidency and the civil war he has deep seated he was beliefs that black people could not and should not be citizens. lincoln believes that blacks and whites can't co-exist in the same nation. revitalift hyaluronic acid serum from l'oréal. it seriously hydrates to visibly replump skin.. . and reduces wrinkles. effective for all skin tones. revitalift hyaluronic acid serum from l'oréal paris.
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in the early 1830s lincoln makes a name for himself as a politician, but stalls in his social life. still wounded by the loss of the women he has loved, he struggles in romance. >> just by the prominent and noted romance was with anne rutledge. >> this relationship has remained a matter of controversy among historians for years.
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>> he was always shy. and it was said that he was quite awkward with women. >> and so anne rutledge is engaged to a guy who has left town and said i will send for you. so she is a safe bet for him to maybe flirt a bit with. but he is not expected to commit. >> but she fell for him and he for her. >> there is a theory she was his great love. but she gets sick in an epidemic of fever. and she dies. >> after the tragic deaths of lincoln's mother and sister, losing anne is a devastating blow. lincoln's fear moralitity and abandonment worsen. and et exhibits the first signs of what will be a lifelong
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battle with depression. >> there are reports razors had to be taken from him. that he had to be watched after anne died. he stayed at her graveside in inclement weather. >> people worried he was losing his mind. >> to his credit he throws himself back into his professions. and since he is determined to become a lawmaker, it's a good idea to learn the law. >> lincoln borrows law books and reads them, masters them. >> he had virtually no formal schooling. so this is somebody who is an auto didact, self-taught. and it's amazing he can read law books and make himself into a lawyer. >> he was able to transform himself, getting as far from the world of his father as he could.
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>> lincoln accepts a job at a law firm in springfield, illinois, and moves from the small rivertown of knew salem to the bustling state capitol. >> he arrives on april 15th, 1837. he is 28 years old. and he has 28 years left to live to the day. he establishes his life in this new environment that's going to change him and which he is going to change. >> lincoln was a lawyer. he got to be a pretty prominent one. >> he had some pretty big corporate clients, including the railroads. >> but even though lincoln practiced law, his heart was really in politics. >> this is when he starts serving as a stump speaker all over the region in support of
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whig candidates, in support of the stronger federal government, control over the economy. and abraham lincoln does become one of the rising stars of the whig party. but he writes to a friend in new salem that there is quite a lot of bustling about in carriages here but i'm quite as lonely as anyplace i've been in my life. >> his colleagues urge him to attend society events and mingle with springfield's elite. >> springfield, because it's the state capitol, lots of young women are sent there to meet prom promising legislators. >> he said he was never more comfortable than on the stump and never more uncomfortable than in a parhamer. >> until a party in 1840 when the shy lawyer charms one particular socialite. >> mary todd was the daughter of
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a kentucky banker who was a slave holder. and so she is privileged. >> mary is by all accounts quite beautiful. and charming. >> she was said tovivacious and her ample display of her boss om was said to be attractive. >> she could charm a chaplain out of his vows. >> she fell into lively conversations. and that was where she met mr. lincoln. >> the attraction was immediate. and if it's true that op sits attract it was immediate. >> she was petite. 5'6". lincoln was 6'4". >> a southern belle, a woman
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grown up taken care of by enslaved people. >> lincoln is uneducated from the front tier. >> but like lincolnen she loses her father at an early age. her father marries incredibly quickly. she has a difficult relationship with her step mother. >> she worships her father. but he is distant. he is often away. that exacerbates her desire for acceptance and love and her own family. >> mary thought she could distinguish herself, secure her father's affection by being able to read the papers, to talk to men in their own language. not all men appreciated that. but she was willing to find one who did appreciate it. >> lincoln and mary connect deeply over the shared loss of their mothers, as well as their love of poetry, literature, and most of all, politics.
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>> she had strong political feelings. she was described as a violent little whig. >> mary sees the potential of lincoln. well she sees is first. >> and she fell in love in the winter of 1840. and they were engaged. >> except, that lincoln still has what we would now call a commitment problem. and i don't think lincoln is quite ready. so on what is called the fatal first of january of 1841 abraham lincoln leaves mary at the altar. he sends a message that he is notworthy. and mary would be miserable. >> she went away broken hearted, plunged into despair. >> i think he was as petrified of matrimony, sex, and all those
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things. but he was overwhelmed that the most dazzling bell in springfield was on his heels chasing him around town. >> the death of anne rutledge, his sister and his mother, the lesson he seemed to have learned unconsciously is you can't trust women. thal abandon you. >> and so they avoided one another for well over a year. >> however, in the fall of 1842 they find their way back to each other and begin to court again. >> i think they both found they were missing one another. the newspaper editor gave up his parlor so they might meet without prying eyes. >> they get back together, and then they do get married. but this wedding takes place on one day's notice which was unusual for somebody like a member of the todd family. >> the rapid reconciliation has
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tongues wagging around springfield. >> within nine months -- eight months and three weeks actually, robert todd lincoln is born. >> people ascribe to it somehow that he was being shotgunned to the altar. i don't find evidence of that. and certainly their marital happiness particularly in those first few years is quite profound. >> as the lincoln family grows, so do their political aspirations. mary knows lincoln is destined for stardom on the national stage. so she gets to work grooming him for congress.
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in 1846, mary gives birth for the lincoln's second son, eddie. she cares for the two young boys while lincoln travels the judicial circuit and builds his political contacts. >> even though they kept him away from his home, when he goes out to practice law on the circuit, he stays the weekend to befriend people. he visits newspaper offices in
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surrounding towns. >> while lincoln's ambitious, mary is even more ambitious. and her ambition is for him. >> mary lincoln recognized that lincoln was a diamond, but he was a diamond in the rough. and she said that it would be both beautiful and brilliant to be daily engaged in polishing. but mary found is harped in the first beautiful parlor she built she would come in and find him on the floor with his jacket off. and when someone would ring the bell he would go and get it without putting on his jacket, without waiting for a servant. he tried to listen to mary's entreaties about form and etiquette. but he found it something he could laugh at as much as obey. but mary was very astute politically. and she kept pushing and
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pushing. >> and in 1846 mary pushed him to run for congress. and he won. >> when lincoln was elected to congress, mary didn't sit at home with her family, which was the custom. mary said, we're going to washington. >> in december 1847, with his wife and two children in tow, 38-year-old abraham lincoln arrives in the nation's cal capitol for the first time. they move into a whig boarding house. >> it was not as luxurious and commodious as it is today for members of congress. the lincolns, four people in a room. it was pretty crowded and pretty cramped. mary did not get along with everybody else in the boarding house. >> you had to be at the table at a particular time. mary was not so good at that.
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her social circuit was limited. her time with her husband was less than she had hoped. and the boarding house was not the life for two young children. and she got quite exhausted and actually left, went back to lexington, kentucky, her hometown, where her father lived. >> and then of course lincoln is lonely. he was unhappy when she was there and he was unhappy when she was gone. and maybe that's the story of their marriage. they never quite figured out a way to balance. >> with mary and the boys gone, lincoln is completely consumed by his political career.
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>> lincoln goes to washington in the context of the mexican-american war, bring rowe which brings into the union this rather large chunk of the southwest. and the question was where slavery was going to be, where it would not be, and how could it expand or not expand. >> lincoln has been had been staunchly against the expansion of slavery. but while in congress he makes his first attempt to eradicate it right on his door step. >> washington was very much a slave city. slavery was not only legal but thriving. if you looked outside the windows on the upper floors of the house chamber, you could see a slave pen below where human beings were kept in cages. >> lincoln comes off with a plan for the abolition of slavery in washington, d.c., kind of moderate plan. slave holders would be paid fair market value for their slaves.
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slaves who were already enslaved would stay enslaved but the youngsters who were born would become free. >> ironically he is stopped by fellow whigs. horace great dealy be, the pro republican "new york tribune" and the congressman introduced his own let's get rid of he said that the provision in lincoln's bill which would require the slave holders in washington to approve the emancipation of their slaves was ridiculous. and it was kind of ridiculous. both bills failed. >> lincoln clearly understood that slavery was wrong. but at that time history called for action, risks. and the historical record doesn't really show lincoln as somebody who was really taking too many risks. >> as his uneventful term in congress comes to an end,
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abraham lincoln scrambles for his next political play. >> by previous political contract the agreement was lincoln would serve one term and another whig would be nominated at home in 1848 to succeed him. and so he spends time campaigning for zachary taylor for president. >> he was a war hero who had no political background, no political interest, no political stance. he was a slave owner from louisiana but regarded as a whig candidate who could win. >> lincoln abandoned his principles to support taylor for the nomination. >> he said, he's not an ideal anti-slavery candidate, but he's a lot better than the democrats. >> on election day, zachary taylor wins. and abraham lincoln says, i want to be commissioner of the land office. i will be supervising federal h taylor, and he had campaigned for taylor. >> upon his winning, he was waiting for the big appointment.
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but zachary taylor had to inform him that they were very sorry, they couldn't secure him the lucrative post he hoped to get. >> taylor nominates a guy who was technically a whig, but had never done any work to get taylor elected. lincoln is totally humiliated. >> so in 1849, after a short and undistinguished term in congress, lincoln heads back to springfield. he believes his political career is over. off-road trip. (man) how hot is the diablo chili? (waitress) well, you've got to sign a waiver. [loud laughter] (woman) is this even a road? (man) yeah. (woman) so what should we do second? (vo) the subaru forester. the most adventurous forester ever. (vo) get 0% for 63 months on select new 2021 models. now through march 1st.
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in 1849, abraham lincoln returns to springfield with little to show for his one term in congress. his political aspirations are crushed. >> so this is a rough time for lincoln. he's just 40 years old. it should be the peak of his political career. but he comes home with no imminent political prospects and with a legal career that has foundered because he hasn't paid attention to it. so not only does he not have political prospects, he doesn't have very many income prospects. he's a very lucky man that his wife's father is wealthy. >> mary was very disappointed. she wanted to be a president's
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wife. and it was a tremendous strain on their marriage. >> if there's a midlife crisis in a marriage as well as in a professional life, this is the moment when things are most testing. there was a lot of yelling and screaming coming from the lincoln home. mary chased him out of the householding a log from the fireplace. . >> the anger she feels at her father for having tuned her out then gets displaced onto lincoln. >> as the lincolns wrestle with disappointment, they are dealt another devastating blow. in december 1849, their 3-year-old son, eddie, contracts tuberculosis.
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>> it was 52 long days watching every single moment of his fading. and then eddie, their beloved younger son, died in february of 1850. >> the lincolns go into very deep, protracted mourning. >> lincoln was distraught. he says that if he had 20 cents, he would never get over mourning this one. mary lincoln was so distraught, she wouldn't even eat. >> she had talked about doing herself in. but the way in which many couples dealt with losing a child was by having another child.
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so their beloved willie was born in december of that year. >> but eddie's death continues to deepen the divide in the household. lincoln hides his graph by burying himself in work. >> and he becomes reasonably successful again. but almost all the lawyers found a way to come home weekends. to spell their wives and see their kids. abraham lincoln didn't. he stayed out on the legal circuit, far from home, and mary is on her own. it's hard for her. she does the cooking, she does the sewing, she does the disciplining. mary embittered at what's happened to lincoln politically. >> and so now he has a very troubled marriage. and he feels like a failure. >> at 45 years old, lincoln is firmly set on a path to obscurity. his political career has
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stalled. his marriage is crumbling. and if not for a contentious bill being drafted in congress, abraham lincoln might never have been heard from again. hello and welcome to our viewers in the united states and all around the world. i'm michael holmes. appreciate your company. coming up here on "cnn newsroom," the fda gives the go ahead to johnson & johnson. its single-shot covid vaccine that experts say checks all the boxes should be available in the u.s. this week. just hours from now, donald trump returns to the political spotlight, taking the stage at the huge conservative gathering in florida. and canada's prime minister cat
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