the worst of the pandemic. >> reports on outbreaks. >> where did the novel coronavirus come from? that is the million dollar question. >> did it come from a bat or born in a lab?

>> it has been more than a year and a half into a pandemic that has killed over 4.5 million people and returned all of our lives upside down. the world scientists are still hunting for answers. >> this startsed in wuhan at th market. >> the first hypothesis is it came from a bat. >> with 75% of all emerging diseases caused by a jump from animals into humans, there were warning signs. >> every few years there is a new spillover event with a new disease that humans have no i'm t -- immunity to. >> it's a probability this originated from animals as well but the possibility also remains that the virus leaked from a lab. >> the wuhan novel respiratory coronavirus lab. the disease is the same name as the lab.

>> it's a laboratory at the heart of the city where the outbreak occurred that's undertaking some risky work. laboratory accidents happen much more often than we know. >> the biological window to learn what happened thanks window might be closing., happe window might be closing. twindo closing.hwindow might be closing.window might be closing.window might be closing.window might be closing. window might be closing. good evening. i'm dr. sanjay gupta. it's been two years since the world first learned of covid-19 and there are still no definitive answers of the origins, no clear culprit, no smoking gun. all we can say based on the evidence we have now is it wasn't intentionally bio engineered. we've been speaking to the world's top scientists. it wasn't easy. almost all of them faced death threats because of their work on this topic. some have never spoken on camera before. we try to push past the politics

and look at the scientific evidence for the two leading theories. the hypothesis that the virus spilled over into humans from a bat or another intermediariry animal as has been the case with past coronavirus outbreaks like sars in 2003 or mers in 2012 versus the lab leak hypothesis. the idea that the virus accidently leaked from a lab. we start by taking a deeper look at the only scientific study of covid's origins to date. the world health organization's report and why it was so contro controversial? january 2021, the world health organization launched this group of virologiests, epidemiologists and medical doctors to wuhan. >> they were stormed with photographers, local and foreign media tracking their every move.

>> the team's mission to better understand the origins of the virus. >> most of the attention is on the market. >> chinese authorities chased a deadly virus back to this seafood market back to the city of wuhan. >> those earliest months in wuhan were filled with confusion and obstruction from the chinese government on just how contagious, deadly and dangerous this virus really was. >> the original reports coming out of china were that it was not highly transmissible, which was suspicious. >> from the pandemic's earliest days, the chinese government refused help from the u.s. centers of disease control and prevention, global public health workers and academic researchers. simply put, nobody was allowed in. >> we wrote to our contacts in china and said can we help? our goal is to have veterinarians and field teams in there right at the beginning of the first case to say can we trace back the origins right now

and get the evidence while it's fresh before it's all removed and cleaned up and unfortunately, the crisis is too intense is what we were told. >> dr. peter is a renowned virus hunter. he's also president of the eco health alliance. he and his team go out and sample for viruses in the wild to try to determine which pathogens will pose the greatest risk to human health. >> we estimate there are 1.7 million unknown viruses in mammals, wildlife out there around the world that could become emerging diseases or pandemics in people. >> the origin of the coronavirus. >> very informative meeting. >> the united states submitted three u.s. researchers for selection, all three of them were rejected by china, which did ultimately have final say since the w.h.o. was coming into their country. the only american permitted on the team was peter dayzak the

organizer of the statement and worked closely with the w.i.v. >> the w.i.v. is the wuhan institute of virology. they would later draw fire for their work with the w.i.v. and one of the lead researchers, dr. shi jing lee. remember that name. el ge we'll get back to her. in the earliest days of the pandemic, dashek was the driving force in a letter. >> it's easy to over state the importance of the letter. >> dashek and 16 prominent scientists said we stand together to strongly condemn conspiracy theories that covid-19 does not have a natural origin. >> it succeeded in character rising the hunt for the lab leak theory is not just unscientific

but xeniphobic. >> so that had a chilling effect on the scientific community. >> in recently released emails from early 2020, dashek discusses signing the letter in an email to scientists writing quote we'll put it out in a way that doesn't link it back to our collaboration so we maximize an independent voice. >> people may say look, you're too close to it. i mean, you work in china, you are part of the alliance that helps fund research happening there. maybe there's a conflict. >> how can there be a conflict when it's a statement of support? >> the thing i think that struck me was so early. how were you so certain at that point to go ahead and label anything that was not a natural origin a conspiracy theory? >> the theory at the time was this is a bio engineered virus.

>> so this was not in any way to take off the possibility that this could have still leaked from a lab even if not bio engineered? >> that was not what was being said at the time. this is a bio engineered virus being released by scientists. >> there were concerns. is there something here that looks like it might be the signature of human manipulation? >> initially in january knowing the type of work that was going on at the wuhan institute of virology, we started thinking look, we need to consider the possibility that this is maybe not a natural virus. >> dr. christian anderson is an revolutionary biologist. in late january 2020, he wrote to dr. fauci in correspondence that was also later released. >> we are concerned about this particular virus. we think that what we are looking at here might be different than what we would expect to see just from a

naturally emerged virus. >> anderson and other scientists worked around the clock searching for clues deep in the geno. >> the engineering aspect of this very quickly released we don't have the evidence to support that. >> even though they initially thought this novel virus had evidence of bio engineering, they subsequently found similar traits in other naturally occurring viruses. >> we debated and decided if you were a human trying to design a really dangerous coronavirus, you would not design this one. >> we didn't find any evidence of this virus previously having been sequenced or worked on. maybe there is fragments of the virus, which were used previously in experiments would be quote unquote a smoking gun and we didn't find anything at all. >> and by march 2020, anderson published the most influential paper in support of the natural

origins theory. by the end of april 2020, the bio engineered weapon theory seemed to have been laid to rest. >> they put out this remarkable memo in which they agreed with the broad scientific consensus the virus was not man-made or ag genetically altered. >> what gives you a high degree of confidence this originated from the wuhan institute of vir virology? >> i can't tell you that. i'm not allowed to tell you that. >> over the course of 2020, however, more and more revelations emerged related to the wuhan institute of virology. >> at least three staff members were sickened early on. they were so sick they had to go to the hospital. here in china, that's not necessarily unusual given there is no primary care system but to be hospitalized with an unknown respiratory illness, shows this virus was spreading perhaps even in 2019 in wuhan.

>> wuhan scientists deny this ever happened but then, reports of a massive pathogen database with bad coronavirus entries just went offline. >> just a few months before the world becomes aware that there is this dangerous virus circulating in wuhan, the w.i.v. removes from the internet this catalog of 22,000 viral samples that it had been working on that it had been studying. >> what happened to the bat coronavirus database in september of 2019? >> they told us they were revising it and making it more searchable and that they would then get hacked over and over again so they didn't put it back up. that's what they told us. >> do you believe that? >> believe or not believe. i'm a scientist. i look at data and information and we look at objectively. >> you're a scientist but i'm saying you do have to look at history, as well and there is

concerns there is a lack of transparency. >> right. when i look at that database, it was simply a list of samples with sequences attached. most of which had been published, probably the vast majority by now so we knew what was in the data bases. >> if it was mostly out there and much of it published, why were they so concerned about it being hacked? >> i don't know. more importantly, people who think that that database has the covi-2. i doubt that. >> so help me god. >> congratulations, mr. president. >> and by early 2021, as one presidency ended and another began, dr. robert redfield, former head of the cdc and trump administration and a career virologiest told me this. >> i still think the most likely ideology of this pathogen in wuhan was from a laboratory, you know, escaped. >> you're now saying that when you piece it together, you think the virus probably originated in

a lab? >> it's very possible that someone acquired that virus, got infected. i don't think i've heard another argument that makes sense. it's interesting and the w.h.o. mission right now and what they're coming out and anxious to read their report. >> coming up, that world health organization report on covid's origins and the controversy that quickly followed.

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after a year of wrangling, the w.h.o. is set to report on this novel coronavirus, where did it start? >> this comes as the former cdc director dr. robert redfield tells our dr. sanjay gupta he thinks the coronavirus originated in a lab in wuhan. >> that's not applying any intent intentionally. i do not believe this somehow came from a bat to a human and at that moment in time, the virus came to the human, became one of the most infectious viruses that we know in humanity. >> dr. redfield's comments boosted the lab leak theory and so did a u.s. intelligence report stating there were sick researchers at the wuhan institute of virology in november of 2019.

>> they released a memo saying lab workers got sick in 2019. did you investigate that possibility? >> i remember specifically asking the wuhan lab director and staff about people who got sick and we repeated that and pushed and asked pretty tough questions around that and they refuted it. >> according to the wuhan institute of virologies practices, they would have taken blood samples around that time. >> yeah. >> did you get to see the glad sam -- blood samples? >> no. but they confirmed they tested them and they were negative for covid. >> on march 30th, 2021, more than 15 months now after the pandemic began, the world health organization released its highly anticipated report on the origins of covid. the w.h.o.'s team conclusions a

direct pilspillover from animalo humans was a likely pathway a jump from an intermediate host was likely to very likely and the virus coming in from frozen food was a possible pathway and a laboratory incident was deemed extremely unlikely. swiftly, criticism of the report came from far and wide. >> more than a dozen countries are raising concerns about the credibility of the research and independence of the findings. >> it lacked krucrucial data, ac access, transparency. >> the report dismissed the possibility the virus was the result of a lab accident but the organization's chief said the theory needs further investigation because quote i do not believe this assessment was extensive enough. >> dr. tedros said that the dismissing of the lab leak theory was premature. he's the director of the w.h.o. to have that sort of criticism of one of his own studies really

caught my attention. >> yeah, well that's his prerogative. we're the people on the ground who write the report and submit it for him to look at and for the public to see. we did our job and now he's doing his job. >> critics say that job was seriously flawed from the outset. was it an investigation? >> the official was a joint study which is important because that's a collaborative study between the w.h.o. and the member state china. >> the public looked at this as an investigation from the start and i think that was a mistake and i think they should have spoken out and said we're pot gogo going -- we're not going to do a forensic investigation of the lab. >> why not? >> because it a member state organization, w.h.o. so china is part of that and a joint decision among the member states as to what happens on that study. >> for a lot of people looking

from the outside in, they say there is all these different possibilities. why weren't they explored or investigated thoroughly including a forensic examination of the lab? is that a fair line of questioning? >> absolutely. of course. we have to agree on what happens for it to happen. >> both foreign and chinese scientists were part of the w.h.o. effort and team members said they had to agree on the contents of the report. the head of the team, w.h.o. food safety specialist told tv 2 their chinese counterparts didn't even want to include the lab leak theory at all. >> we started to submit and s [speaking foreign language]. >> was a full evaluation meant to be part of this report? >> we didn't have people on the mission team who were experts on bio safety and bio security so it wasn't really their mandate

to do. >> if the report was never meant to really envesinvestigate the leak theory, why was dr. tedros critical of the report? >> they classified it as extremely unlikely. for us to be able to take that off the table, it needs to be studied properly and thoroughly. >> it was just one of many red flags that dogged the report. >> they had very, very limited access to the labs. they were very limited in their movements. >> members of that w.h.o. team began to criticize some of the lack of data that they received. they began to question transparency from chinese counterparts. >> is the seafood market, traces of covid-19 were found on the floors, walls and surfaces. the w.h.o. team was told no live animals were being sold prior to the outbreak. that was despite images like these. >> cnn obtained this video filmed inside the market. images of the market from early

december taken by a concerned customer indicate it was apparently selling other live wild animals. >> we know animals were in fact sold there, live animals, which is something china denied. it clear animals like raccoon dogs are susceptible to these viruses and hosts were sold there. >> do you think it was an adequate investigation? >> i don't think they were fair and objective. they looked reasonably hard at one plausible hypothesis but really had ignored or brushed aside the other, the laboratory associated hypothesis. >> how much of the report was dedicated? >> i tallied up the page numbers. the total main report for the laboratory was about four pages out of 313. and in those four pages, the title of the section was conspiracy theories.

>> there is a lot of smoke here, no definitive flame but database goes down. no sharing of samples of these potential lab workers who got sickened. no forensic analysis of the lab. it starts to sound like there wasn't a really definitive investigation of the lab leak theory. >> i think that's right. there is not a definitive investigation of the lab leak theory. >> will there be? >> it needs to follow evidence. if there is definitive evidence, that needs to be investigated. there is none yet. >> part of the reason there is none is because information isn't being shared. >> right. if we want to see information shared from china about what went on in the lab, we need phase two to begin very rapidly. >> the chinese government has rejected a phase two of the world health organization study. and now even says the world should look to other countries for the origins of covid-19.

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likely it came from a bat. >> the question is why? was it because in that wet market they were seeing fried bats? it entered the human population by people eating fried bats or was there a laboratory working with a bat coronavirus that a lab worker or workers got sick and that's how i t entered the human population? >> are bats just carrying a lot of these viruss that aren't making them sick but could spill over to other animals including humans? >> that are a lot of viruses. they get it supporting a lot of the viruses in the body without getting harm. >> when a mysterious disease was

circulating wuhan in 2019, dr. shi zhen gli was the first to be alerted. >> she got a call from her boss who said drop whatever you're doing and get back to the lab right now. >> after all, shi is the director for the center of emerging infectious diseases at the wuhan institute of virology. >> she's given some of the greatest insights into coronavirus. she figured out where sars came fr from. >> 2002 and 2003 that's when the first sars outbreak swept across asia. the original sars infected $8,000 pe 8,000 people around the world. that's a 10% fatality rate but wasn't very contagious and spread only by people showing symptoms. within months, researchers trace that virus back to live animals

being sold as food as wet markets in southern china. >> the chinese government began slaughtering the animals that spread the disease. about 10,000 cats will be destroyed. >> how had it gotten into civic cats? where did the first sars actually originate? well, virus hunters like dr. she sank lee set out to test a theory sars one came from bats. >> in some cases they would crawl on their bellies to get through the tight crevices where the bats are. they collected lots and lots of bat samples and took these samples back to the lab. >> it would take almost a decade. remember that. nearly ten years to figure this out. but dr. shi zhen gli confirmed sars one in fact, started in

bats. now, by the time covid was first detected in 2019 the wuhan institute of virology was home to one of the largest virus samples in the world. >> she also worried because her lab is wuhan, is there a chance it could have come from our lab? >> within days, dr. shi's team is iden isolated the virus and sequenced it. >> they were able to determine it had never been in her lab and had nothing to do with the viruses in her lab before. >> does the data exist to say convincingly there weren't early ancestors in the lab? >> they have denied it and said they have tested all their bat samples they had in the freezers and none of them had sars covid 2 and done testing on the staff and none had anti bodies to sa

covi 2. >> the closest relative was ratg 13 was found in a horseshoe bat. the sample was taken by a team of researchers from the wuhan institute of virology. it was collected from a mine where six miners worked and got sick. some died. >> that was the closest relative of sarscovi 2. >> how close are we talking about here? >> 96% similar. sounds like a high number but in terms of virus evolution, that 4% difference takes decades.

their last common ancestor was probably out there in nature 30 or 40 years ago. >> she said there is a zero chance this came from her lab. what did you think of that? >> i'd like to see what made her think there was a zero chance it came from her lab. can you show me the data that substantiates your hypothesis of claim? >> dr. khan, fellow at the brode ips constitute challenged the widely accepted zoo theory going up against well established virv virologists in may of this year calling for an investigation to all possible origins. >> the first thing would be getting access to the database that's gone missing. >> the same missing pathogen database containing thousands of bat coronavirus entries that was

taken offline by w.i.v. in september of 2019. >> this is a database the mission was to collect all the viruses in the wild and use it to help prevent pandemics. so this is pandemic. why didn't they share that database with other scientists to figure out how dangerous this is and where did it come from? >> what is the status of that database now. have you been able now then as a member of this w.h.o. team or any capacity to look at that data? >> no. >> that sounds concerning, peter, if it is as serious and we're trying to be as thorough as possible, maybe it mounts to nothing but i think the fact that you still haven't seen that database, it's just going to raise a lot of eyebrows as we go forward. >> well, rightly so. i think china should be more open about the things that they've not released. but this is where politics comes into it and scientists come to the middle of it was

unfortunate. >> dr. shi zhen gli and others did not respond to requests for interviews for this documentary. coming up, lab safety concerns in wuhan. >> the experiments they did under the conditions they did them were risky. ♪ i had a dream that someday ♪ ♪ i would just fly, fly away ♪ this is how you become the best! [music: “you're the best” by joe esposito] [music: “you're the best” by joe esposito]

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why do you think there is such a renewed interest in the lab leak theory? >> there are sinecientists speag out that can't rule out the lab leak. >> he is one of them. he's also one of the world's top bat coronavirus researchers. his lab develops some of the most effective treatments for covid-19 and he has collaborated in the past with dr. shi zhengli. over the course of 2021, he has grown increasingly concerned about lab safety at the w.i.v. >> their papers indicate they do much of the work with these bat viruses under biological safety two conditions. >> there are four tiers of bio safety. bsl 1 is the lowest. bsl 2 pathogens with known

vaccines or measles can be worked on. lab coats and gloves are worn and it's performed under a hood. eye protection and face shields are optional. some critics have likened bsl 2 conditions to a dental office. >> there are many more laboratory accidents or laboratory acquired infections bsl 2 compared to bsl 3. >> while there is no international bsl standard, he says bsl 2 as far too risky. >> we do all of the research in our lab on bat related coronaviruses under biological safety three enhanced conditions. we wear portable air breathing apparatuses with suits so workers are protected from anything that might be in the laboratory. >> now, the wuhan institute of virology is best known for its world class bsl 4 lab which became fully operational in 2018.

those labs handle the most dangerous microbes with no known cures or treatments. >> this p 4 laboratory will mainly be used for research on infollowing infectious diseases and no medicines or vaccines. >> in the year it opened, u.s. diplomats visited the laps and ex expressed concerns. >> what u.s. diplomats told colleagues is if their lab accident happened at this lab, it could another outbreak of a bat coronavirus pandemic. >> that same year warning in part there was a lack of enough standards. seven already labs in wuhan handled bat coronaviruses. >> this is wuhan center for disease control this is one of

the labs in wuhan. >> it likely ever wise involved study of bats and coronaviruses. >> the studies i saw were the same in any country that i've worked in. >> dr. daniel arle anderson is last to train and work at the wuhan institute of virology bs 4 labs. when sleft wuhan in november of 2019, she had no inkling of the pandemic to come. no word of an illness spreading in wuhan. no rumors of sickened workers. in fact, she was planning to return in early 2020. >> you need to know the symptoms of that particular pathogen that you work with and if you experience any of those symptoms, they need to be reported. >> she spoke to us from australia where she now works at the doherty institute in melbourne. >> with the bsl 4 in particular, every day we have to take our temperature and blood pressure

and it's recorded in a logbook. also at w.i.v. which is not something done everywhere, before i ever step foot in the lab, i went to the hospital and had a blood sample taken and that was stored. >> dr. anderson worked on ebola in the bsl 4 labs and she attests to the high standards at that specific level. again, it's not the bsl 4 that concerns dr. barrick. it's bsl 2. >> the experiments they did were risky. >> they did not respond to interview request qs for thi docum documentary. >> that is correct. senator paul, you don't know what you're talking about. >> is this gain of function research? it happening at the wuhan institute of virology?

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nurtec can now treat and prevent migraines. don't take if allergic to nurtec. the most common side effects were nausea, stomach pain, and indigestion. ask your doctor about nurtec today. dr. fauci knowing it's a crime to lie to congress, do you wish to retract your statement they never founded research in wuhan. >> senator paul, i never lied to the congress. this paper you're referring to was judged by qualified staff up and down the chain as not being

gain of function. >> these exchanges seem to assert that u.s. taxpayer dollars, via the n.i.h. via your organization went to the wuhan institute of virology and funded gain of function research that may, not definitively but may have been a source of this pandemic. what do you say? >> plain not true. dr. fauci testified publicly under oath that that's not true and he's right. we didn't do work that run against any of the rules. >> and dr. francis collins helped to define those rules. let's be clear, there is no evidence that anything we funded did anything wrong. >> he's the long-time director of the national institutes of health. he's also dr. fauci's boss. >> there is no evidence that any gain of function research as we define it in the united states or as we have supported it played any role in this outbreak

of covid-19. >> gabe in of function research a complicated and controversial topic that rocked the community a decade ago. >> they have create a form of the deadly bird flu virus. >> the n.i.h. funded a dutch signtist that did something really wild. he engineered the avian flu virus to make it more airborne. >> when the virologiest revealed research, he called it quote probably one of the most dangerous viruses you can make. >> in the lab, a scientist took that flu virus and infeckcted ferrits. >> they trained it has been to be efficiently transmitted in mammals so that's scary. >> that bird flu work which was

partially funded by the n.i.h. sparked a debate that led to a 2014 moratorium by the obama administration. that pause was lifted in 2017. under new rules gain of function research was given a very specific definition. >> gain of function works with a potential pandemic pathogen in a way for humans that could enhance its transmissibility. is this sort of gain of function research, was it happening? >> they're working on bats sars like viruses that have never been shown. >> dr. shi told "the new york times" how they conducted experiments that enhance the viruses. >> some how they were trying to manipulate a virus that occurred

in nature to make it even more dang dangerous. >> the research and predicts the future. it wasn't to make viruses more dangerous. >> don't get too hung up on the strict definition here. at the core of this debate are do the benefits of this type of research out weigh any possible unforeseen or unusual risk? >> how close are you getting towards the very thing that we most fear? the highly transmissible, highly virueirulent like sars covi 2, virus that pandemic. >> where you take the spike protein another virus could that type of research be done in wuhan and potentially lead to a new pathogen?

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the report ordered on the orgaigins of covid are inconclusive. >> the chinese said they closed the door to any phase two of the w.h.o. investigation. >> beijing has accused the u.s. of politicizing the pandemic denying the possibility of a wuhan lab leak. >> the u.s. should invite w.h.o. experts to investigate fort detrick. >> chinese officials call for the world health organization to investigate a lab leak at the us ever u.s. army medical research institute in maryland backed by an aggressive social media campaign directed from beijing to be clear, there is zero evidence to support that notion. >> the politics have taken a

life of its own. >> covid-19 spoke to us from geneva. >> one of the things that keeps coming back to you want science, evidence, data, the database of bat coronaviruses was taken down and blood samples from workers at the lab they don't have access to those. they can't do a forensics examination of the lab but if they don't giver the most basic data, how is it science driven? >> we can't extract something we don't have access to. this is true for china and sarscovi 2 and the next one, as well. >> the next pandemic. according to every scientist we spoke to it's not a question of if, it's a question of when. and the w.h.o. says the newly formed scientific advisory group for the origins of novel pathogens may help them prepare for what is to come. >> the main purpose of this sago is to establish this over arching frame work for future

pathogens but for sarscovi 2, the first order of business for them is to evaluate where do we stand. >> if the lynch pin is whether or not china agrees is how does it work? >> we need clob ollaboration to into to a country. we don't have a choice. let's build something stronger for the future . without a doubt the hunt for covid's origins are a daunting task like trying to find a needle in a haystack. when it comes to a pandemic, the haystack is planet earth. discovering answers requires identifying and uncovering

microscope i clues. while we may never have a definitive answer, we keep searching in hopes we can be prepared for future pandemics. thanks for watching. good night . it was a normal friday to start with. you know, get the kids up. give them their breakfast. dillon went to the sandy hook school