>> announcer: the following is a cnn special report. ♪ president after president, our partnership is important to both our nations. >> decade after decade. >> extraordinary friendship and relationship. >> america has always returned. >> u.s. presidents have to varying agrees been willing to pander to saudi arabia. >> to the arms of an old friend, the kingdom of saudi arabia.

>> a president who vowed to be different. >> president biden is about to kiss the ring. >> remarkable. >> it's going to be awkward. >> is now just another patron of a prince. paying a visit to a country he once called a -- a dictator renown for a very brutal act. >> brought a bone saw into the -- >> chopped up into small pieces. >> why would you bring a bone saw to an interrogation. >> who was at the same time a reformer. >> this man is extremely popular. >> revolution nicing his nation. >> a new era. >> the kingdom's power lies under the dessert sands. >> just keep your pumps open, your prices low, and you can do

whatever you want out back. >> liquid gold. oil. is america betraying its values? or swhrewdly coming to terms wih reality. to understand this relationship, you need to understand the very unusual country that is saudi arabia. good evening. i'm fareed . this dark kingdom that spawned osama bin laden that for years formed to most extreme of islam is now in the midst of a striking transformation. likely caves. american pop stars performed to

sold-out crowds. some of the world's best golfers are leaving the pga to join the saudi tour. all of this even as the world cannot forget the gruesome murder of washington post journalist. the cia says the killing was ordered by the crowned prince of saudi arabia himself. yet at this moment, that prince mbs is playing the gracious host to the president of the united states. joe biden once called saudi arabia out. now he's trying to make an alley. one whose story is taking a dramatic turn. in saudi arabia, almost nothing is what it seems. to find the real story here, you have to go beneath the surface. about one mile beneath to be

precise. there's more oil in saudi arabia than almost anywhere else on earth. when oil was first discovered, legend has it the king said, cap the well. too much money brings trouble. then, he got over it. ♪ money, money, money, money ♪ >> oil brought with it fantastic wealth. >> they make a billion dollars a day. >> this is the prince's palace. 317 rooms. >> there are thousands of saudi princes. they blow gigantic sums all over the world. ♪ from sun up, sun down ♪ >> we counted at least seven huge saudi yachts. >> oil money buys million-dollar

prizes for camel races. and expensive cars you can crash for fun. but most importantly, oil carved a country out of the dessert. modern cities spring out of the sand in just decades. there's only one other force as powerful as oil in saudi arabia. religion. saudis practice the most extreme form of islam in the world. >> article one of the basic law of saudi arabia says that the sings of the profit are the constitution of this country. >> sharia is the only law.

women often rendered virtually invisible. black ghosts. >> domination. men have dominated women. there's this sense that any mixing between men and women is fraught with the potential for evil to happen. >> historically, women had the status of children. by law, their husbands or fathers were their guardians. some gave men a free hand to beat women. muhammad counselled men on the right way to hit their wives. likely with the hand, he says, and not in the face. if the beating did not keep a wife in line, men could download a government app that was used for wife tracking. among other functions, it could send out a text alert if a wife headed for the airport or the

border. >> testosterone is a dangerous drug. this view of women has both children and as chaotic sexual beings. >> the app is called -- your wish is my demand. some men might have needed more than one app because they had more than one wife. there are reportedly more than a million saudis in polygamist marriages. there are no churches in saudi arabia. christians pray in secret. >> we have secret churches there. house churches. >> practicing christianity is against saudi arabia's version of islamic law, so is every other religion. >> it is a tough place to be a christian. >> even tougher to be jewish. we must kill all the jews said the so-called religious scholar.

textbooks published in 2018 taught that the jews are cowardly, dooefs. another evil in saudi arabia was music. movies were considers evil too. and if you complained publicly about any of it, any government structure, you could be arrested. throws of the government have been tortured, even beheaded. for decades, saudi arabia has lived a bizarre double life. fabulously rich, drenched in oil, it was at the same time hand cuffed for years by extremist islam. the saudis have been deeply conflicted, but so are we

because their story is intertwined with ours. the closest alley of this strange dessert kingdom has been america, one of the world's most open democracies where freedom of religion is enshrined in the constitution. why? new york times thomas freeman put it succinctly. >> just keep your pumps open, your prices low, and don't both them too much, and you can do whatever you want out back. >> outback, that's where you would find the extremist rhetoric, the crazy, the hate red of other religions. >> it is my view that on 9/11, we got hit with the distilled essence of everything that was going on outback. >> osama bin laden and 15 of the

9/11 hijackers were all saudis. more isis soldiers came from saudi than anywhere else in the middle east. for years, america has been desperate for a new day in saudi arabia. >> coming to the stage, ladies and gentlemen, his royal. >> enter, the crown prince. he's unlike any saudi ruler the world has seen before. mbs as he's called effectively took over from his father five years ago. almost immediately, everything in saudi arabia seemed to change. >> right away, he looks like a breath of fresh air, and he's forceful. ♪ and then a hero comes along ♪

>> remember, music was evil and forbidden. but then, mariah carey performed. after her came a parade of stars. ♪ i miss you more than life ♪ >> among them, justin bieber and the black eyed peas. >> he was beginning to do something i hadn't seen from any saudi leader ever. >> his reforms inside saudi arabia had been revolutionary. >> he says, i'm not going to leave this life until i see the entire middle east in the first rank of nations. >> movies were forboden, but then the crowned prince himself opened a movie theater. >> don't freeze. >> i never freeze. >> watching black panther were men and women sitting together. that is a dramatic change for

this country. >> this man is extremely popular. >> here it is, ladies and gentlemen. it's here. it's in front of you. amc is here. >> we've just begun to actually fight the war of ideas. >> hi! >> women were finally allowed to drive. and some of the guardian laws that treated them like children were repealed. mbs stripped the dreaded religious beliefs of much of their power. he arrested some of the crazy clericks, including the advice of the wife beater. and remember the clerk who talked about killing the jews? the crowned prince is now talking about recognizing the state of israel. saudi arabia is changing. but even as it does, there is something else going on.

>> massive purge of princes all arrested by a man who would be king. >> early in his reign, mbs imprisoned hundreds of princes and wealthy business men and the ritz carlton of all places. >> we drive in under police escort. >> it was called a crackdown on corruption. >> no one enters here now without official permission. >> what appeared to be cell phone video emerged showing a chaotic scene in one of the world's fanciest hotels. the. >> it was a shake down power play of all his potential rivals. i think it was about control. >> there were reports of torture and one death, which the government denied. meanwhile, even as mbs eventually gave women the right to drive, saudis arrested the leaders of the right to drive movement. again, there are credible reports that some of the women

were tortured. >> this is an authoritarian absolute monarchy. >> the truth about mbs was beginning to emerge, and it was a complicated picture. >> you had a young, 29 years old when he became deputy crowned prince. very impulsive, not very experienced young man who had some very dangerous, dark impulses. >> u.s. officials usually weigh in when they go off course. >> they need us to draw red lines. >> donald trump drew no lines. like other presidents before him, he fanned the friendship because of oil. >> if you want to see oil prices go to $150 a barrel, all you have to do is break up our relationship with saudi arabia. >> but unlike previous presidents, trump never questioned any saudi action. >> what they've all needed

always over the years was to be able to say to their cabinet or advisers, i would love to do that crazy thing you want to do. my heart's with you, but the secretary of state broke my arm. if we don't play that role, these guys will drive right over the cliff. and that's exactly what happened. >> that cliff was of course the murder of the washington columnist. >> an international murder investigation pinning the u.s. against its national alley, saudi arabia. >> it began in the dead of night. a private saudi plane landed in its terminal. >> they say assassins waiting for him inside. >> a saudi journalist and a writer of the washington post. >> he is creating an environment of intimidation and fear. >> he was well-connected with ties to some senior royals. he had been treated well before.

so at the appointed time, he went inside. what follows is from an audio tape described to cnn. >> within moments of his faithful steps in, he recognizes someone. >> a former intelligence official close to the crowned prince. he tells him, you are coming back. he says, you can't do that. and then, he's attacked. there are screams. his last words, i can't breathe. then, the sound of a saw. >> turkish officials say his body was cut up with a bone saw. >> his body was dim membered, chopped up into small pieces. >> a saudi autopsy expert tells the men, put on headphones and listen to music, presumably to down out the sound of the saw.

a look alike can be seen leaving. >> same clothes, same glasses and beard, everything except the shoes. >> saudi araub i can't denies knowing anything about his disappearance. >> as details began to emerge, the saudis said, a fight had broken out. >> the official saudi explanation that his death was a result of a fist fight gone bad has been deemed laughable. >> finally, the saudi government settled on one word, rogue. it was a rogue operation. >> the saudi foreign minister told fox news that this was a rogue operation. >> rogue elements may have been involved. >> they're going to say he was killed by rogue operatives. >> sounds to me like maybe this could have been rogue killers. who knows. >> the cia said it believes mbs was involved with the murder. >> mbs, the crowned prince, is a

wrecking ball. i think he's complicit in the murder to the highest level possible. i think he's crazy. i think he is dangerous. >> trump appeared unconvinced. >> whether he did or whether he didn't, he denies it. >> i would really question somebody's judgment if they couldn't figure this out. >> it was an example of sometimes elements of the bureaucracy going rogue. >> ali shihabi used to act as an intelligence. they say he was murdered on the instructions of the crowned prince and an elite team close to the crowned prince went with the purpose to doing him harm. >> there were so many cheaper and easier ways to do it. he was a friend of the royal family. he was an insider. >> he was a prominent person.

he was a prominent player. everybody has their enemies. there simply isn't a piece of evidence. >> he says there is a smoking gun. it's just a smoking bone saw, not a gun. the washington post editorial page puts it very simply. if this was meant to be an interrogation that went rogue, why would you bring a bone saw to an interrogation? >> well, first of all, nobody has shown us that bone saw. >> how was he dismembered? >> i think -- i mean, again, not to get gruesome, but i saw an interview on television with a doctor that said any saw could dismember a human being. >> why did they bring any saw? >> he was killed, and it seems like he was dismembered and the body was disposed of. it's a tragic horrible event. but you cannot put the stability of a country or the strategic relationship between the united states of america and saudi arabia hostage to the unfortunate death of one

individual. >> it's a question that has haunted the united states for years. does alying with saudi arabia come at too high a price? still ahead, the biggest u.s. saudi crisis, 9/11. why did bin laden hate america so much? the little known story when we come back. ♪ age before beauty? why not both? visibly diminish wrinkled skin in just two days. new crepe corrector lotion only from gold bond. champion your skin. dad, when is the future? um, oh wow. um, the future is, uh, what's ahead of us. i don't get it. yeah.

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>> in 1996, in a dramatic front of the muslim war, osama bin laden declared war on the united

states. these youths are steadfast at war. they will sing out that there is only killing . 15 of the 19 hijackers on 9/11 were from one country, saudi arabia. the man who led them, was from saudi arabia. isis and other terrorist groups killing americans have been filled with recruits from saudi arabia. how did one of america's closest allies become the home of its most bitter enemies?

to understand, we have to go back almost 300 years. to the 1700s. two men formed an alliance in the arabian dessert. a clerk and a warrior, the saudi royal family. he and his followers were the isis of their time. preaching strict adherence to the koran on pain of death. th their puritinical faith dominated saudi arabia for year. >> authorities have executed -- >> it starts from a principal that i as a muslim can determine if another muslim is a good

muslim, and if they are not, they're subject to the most drastic penalties, including death. it was only a minor sector of islam for much of its history. the muslim world was shaped far more by far much more diverse associates like egypt. then, saudi arabia struck oil. with mountains of cash, the kingdom eclipsed other muslim nations and spread its version of the faith everywhere. >> what oil money did was finance the building of islamic centers, mosques, putting conditions that ensure that had their exclusive ideas alone would be taught in those mosques. >> but in 1979, wohabism turned on itself. >> today seized the great mosque

in saudidy arabia and took hostages. >> the attackers were extreme religious conservatives. they were appalled by the unholy westernization that they had rocked. >> they broadcast their messages that the saudi family are drunkards, gamblers, people who had taken islam away from the faith. >> after two weeks, they were captured and beheaded. that same year, an islamic revolution swept through iran. >> a tearful shaw of iran left his country today. >> launching the rise of iran's puritanical islam, the rising faith of the saudis.

they panics and gave more power to the wohabies to run the kingdom their way. >> no more cinema. women could not appear on tv uncovered. >> nor music in schools. they basically banned fun. >> at the end of 1979, the soviet union invaded afghanistan. a godless superpower had taken over a muslim nation. this gave the saudis a golden opportunity. >> it was a gift from heaven to people in saudi arabia. they looked into these islamists' eyes and they said, why don't you go find the infidels who just invaded afghanistan?

>> one of the men who answered the call was osama bin laden. >> bin laden was always a true believer. he really believed in all these ideals taught to him by wohaby schools early on in his childhood in saudi arabia. >> bin laden's father had been a construction magnet with close ties to the king. but osama bin laden gave up his life of comfort and moved to afghanistan, forming a rag tag army of foreign mercenaries from across the arabic and islamic world. in the late 80s, the group was given a name, al qaeda. in 1990, a new enemy caught bin laden's eye. >> more than 400,000 u.s. troops in operation dessert shield.

>> half a million american troops came to saudi arabia to defend against sadam hussain. he had taken over and was poised to strike the kingdom. the presence of u.s. soldiers saved the kingdom, but it infuriated the wohabies. he encouraged the army to fight himself with his own army. they brushed him off. >> osama bin laden was furious. he thought that this is the unholiest thing anybody can do, bringing the infidels to the arabian peninsula. >> in 1996, with american troops still in the kingdom, osama bin

laden issued a -- terrorizing you while you are carrying arms in our land is a moral obligation, he declared to the americans. >> outrage, shock, and heavy loss of life. >> thus began the road to 9/11. >> terrorist bombs explode minutes apart. >> bombings at u.s. embassies in africa killed hundreds and wounded over 5,000. the uss coal attack in yemen nearly sunk a destroyer, killing 17. and in 2001, bin laden's gre greatest triumph. saudi arabia had created a monster. after 9/11, the monster turned against its homeland. >> the focus once again is squarely on al qaeda.

>> mounting a deadly offensive inside the kingdom. it mounted a vicious counterattack. >> they began systematically to find and go after al qaeda's cell in the kingdom. >> this man took dramatic measures to curb the saudi influence. but the ideology of wohabism is still alive across the world. >> the narrative that you have to behead and kill anyone who doesn't believe in what you believe, the narrative you have to blow up mosques and tombs, the narrative that anyone who's not a muslim does not have any rights, not even the right to live. this is taken from textbooks in saudi arabia. up next, why --

>> u.s. presidents have two varying degrees been willing to pandor to saudi arabia. >> why does this troubled relationship endure? the liquid gold that is the bond between america and saudi arabia, oil. (woman vo) sailing a great river past extraordinary landscapes into the heart of iconic cities is a journey for the curious traveler, one that many have yet to discover. exploring with viking brings you closer to the world,

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if you want to see oil prices go to $150 a barrel, which by the way, russia would love to see that, all you have to do is break up our relationship with saudi arabia. >> the truth is, donald trump is mostly right. saudi arabia, more than any single country, controls is price of oil. they have lots of it, and it's easy for them to turn the taps

on and off. >> that fear that the leader of the saudi arabia or leader of the opec alliance of the united states could at any time turn off the oil, hits. >> and that fear endures even as america approaches oil independence because they still set the global price. in fact, the saudis have usually behaved responsibly in their role as the central bankers of oil. >> oil and saudi arabia were synonymous. >> to understand how and why the u.s./saudi bond has endured for almost a century, we need to go back to how it began. in 1938, american oil men offered the saudi king $170,000 in gold to let them drill for oil. >> the arabs were suspicious of

these thank newcomers. >> the king was reluctant, but they needed the money, so the search began. >> the geological crews combed the dessert month after month searching for places most likely to yield petroleum. >> finally, they found it. by the early 1940s, it was clear. saudi arabia was an oil bonanza. >> about a thousand americans -- >> the u.s. and saudis formed a company to share the profits. the arab-american oil company. at the time, america was having big problems at home, world war ii had severely depleted domestic supplies. so it was probably no accident

that in 1945, president franklin roosevelt invited the king to a meeting in the middle of the suex command. >> king of the 5 million people of saudi arabia. >> the two leaders hit it off. it was that friendship that cemented the saudi/american oil venture. as it grew, american oil executives built an efficient well-run, literal america inside saudi arabia. >> slowly, painfully, they reared a modern community in the dessert complete with air conditioned houses, two hospitals, and an outdoor movie theater. >> all of it, though, was behind walls, because it represented a culture completely alien to the strict islamic practices of the

saudis. >> always popular is the fresh swimming pool where they can cool off after a round of golf of a set of tennis. >> the saudi/american alliance grew stronger through the years. there was always one sticking point, america's support for israel. that difference turned to a crisis in the 1970s. >> since first light this morning, artillery has been bombarding. >> during the war, the saudis protested american aid to israel and then led an oil embargo against america. >> they will reduce oil production by 5% a month until the israelis withdraw from occupied territory. >> it plunged the united states into a recession. people had to wait for hours to fill their tanks and pay sky-high prices for gas. it was the first major crisis between the two countries.

today, that crisis has been resolved. saudi arabia and israel are beginning to look like pals, joined together by a common enemy, iran. the new geopolitics of the east has brought the monarchies of the gulf together with israel. many have even recognized israel. saudi arabia might actually follow suit, which would be a huge event. a land of the two holy mosques finally accepting the reality of the jewish state in its neighborhood.

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the king of saudi arabia is 86 years old. it might sometimes seem that the saudi king is always quite old. >> everybody who governed that country was uncharismatic. >> you see, succession in the kingdom has followed a pattern. the modern man of the kingdom had 45 son. when one died, the next oldest brother took his place. but five years ago, king salman shook up this established ritual. after an interim choice, he installed his crowned prince,

his then 31-year-old son. >> saudi arabia has a new heir to the throne. >> a royal shakeup in the house. >> mbs was an obscure young royal known to almost no one outside saudi arabia. now, he is poised to succeed his ailing father and rule the kingdom for half a century if his health and the monarchy hold out. >> this is somebody with a great deal of ambition and who has the complete support and faith of his father. >> when mbs rocketed to power, he began to shake things up almost right away. the old saudi system seemed ancient with senior royals running like dukes. mbs put an end to that, replacing princes with people loyal to him.

we've talked about his dramatic social reforms. >> a royal decree has been issued giving women the right to drive. >> and we've talked about his harsh treatment of some of those who advocated for those reform. >> rights groups say women activists have been subjected to torture and assault. >> even as these abuses continue -- >> if the reformer didn't exist, the saudi system would have to invent him. oil is running out, their population is going up, there's no time to waste. >> while skyrocketing oil prices drive saudi arabia's fastest growth in a decade, the prince is forming economic reforms that expand the country's reach beyond oil. >> what the saudis want to do is

liberate themselves from dependence on oil and have an industrialized economy like the countries of the developed west. >> it is urgent because its young population is rapidly growing. >> in order to get wealthy, they just had to drill the ground instead of drilling in and locking their people. and their energy and creativity. >> the crowned prince wants to get more saudis to work can be and in the private sector, especially women. >> women in saudi arabia are hungry. they want opportunity because they're looking for any opportunity to actually do something. >> his economic plan is called vision 2030. >> they're looking at other ways to diversify their economy. one of the natural ones is tourism. >> the plans crowned jewel is a futuristic $500 billion

entertainment city in the dessert. it all seemed to be moving forward, but then came the murder of the journalist. mbs lost some key business partners. now a few years later, the majority of foreign businesses seemed to have moved on. they're running to saudi arabia with open arms. and while the u.s. remains angry, at home, support for mbs, particularly among young people, is surging. one more factor that may keep mbs in power is nationalism. >> people have this sense of belonging to the state because they are saudis, not because they have a particular way of understanding islam. >> before mbs, saudi foreign

policy had been quiet, even docile. projected against an arch enemy, iran. >> you call the new hitler of the middle east. >> absolutely. >> when saudi arabia went to war against iran backed rebels in ye yemen, the conflict spiralled into a humanitarian catastrophe. >> outside of kabul internal airport, chaos reigns. >> as america's commitment to the region began to change, mbs was rewriting the kingdom's foreign policy. >> translator: all that we ask for is to have a good and distinguished relationship with iran. >> a fragile cease fire halted the fighting in yemen. even more radical, glimmers of a

detente with israel after mbs called the jewish state a potential ally. mohammed bin salman is a young man in a hurry. he has thrown so many balls in the air, foreign policy, domestic reform, economic liberalization. >> he is the best hope for the kind of reforms of the government and the economy and the society that we want and most saudis want. but at the same time he is the greatest impediment right now between washington and riyadh. >> as another energy creisis batters america and president biden heads to the region, can this balance continue to work? i'll give you my thoughts when we return.

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let me begin this brief commentary on a personal note. i knew jamal kashoggi. 18 years ago when i traveled to saudi arabia to write a cover story for newsweek, he was one of the people who briefed me and then spent some time with me while i was in that country. >> we have with us jamal kashoggi. >> i had a television show on pbs before i got to cnn. i invited him onto talk about the future of his country.

>> the next maybe women will be able to drive. >> he was well read and thoughtful, a saudi reformer, very much a saudi patriot. i reacted to his death personally, viscerally with a sense of horror and disgust, but also a great sadness for the loss of a friend. but i've tried to keep in mind some larger factors when thinking about where the united states should go in its overall relationship with saudi arabia. that relationship between washington and riyadh is often presented as a tradeoff between human rights and real publics. but it's more complex. first, washington does not have the power to choose who will rule saudi arabia. the kingdom is a strange country with three distinct features, tribes, religion and oil, all interacting in complex ways. the ruling family has been able to maintain power for so long because it has managed and

manipulated the system very effectively. and if mohammed bin salman were somehow toppled, the most likely outcome is the return of a conservative traditional element to saudi government. there are very few jeffersonian democrats out there in the kingdom. the fact remains that mbs has done more reform in saudi arabia in the past two years that took place in the previous several decades. saudi arabia today is a different country. yet it is also true that mbs punishes dissent, sometimes savagely. he's pursued a foreign policy that is at times reckless and fuels the conflict that is causing so much turmoil in the middle east. the biden administration needs help lowering the price of oil. so now it comes to a saudi arabia that is rich and emboldened, but in reality the two countries should find a broader way to effect the

reconciliation that is geared at bringing greater stability to the middle east. that means ending the war many yemen, dampening sectarian divides, creating a better working relationship between iran and saudi arabia and finally integrating israel into the region fully. the states of the middle east are going to be flush with money for years to come as energy prices are likely to stay high. the challenge will be to put this money to good use not just by buying fancy western goods, but by investing to create a middle east that becomes once again one of the centers of knowledge, learning and culture in the world. if washington can convince mohammed bin salman that the best way to redeem his reputation is to demonstrate his ability to truly transform his country and the region, then perhaps something good can come out of the brutal murder of jamal. it will never justify it, nothing can.

but it might ensure that my friend did not die in vain. thank you for watching. i'm fareed zakaria. ♪ ♪ good evening. a rush of new information to report tonight on the january 6th investigation, starting with those missing secret service text messages dating from january 6th and january 5th. we've learned the january 6th committee wants to meet with officials from the secret service. today they were briefed by the inspector general who oversees the agency. a source familiar with the briefing says the inspector general made a number of allegations including telling the committee that the secret service did not conduct its own after action review about the january 6th attack. instead, the seras