were too -- [ laughter ] [ applause ] >> maybe we can get through lbj in that period. >> they put this terrible book out on me. >> stand by. >> makes him appear like a god damn animal. >> it's important to reflect and see what has been done because there's no better way to judge the future than by the past. >> it's been a half a century since lbj was in the oval office and remains this misunderstood

ening mattic figure. so people think he was a power hungry war monger. >> i was of draft age during the vietnam war so for me, linden johnson was the devil. >> the president is authorized to prevent aggression. >> nothing was beyond his capacity to do to get what he wanted. >> he lied to the american public. >> other people think he was the greatest civil rights president since abraham lincoln. >> liberals will praise this guy left and right. this guy was a racist, through and through. >> linden johnson was not a racist, he was a white senator. >> he was the best civilized president we ever had in america. in this century, three greatest politicians, theodore roosevelt, franklin roosevelt and linden johnson. >> obnoxious as hell, he's terrible.

>> he's a paradoxical figure and hard to pin down. >> what remains undeniable, this was one of the most consequential presidencies in american history. >> no president ever came to this office on a platform of doing what was wrong. >> in fort worth this morning, in drizzle rain, thousands gather outside the presidential hotel, hours before the kennedys come on. presidential party in texas. >> i was working for westhouse broadcasting company, election coming up in '64, this was '63 and the idea was make sure texas

is a kennedy state. >> presidents didn't quabble as much in those days to start with. when it was announced he was coming to texas it was a big deal. we were all so excited in fort worth. >> president kennedy wanted to come to texas to raise money. govern conny discouraged it. pres president kennedy wasn't very popular in texas. >> linden johnson was so well thought of in texas, had been senator before that. >> johnson didn't just dominate texas politics, he was texas politics. >> we left fort worth ahead of the president's air force one, landed in dallas around 11:30, johnson and i got off the plane, shook hands with a group that were there to see the president,

we moved back with the dignitaries, he came off the plane, happy and smiling. the fort worth experience that morning, ms. kennedy was radiant and looked charming and beautiful in the pink hat and pink suit. >> kennedy stepping in the car first, the president, they both in the back seat now. presidential car moving up. president and first lady head out for downtown dallas where thousands should already be on the street right now, awaiting for a view of the president and his wife. >> and then we got in the motorcade, drove downtown, i was on press bus number one, eight car lengths behind the presidential limousine. >> president's car now turning on to elm's street and a matter of minutes until he arrives at the street mart. >> at elm and houston street we

hear the shots. >> it appeared something has happened in the motorcade group. >> once we heard some sounds just almost instantaneously, the man jumped over the front seat and showed me the bottom of the lincoln, got on top of me, between his body and the crowd, one of them said let's get out of here quick. the next thing, we're on the way to the hospital, just almost shoved us into the room, first room we could come to down the corridor. there were shades in the room, cl closed it. sat there, endure that, had to wait to follow the reports that came in from time to time. >> i think that they told me the governor conley had been shot

and that the president was gone. >> i just totally lost it. my first thoughts when it happened was why did this have to happen in texas? i was embarrassed. it was horrible. it was tragic. but on top of that we didn't know what it meant. >> at the hospital we all were filing and as i was filing a white house official grabbed me by the suit from behind me and pulled me away from the telephone and said what the hell are you doing, he said we need you right now, come with me, police officer took the car 75 to 80 miles an hour to get to the airport because air force one was waiting for the press. i'm convinced that it was president johnson who told the assistant press secretary i want the press on that airplane.

he wanted it reported correctly, he didn't want any rumors, he wanted reporters there. >> saw all of his motions and passions, put in strict discipline, was very quiet and seemingly, very much in command of himself. >> he said does anybody in this plane know the oath about this? nobody did word for word about this precisely. said you'll have to call the attorney general and ask him. what enexcruciating call, attorney general was kennedy. >> about this time, colonel hughes comes on the airplane, then, kennedy on his left, coolest man on the airplane was linden johnson and he said to the federal judge, proceed. >> i do solemnly swear.

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like this but never been free of problems almost all my life and responsibilities. my knowledge of history, i knew what followed vice-presidents before. >> end of the oath, lbj turned and embraced mrs. kennedy and kissed mrs. johnson. he wanted us to get back to washington as soon as possible so johnson said let's get airborne. these democratic congressman started to move up and shake his hands and i saw president johnson's hands below his belt, couldn't see him on camera, but went like this. everything about, that he did on that airplane was directed toward mrs. kennedy. linden johnson had many wonderful days but that day in dallas he was magnificent.

>> i wanted to tell you what we were dealing with. >> i wanted to it he'll you that we were greefg with you. >> yes, thank you very much. >> linden johnson finds himself now being the president of the united states. and just sort of at a human level, it's hard to imagine what that must have felt like. but clearly, his leadership skills, his sense of direction and what needed to happen kicked in. it's like it was an innate sense for him. >> he knew that the country needed leadership. and he realized also that it was all in his hands at that point. >> i remember thinking, is this the beginning of world war iii? so that was the country when linden johnson became president.

that was the country he was dealing with. snoop this is a sad time for all people. we have suffered a loss that cannot be erased. i will do my best -- that is all i can do. i ask for your help, and god's. >> the thing that concerned me and those around me very much was trying to give the world a picture of civility and a confidence that we're not ruderless , we do have a person that the constitution provides shall succeed to the presidency and he has already succeeded and in the position to take whatever actions he needs to take to

protect the republic. >> there was a great activity that night, coming to see the president, we stayed with him until about 4:00 in the morning. >> the night of november 22nd that night he was up late, late, late in the night thinking about what the priorities were, what could we do, how could we bring this country together. how could we make it a better place? he wasn't going to wait for anything. >> ms. speaker, i can't sit sit, i've got to keep the government going. >> he was obsessive and wanted to get things done, no one outworked lbj, he once said i only think about politics 18 hours today. >> i don't have -- i have read a third of the stuff i need to

read until 2:00 in the morning. i got this speech, it's a mighty hard life, didn't tell me this kind of job would come as vice-president. >> it's going to get harder. >> an assassin's bullet has thrust upon me the awesome burden of the presidency. >> i think most of the historians who were anticipating the presidents who lyndon johnson felt that when we lost president kennedy, we lost an opportunity to move forward. we never felt that. >> following president kennedy's assassination, i met with dr.

king -- for the next three and a half hours, almost four hours, we discussed what was the meaning of the consequences of the assassination on a movement. in our discussion, you know, we never used these words, because it would be so cruel, but dialectically, we saw the assassination of kennedy as a god-given opportunity for us in civil rights. not that we wanted president kennedy assassinated, but we had to deal with the cards we had been dealt and we looked at those cards and said this is a reality now, we got a brave man from texas and if anybody can deal with these segregators it's most likely to be him and we had to take advantage of that. looking at your full financial picture. making sure you have the right balance of risk and reward.

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>> lyndon, hi, i did say one thing and i repeat it to you. i got to get used to t mr. president. >> what were you saying? >> the legacies that johnson had invested in the american people. >> thank you, i'm not worthy of t i'll try to be -- >> lbj was intensely aware that he came into the office under the cloak of tragedy.

lady bird johnson said she felt like people were looking at the living but wishing for the dead. >> there was always that sense that he was no john kennedy, and indeed, he wasn't. >> if there's anything i did that someone didn't approve of they would always feel president kennedy wouldn't have done that. my conduct in the office being contrasted with president kennedy's conflict. with my accent and his accent, with my background and his background. >> hill style was 180 degrees from john kennedy. kennedy was polishes, harvard, lbj was hill country. cowboy hat, boots. >> washington at that time was disproportionately influenced by ivy league believes and lbj was not from the ivy league nor ever elite.

>> he had never had to guess where lyndon johnson was coming from. he was coming from that growing up in the hill country of texas. >> little town in johnson city after my grandfather and his cousin, there was a headquarters at the ranch where they assembled their cattle. >> he came from nothing. no running water, no electricity. >> he had four siblings and he had a mother who thought he was absolutely perfect. she was the intellectual side and she valued education. she, herself, had a college degree. her husband, sam johnson, he was in the legislature, the texas legislature. >> he was also a farmer who has to depend upon nature for much of his success. >> his father went from rags to riches, to rags, to riches, to rags, and lbj, i think felt the

scorn in town when his father found himself to be poor. the stature of the johnsons fell overnight with the fall of cotton prices. >> he understood what it felt like to be poor. it was not an easy life. >> russ lyndon aged eight or 10 had a shoe shining job, put a job in the johnson city record caurier. >> he picked cotton until his fingers would bleed so he knew what it was like to have to sacrifice. >> all of my life, i have wanted to be a public servant. and my father ahead of me was and i grew up wanting to help people with their problems. >> he felt like he was judged by the ivy leaguers that dominated washington from where he was from, how he spoke, i think he

felt in his own mind he paled in comparison to them, yet he dominated them on any given day. that insecurity was, those were demons that roamed around lbj's consciousness at any given time. >> but he turned that to a positive. it drove him to try to do things no one else had achieved . >> we had read about his growing up in texas hill country. we put a lot of trust in that. believe it or not, most of us in the south had grown up with white people. and we were very comfortable with white southerners. the kennedys really knew nothing about race. not because they didn't like us or didn't agree. they really didn't understand segregation and didn't know how to deal with it and keep the south. up until that time, there was almost no civil rights legislation. the things that kennedy did, he did with executive orders and

that wasn't much. >> kennedy was reluctant to support civil rights because he didn't think it would pass congress and so he didn't think it was worth investing any political capital whatsoever. >> lyndon johnson knew all too well what was at stake. martin used to say look, nobody can blame me because i was born black, and i can't blame him because he was born white. what we can do something about though is the unjust relationship that exists between us. and i think lyndon johnson started off right after the assassination by making himself very accessible to dr. king. >> i won't tell you how grateful i am and how worthy i am trying to be involved in your hopes. >> well thank you very much, i'm so happy to hear that and i knew that have great spirit and have our support and backing.

we know what a difficult period it is. >> it's, just an impossible period. >> he hasn't yet figured out how yet to deal with president johnson. he said, you know, when you meet with president kennedy, he would ask questions for an hour. when you met with president johnson he would talk for an hour. one of the great tributes we can pay memory to president kennedy is try to enact some of the great progressive policies that he thought to initiate. >> well i want to support them all and you can count on that and i'm going to do my best to do other men to do likewise and need your all's help, never more than i do now. >> when johnson took over for kennedy, somehow he was able to see a path to the passage for civil rights legislation. automatically assumes the mantle

of the martyred president and says we will pass federal civil rights legislation as a tribute to john f. kennedy. >> no memorial or eulogy could more eloquently honor president kennedy's memory than the earliest possible passage of the civil rights bill for which he fell sure on. >> you haven't even been elected, got to run for re-election, and you want to take on civil rights which is, talk about stir the pot in the south. i mean that's like throwing a match on gasoline in the south. and as he said to his aides, what the hell is the presidency for if you're not going to do something bold while being here? ♪

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first thing he goes to get done is the civil rights act. people there at that time were all opposed to that. crazy. know into the '64 election, why were going to do that? he knew exactly what he was going to do. he'd been there 33, 35 years so he didn't come to the presidency and say what is my program going to be. >> i've been in washington 30 years come next year, first selected to congress when i was

28 in 1937. >> he came here as a young congressman during the depression. he made a name for himself because he was a when iirlwind, really affected the state of texas. >> lyndon had great achievements, one of the things that endured him to bring roosevelt was the dedication, hard work and bringing to rural texas. >> when he campaigned during the administration, many women came to hear him, one of the jobs the wives had, to pull water from the wells. these women, all day long, your back isn't going to last very long, get these crowds down there. we'll bring you the lights. bringing the lights meant bringing the electricity so they wouldn't have to bring that bucket. vote for me, and you won't look like your mother. you can't get more powerful.

>> the first politician i ever saw or had any consciousness of was lyndon johnson. that would have been 1948 he was running for the senate. i was 11 years old. we heard he was coming to the vacant lot where we played baseball in fort worth. it was a big event in the neighborhood because we heard he was coming in a helicopter and we had never seen a helicopter. >> he had a bull horn and would say to the loud speaker, come to the speaker at the football field. >> finally, the thing settled down, it landed there. and then he stepped out, he waved at everybody. he would sometimes make as many as 16 stops a day as he crossed texas in that helicopter. he was elected, that was when he was elected by 87 votes, you know, and they called it landslide lyndon. >> this is texas politics at the time and kind of the way the game was played. i think johnson won it

legitimately but i'm not completely certain of that. there are elements of that story that are tough for me to pin down. >> this was at a time in texas when stuffing a ballot box was a common practice. it simply meant that lbj stole better than his opponent. >> within that context of texas politics, that may not have been entirely a bad thing for johnson, you know, he'll do what it takes. he will play the game more ruthlessly than you will. >> lbj had been burnt in the 1941 senate race which was stolen from him. and by god, he wasn't going to let it. again. >> when i first met president johnson, 19 de59, he was the majority leader in the senate and i think at that time he was received or recognized as being a, the most knowledgeable, effective, impactful majority

leader the senate had ever had. >> johnson was a man who was capable of making congress begin to function during those eisenhower years. dare i say, congress would have been at a complete standstill if it hasn't been for johnson. >> i think it was pretty apparent in the 1950s that he was looking for a higher office. >> senator kennedy offered lbj the vice president diencephalon because he believed he, more than anyone, would be able to one, carry texas, and help him in the south and southwest. bobby kennedy came down to talk joh johnson into accepting the vice-president. >> no question, bobby saw the era as very apparent, johnson used to say sex and jealousy got

people to do more and nasty things than any two other factors and there was certainly jealousy there on bobby's part. >> nominated senator john f. kennedy for president of the united states, and for vice-president, senator ly lyndon b. johnson the party united against its candidates. >> i think had johnson not been on that ticket, jack kennedy would not have won that election, i don't think it could have happened. >> as vice-president, johnson is very much an outsider and not part of the camelot mystique at all and looked down on by the kennedy team. >> i would say that lyndon johnson was the most qualified vice-president, certainly in modern times. >> he's the only man who was a member of the house, a member of the senate, a minority leader, a majority leader, vice-president,

and a president of the united states. that is a wealth of experience. >> mr. president. >> all i can do about t all i will do is be a good president and try to save the country and i got my ideas about what has to be done. >> he wanted to be a great president and great presidents do big, bold things. he was an unelected president but that moment came and he moved. >> johnson was a man on a mission. >> lbj launches the great society. >> there are underlying confidences that yes, we can do great things. meanwhile, the tension in v vietnam rises. lbj continues on cnn. time is jut a construct. construct. construction. there is a crack. oh god are you kidding me?!

oh god... hi, aren't you tired of this? -yes! good days start with good nights. seems like a good time to find out about both. why are you talking like that? is this an ad? are we in an ad?

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>> do locked in behind the gates, you know, see the people, who can see them. i don't want to get fenced off and i want to break through, like a wild pony sometimes. >> lbj's is a very personal presidency. this man was desperately insecure at times and wanted the love and admiration of people and giving them things from the government, giving them things they didn't have before helped him to find that admiration. >> he's a complicated human being but one of the great dominating ideas of his life was to help people and as president of the united states, he wanted to help them as only a president can help them, by using the engine of government.

>> this administration declares unconditional war on poverty in america. >> it's on the one hand, incredibly bold, to declare war on anything, let alone poverty, which is a complicated intractable kind of a problem that very importantly, social scientists in 1964 don't really understand all that well. >> you saw how life could change on a dime, and that was part of the motivation for creating safety nets for folks so they didn't see a precipitous fall in their lives. >> said, you know, we got this war against poverty started he said i'd like you to consider running that for us. well, i'd tell you the truth of the matter, i didn't think about it very much. >> good morning, mr. president, how are you. >> i think it would be advisable

you don't mind if we can speak out with a couple of people. >> don't know, who the hell is going to do this, two weeks, they'll be shooting me with questions, already doing it. i will make it clear. >> our chief weapons in a more pin-pointed attack will be better suited, better held, in better homes, better training, and better job opportunities. all of these increased opportunities must be open to americans of every color. as far as federal law will run, we must abolish not some but all racial discrimination. >> johnson was, died in the world new deal democrat but didn't mean he would be a supporter of civil rights. >> after lyndon johnson the

biggest faker in the united states uphold the civil rights act, most phoniest candidates who came around. >> his own legislative record on civil rights was horrible, from the day he got into congress until the late 1950s. he voted against everything, certainly i sit here as an african american woman with grave discomfort to say the least about the legislation that he voted against. you know, antilynching legislation, i mean the things he voted against on his road to the presidency. >> he would follow along after the people like richard russell who was one of his mentors. >> richard russell was a mentor of towering stature among legislations in the south.

>> no one had more impact on me than you except my mother. >> he knew, you couldn't exercise political power unless you had it and the only way for lbj growing up in texas to get political power was to tow the line on segregation. >> you took great pride in the '57 civil rights act, the first legislation, between the states, would pass under his direction -- >> when he had served in the senate as majority leader, he was one of the architects of the 1957 civil rights bill. >> on the '57 civil rights bill, i don't think it would have been brought up had it not been from lyndon johnson, the fact he couldn't get 100% of what he wanted was just a part of congress at that time. >> i heard he was at one end of the clubroom talking to sam irvin and said sam, why don't you hold up this nigger bill pass, that was not the language you would employ later on, but

at that time he was down in the trenches with guys determined not to let a bill pass. >> civil rights bill of 1957 didn't do very much to secure na n african americans right. it did establish a civil rights commission that would study the problem and unite on distances of discrimination and that was not insignificant. >> it was the first indicator that lyndon johnson was, as a legislative matter, changing his tunes on civil rights. >> it is a moral issue, and it must be met by the passing in session of the bill now pending in the house. >> taking on civil rights in 1963, '64, was highly risky. we have to look at that period through the lens of the early '60s not through the lens of

2021 and quite frankly, in 2020, 2021, i think we still see the fault lines in significant ways but at that point, the south was the south of two different worlds. and there were people who fought with every breath in their body to maintain those two societies. >> drawing a line in the dirt, and forced draw before the feet of tyranny, and i say segregation now, segregation tomorrow, and segregation forever. >> the challenge in a democracy is to find a way to gather a majority on the right side of history will almost always, the congress is on the wrong side of history.

and we almost felt president johns was determined to be on the right side of history. >> was said about lbj he was a man who would not make waves unless he knew he owned the ocean. when lbj had the power, first at senate majority leader and then as president, he used that power to make a difference on civil rights. >> and so he called on the white house, the patriarch of the sent, his friend, mentor, richard russell of georgia. johnson leaned toward russell, he was apt to do, he said i love you and i owe you but i'm going to tell you something. i'm going to run over you if you challenge me on this civil rights bill. and russell listened, was quiet a minute and then said you may do just that. it's going to cost you the election, and it's going to cost you the south. johnson was silent for a moment and then he spoke. very, very quietly and he said, dick, if that's the price for this bill, i will gladly pay it.

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i recall senator russell made a speech early in my presidency. he said he knew i felt certain things deeply and he expected me

to move in certain areas and when i moved i would move with all the power that i had and put all my chips in. that's what we did in the '64 act. >> if richard russell was upset with you he could cause a lot of problems. it was a huge risk to take. most of his allies don't want to legislation period, and he's taking a huge chance in alienating his supporters where it's not clear if he can capture the democratic nomination in november. >> do you anticipate a filibuster when the civil rights bill eventually reaches the senate? do you think in order to pass it in the senate, the bill will have to be substantially trimmed? >> no, i do not believe it would have to be substantially trimmed, and yes, i expect a filibuster.

>> russell is leading the effort to pack back on the civil rights acts. holding a week long filibuster in the senate. >> to break the filibuster, johnson has to vote to closer. >> that was the vote in the senate to stop debate and to stop the filibuster, so this required 67 senators and if those 67 votes were not produced, then legislation would die in the senate. >> he's got roughly 40 democrats he thinks will go for cloture. now, we have to have the republicans and you can't do anything with southern democrats, and nobody can get to russell -- >> we would say the same to the call to the republican as to a democrat under his belief that he needed all of the votes. >> he works with the minority leader from the republicans, everett dirksen. >> he said you know that bill can't pass unless you get up to

dirksen, you have to let him have a piece of the action. he has to look good all the time. >> don't you think that i am going to be pawning republicans around. >> lyndon johnson had the reputation of being a great manipulator. he could work his magic in the congress. >> if there was anything to know about a person, somehow or another lyndon johnson knew it. >> names of children, grandchildren, names of their wives and maybe mistresses. >> if you had a drink or had been out to a nightclub, he knew it. >> he was not afraid to use the knowledge. >> it was absolutely astounding to see it at work. >> they say i am an arm twister, but i can't make a southerner change his spots any more than i can make a leopard change.

>> he always said we may have lost their vote today. we will need it tomorrow. he was tremendously bipartisan. >> we don't want this to be a democratic bill, we want it to be an american bill. >> yes, sir, as i see it now, we have 68 votes. >> how many of those are democrat? >> 42. >> you think cloture is decided now, don't you? >> looks that way. it would be just a miracle getting this bill. who would have thought a year ago we would get this bill. >> do you believe it means the civil rights bill? >> we are not ready to surrender, and we feel this bill is a perversion of the american way of life.

>> my fellow americans, i am about to sign into law a civil rights act of 1964. >> only a southern president could have shepherd that bill, only the former master of the senate could shepherd that bill. >> i think it would have been easier for southerners to oppose a civil rights bill introduced by a northern liberal. >> the civil rights act is the big one, because kennedy had pursued it and not been able to break through that southern wall. johnson had a tremendous historical accomplishment and one that sets him apart as an effective president in his own right. >> what's the sense of being a political leader from the south and having political power if you don't use it? >> it's probably the most important civil rights legislation passed since reconstruction.

the civil rights act ended discrimination in public accommodations, and it mandated nondiscrimination in employment. it dramatically transformed life in the south. >> it was monumental. monumental. >> the airways were full of discussions about how unprecedented this was and historic, and yet he was depressed. i asked him why. i said, what's wrong? he said i think we just delivered the south to the republican party for the rest of my life and yours. >> lbj doubles down on the war in vietnam. >> i accept your nomination. >> something big is brewing.

>> selma did everything to keep people from voting. king said we have to get the president some power. >> so we had bloody sunday. >> people couldn't turn away anymore. the presidential car moving out. it appears as though something has happened in the motorcade -- >> lbj was intensely aware that he came into the office under the cloak of tragedy. >> he assumes office and the first thing he goes to get done is the civil rights act. >> in the south that's like throwing a match on gasoline. >> the airways were full of discussions about how unprecedented this was and yet he was depressed, and he said i think we just delivered the south to