♪ this is a special edition of gps, the global public square. the fall of kabul, one year later. welcome to all of you in the united states and around the world. i'm fareed zakaria coming to you from new york. >> the tan balance has taken over afghanistan.

seizing control of kabul with hardly a shot fired. >> on the program -- >> the entire u.s. military effort is collapsing. >> the embassy has been completely evacuated. >> it has been a year since the fall of kabul. >> sheer desperation. >> afghans trying desperately to board outgoing flights. >> a year since then-president ghani fled afghanistan. for a year he has been virtually invisible. >> what a difference 24 hours made. >> today, we will hear from him directly. why he left so hastily. >> had no plans to flee. >> whether he took tens of millions of dollars with him. >> this is part of a disinformation campaign. >> and why he wants to go back to his country. >> the place that every cell of my body belongs. >> it's an exclusive that you will not want to miss.

>> but first, here's my take. on august 16th, 2021, the special inspector general for afghanistan reconstruction released a report, what we need to learn, lessons from 20 years of afghanistan reconstruction. it got overtaken by the news just the day before the afghan government had collapsed and the taliban sieged power. but one year later, it's a document based on 13 years of work and 170 interviews worth studying carefully. the u.s. government has now spent 20 years and $145 billion trying to rebuild afghanistan. it added up all the other costs, including $837 billion war

fighting, 3,587 u.s. and allied troops dead, and no fewer than 66,000 afghan troops dead. but it notes, if the goal was to rebuild and leave behind a country that can sustain itself and pose little threat to u.s. national security interests, the overall picture is bleak. why? what explains how so much energy, effort, blood, and treasure yielded so little? the report lists many reasons, incoherent strategy, lack of patience, unrealistic expectations, insufficient monitoring, all of which shine a light on specific failures. one of the report's conclusions for example is that u.s. goals were often contradictory. it pumped billions of dollars into the economy while at the same time trying to end corruption. it wanted to weaken war lords

and would also rely on them when it wanted to establish security quickly. it wanted to end opium production but not take away farmers' incomes. but these do not feel like they get to the core of the problem. after the defeat in 2001, the taliban regrouped and steadily regained ground from approximately 2,500 onwards. the enemy rose from about 2,300 in 2005 to almost 23,000 in 2009 and never dropped below 21,000 since then despite various changes in u.s. strategies and tactics and troop levels. a civilian adviser to the military wrote a book, which i believe comes closest to providing an overarching explanation. the taliban exemplified something that inspired, something that made them

powerful in battle, something closely tied to what it meant to be afghan. they fought for values enshrined with afghan identity, aligned with foreign occupiers, the government mustered no similar inspiration. america was the outsider of a war in afghanistan, and the new afghan government was never able to gain the legitimacy as needed. both charges were true. when a government has internal legitimacy, think of ukraine today, foreigners can help it effectively. but when it lacks internal strength and support, outside help often weakens its credibility. to that, one can add all kinds of other important reasons the taliban had sanctuary in pakistan. hiss corically, it has been

virtually impossible to defeat a well-armed insurgency that has a safe haven in a neighboring country. americans don't understand foreign cultures. u.s. agencies sometimes worked at cross purposes with one other and so on. but there is another important lesson for america, the danger of not looking at reality carefully and succumbing to group think. for so long, they think of afghan as the good war. people were invested in believing it was working, and many blinded themselves to evidence that it wasn't. the military is often very clear-eyed about a conflict, but once given a task, it will provide a streak of reports that prove it is succeeding. in vietnam, it was body counts of the enemy dead. in afghanistan, it was the

growing numbers of the afghan national army, which turned out to be massively inflated. for all the flaus in the withdraw, joe biden was one of the people who was willing to ask uncomfortable questions and a look beyond the happy talk. in an intelligent essay in the atlantic, daniel -- takes stock of the war and argues that afghan's mistake in afghan was a lack of commitment. there was clearly an ebb and flow in america's support, but it is worth noting that america stayed fighting in afghanistan longer than the the british did in all three afghan wars combined. it stayed twice as long as the soviet union did. in elliott's new book, the fifth act, america's end in afghanistan, he notes that everything america built in afghanistan was made of plywood,

a metaphor for our hesitation about the mission. contrast that with the british who would arrive in a country and quickly build stone monuments to symbolize their enduring empire. while i suspect that america will always be ambivalent, we'll always be the plywood imperialists. go to cnn.com/fareed for a link to my washington post column this week, and let's get started. ♪ on august 11 of last year, the pentagon was telling reporters that kabul might fall in 90 days. four days later, the city fell.

the sudden collapse of the afghan capital, and thus the whole country stunned the world. a u.s. government report tells us that as the taliban was taking control of the city on the afternoon of the 15th, helicopters prepared to carry ashraf ghani and his wife to safety but fearing he would be executed if he didn't part with them, they convinced the president to get on a helicopter too. they ended up making an unauthorized landing in uzbekistan where security met them with weapons drawn and asked them to leave. rumors have swirled about ghani and his escape. today we will get answers in an exclusive interview. ghani spoke to me from the uae. i was in new york. president ghani, pleasure to have you on the show. >> thank you for having me.

>> people around the world are wondering why you decided to leave in may 2021. just months earlier, you gave an interview in which you said, and i'm going to quote you, no power in the world could persuade me to get on a plane and leave this country. it is a country i love, and i will die defending it. but you did get on a plane and leave the country. why? >> i did get on a plane because it became impossible to protect it. all the presidential protection force, militant and civilian, the minister of defense had left. i was ready to go to minister of defense because he had called me that kabul could not be defended, and i said, i'm going to come to the ministry. the ministry was empty. he was on a plane. i was the last to leave. and the reason i left was because i did not want to give

the taliban and their supporters the pleasure of humiliating an afghan president and making him sign over the legitimacy of the government. i have never been afraid. you have seen repeatedly, rockets have come, landed around me, and i have not moved. but to surrender and be humiliated can be, and it was a split second decision because they had entered kabul, and the u.s. embassy had already evacuated the embassy at 9:00. >> one of the things in the report says that you and your national security adviser began to worry that the presidential guard itself would assassinate you. were you not sure of the loyalties even of your own personal presidential guard? >> there was firing in the morning when i was in a meeting.

i don't know who started firing, but it was very close. so they asked me to go inside, they were found with instruction. i think one was being offered $100,000 to poison me. so it is an environment that one needs to understand. >> you get into a helicopter, and when you take off, where do you think you're going? >> i thought i was going to the airport. they took off north wards, so after 15 or 20 minutes, i realized we're not going to the airport. so i asked the national security adviser, and he said the airport was not safe. on the religious don'ter, a decision was made. no preparation had been made anywhere else as all the documentation shows because i had no plans of leaving. >> you didn't have your passport with you? >> no. >> you didn't have your personal

belongings with you? >> nothing. i was wearing afghan clothes and a pair of shoes and that was it. i didn't even have a book. people who know me, i practically never fly without a book because that's when i concentrate and read and nothing else. >> now, you know there are these rumors to you left with $169 million of cash. what is your response? >> well, they have categorically proven that i did not leave with any money. this is part of a disinformation campaign. you have and among others investigated my past. and also if you look at ambassador bollton's memoirs, president trump used to confuse me with the other president and alleged i wanted property

outside, and the investigation found nothing. i've will lived an honor rational life. i've been a self-made man, and i declared all my assets, and this detailed report has shown that there was no money on the helicopter. >> for viewers, let me clarify, this is the special inspector general's report. it does say it would have been physically impossible for you to have taken the money. all eyewitness accounts say you did not. so my question to you is the russian embassy put out this number and this allegation. why? >> you'll have to ask them. >> why do you think this rumor got going? it's been so widespread, this sense that you took this money. what do you think accounts for it? >> a blame game. a fall guide. and if you cannot kill the man, you attempt to kill his character.

my integrity has been known. i lived a very simple life. money shows, leaves signs. there have been massive investigations by journalists of other countries and leaders. i challenged the entire investigative journalist community to come with any evidence of any wrong doing or any interest on my part and accumulation of money. that is not what i went back to afghanistan for. that's not why i put 16 hour days, and that's not why i represented my country with honor and dignity. so it was enormous anger in our country. we're a traumatized people, and trauma produces fear, and fear is directed in order to prevent our national unity in coming

together. next on gps, many say president ghani of afghanistan should have been more like president zelenskyy of ukraine. they say ghani should have stayed, not fled. i ask him about that directly when we come back. is the planning effect. this is how it feels to know you have a wealtlth plan that covers everything that's important to you. this is what it's like to have a dedicated fidelityty advisr looking at your full financial picture. making sure you have the right balance of risk and reward. and helping you plan for future generations. this is "the planning effect" from fidelity. she's feeling the power of listerine. he's feeling it. yep, them too. it's an invigoting rush... ...zapping millions of germin seconds. for that one-of-a-kind whoa... ...which leave you feeling... ahhhhhhh whoa... listere. feel the whoa!

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president zelenskyy, and they say zelenskyy stayed and rallied his country and you left. what do you think of that comparison? >> well, the comparison should be made between 2014 when i became president and not 2021. we have been fighting for 42 years. our trauma was deep. our people were tired. of killing, and our people wanted an end to the bloodsheding. second, president zelenskyy was informed in detail by the cia of the forthcoming russian invasion. we were not offered a single piece of paper by our allies. the other comparison again is

europe stood, the whole nato, united states, australia, other countries, rallied to ukraine, but that is similar to the 1979 invasion of afghanistan by the soviet union. then again, a lot of people stood with us and appreciated the escape, but this is a time in 2021 when support for staying in afghanistan after president biden's decision had gone. it was an irreversible decision, and people fundamentally are asking if we are going to fight another round of civil war, what's the end? what's the conclusion? >> do you feel betrayed by the americans? >> i don't use those types of words.

because our trauma, our pain, needs not to go to the direction of betrayal or blame. we need to focus on what is now in front of us. we need to draw lessons from the past and deal with the present. our country is in dire condition. i do not have the luxury to engage in blaming or sense of betrayal. superpowers, big powers decide on the base of their national interest what i hope is that they've considered the implications of those. >> you think that trump accord with the taliban was a disaster? >> it was. everybody is in agreement. we had an afghan-owned and

afghan-led peace process. we created the first real cease-fire, and if you look at the december valuation of the dod report, it says in the last 18 years, there's never been as big an opportunity for a political settlement as now. and then in turn, afghan led process was hijacked. we were excluded from the peace table, and the peace process was incredibly flawed. it's the assumption that taliban had changed. what dielusion. the process violates everything from martial to -- yet, in 2017, you interviewed me right after

this when president trump announced afghanistan and south asia's strategy, president announced that it be a condition-based agreement they are never going to repeat the mistakes of the taliban. yet, in 2019, secretary pompeo was seeking an agreement and had signed and his presidents had also signed a time bound agreement. this agreement was supposed to be conditional. but none of the core conditions was not only observed. the government, our partner, the government of the united states became the enforcer of the taliban agreement on us, threatening us with every conceivable form of pressure to release 5,000 of the most hardened criminals, et cetera. next on gps, i will ask ashraf ghani to look at the

future. what does it hold for him and for his nation under the taliban.

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we are back here with a special edition of gps. more of my interview with ashraf ghani who left afghanistan almost exactly one year ago as the taliban took control of the capital kabul. so let's look forward. as you say, the country is in

dire straights. should the biden administration provide funds to the taliban. as you know, this is a very complicated or a very fraught issue because it will be portrayed as providing money to a taliban government, which has violated all kinds of human rights. on the other hand, the afghan people are starving. what should the united states do? >> internally, the taliban are defeated. there are dual centers of power minimally. the younger generation has a lot of capability, but they have not been brought to the forefront. there has to be discussion of the direction of afghanistan. this is a serious challenge the muslim world to the region, to the neighbors, to europe in terms of the refugee flows and others and of course to the world at large. united states needs to make a

decision. i do not advocate violence, but internal legitimacy, a process, not persons, not again a collection of war lords, but a process where the afghan people for once are empowered to chart their way to deliberation is key. in terms of money, i have ideas on market-based solutions that could create jobs and opportunities for afghans in general and for afghan women and the families of martyrs. the united states does not have afghan capacity anymore. it is so taken by contractors, all the money, at least 80% or 90% of the money that came to afghanistan went to large

contractors, and they take a cut from 40% to 80%. this money did not reach afghanistan, and humanitarian aid, now they want to take the money that i saved. i lived $9 billion of reserve. i increased it almost by a third during my tenure. that's money that we had secured through incredibly hard work. you do it this year as humanitarian aid, where will the money come for next year or the year after that? we have to focus back on the possibilities. afghanistan is a round about. it's the heart of asia, if the region can come. unfortunately, as you know, extraordinary will. the competitions now between big powers, the utmost fear is so difficult that wee need to think outside to box to seeing how can

we bring the region, the islamic voices and the global voices together to help the afghan people? >> and what will you do personally? what is the personal future for ashraf ghani? >> what i'm writing, i've dived deeply into the past 20 years. i'm now assessing it and distilling it in a series of articles and books. two, i learned to deal with uncertainty. and uncertainty, i'm working on a book called "the age of global uncertainty." uncertainty surrounds us. >> do you imagine you will be back in afghanistan? >> i hope so very much. it's my home. i come -- i belong to a family that has stayed in one village

between 500 and 600 years. and in the last 300 years, almost every generation, we have lost everything. so exile is not foreign to us. but my heart beats with all afghans. there are 28 that have been really devastated by the taliban regime. the three majorities, women, youth, and the poor, are collapsing. hope is gone. a sense of belonging is not there. the world needs to think in terms of its own interest. do you want millions more of refugees to knock on your doors, or can you think about ways of

stabilizing? those who are saying that the taliban have changed, the taliban needed healing. they needed the embrace of a society to be able to integrate them. and don't forget, they are highly traumatized, and now unfortunately their sense of revenge, their sense of suppression, and reciprocating some of the repression they have experienced is being repeated on a scale. i want to be able to help my country heal. and i hope to be able to do that from the place that every cell of my body belongs. i always feel alien without it. >> ashraf ghani, always a pleasure to have you on.

thank you, sir. >> thank you for the opportunity, and thank you for your continued focus on afghanistan. next, from the top down to the bottom up, you will hear from an american who arrived as a marine in afghanistan in 2008. he's now a journalist and a writer with thoughts about the war in afghanistan and the lessons for this nation. back in a moment. (screaming) defeat allergy headaches fast withth new flonase headache and allergy relief! two pills relieve allergy headache paiain? and the congestion that causes it! flonase headache and allergy relief. psst! ! psst! all good! ♪ my name is monique, i'm 41, and i'm a federal contract investigator. as a single parent, i would run from football games to work and trying tbalance it all. so, wh do you see when you look at yourself? i see a person that's caring. sometimes i care too much, and that's when i had to learn to put myself first, because i would care about everyone all the time but i'm just as important as they are.

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caplyta can help you let in the lyte. ask your doctor about caplyta, from intra-cellular therapies. better luck next time. but i haven't even thrown yet. you threw good money away when you bought those glasses. next time, go to america's best - where two pairs and a free exam start at just $79.95. can't beat that. can't beat this, either. book an exam today at americasbest.com little over a month after september 11, 2001, u.s. special operators started arriving on the ground in afghanistan as the american bombing campaign there continued. nearly 20 years later, this man, u.s. army major general chris

donohugh was the last service member to department. so what did they get wrong and right? joining me now the elliott who served in the marines in afghanistan and iraq and then turned to writing and journalism. his book is the fifth act, america's end in afghanistan. elliott, describe to me when you first got to afghanistan, what did you think as a young marine, you were doing there. what was the mission as you saw it? >> the experience i had, fareed, both in iraq and afghanistan is that every war i've ever arrived at, i assumed i was arriving at the end of the war only to later recognize i had arrived right at the beginning. so i had arrived in afghanistan in 2008, that was seven years into this war. you would assume you were at the end. but 2008 looks like early days particularly in light of the

tali tal taliban resurgeycy. >> you talk about how you can tell america's ambivalence about being in afghanistan, about maintaining a kind of occupation there by one thing, the material we used to build everything. describe what you mean. >> well, if you ever travel to afghanistan, one of the things you would note if you went to many of the american headquarters was the amount of the structures that were built in plywood, and that is the material. and you could see the leftovers of the russian occupation, and they built it in concrete and steel. we built in plywood as though at

any moment we would be leaving afghan stap and heading out the door. so that mind set of having 1 foot out the door extended throughout the 20 years of the war. so, yes, 20 years is a long time to fight a war, but anywhere on that 20-year time line, the united states was 18-24 months from a major troop withdrawal. so it's a short-term psychology. >> when you were in afghanistan, did you feel like you were fighting for the entire afghan nation? or did you feel like you were in the middle of a civil war? >> i felt like we were fighting for a vision of what afghanistan could be as a more -- a modern country. you know, one that was turning away from sort of the fundamentalist tendencies of the taliban.

i also felt like i was fighting for my own country. i could remember the september 11th attacks. one of the greatest challenges of the afghan war was the mission itself became so broad that at any moment, it was very difficult for anyone to actually agree what the war was being fought about. and because we couldn't agree, we couldn't agree on how to end it, and we ultimately lost the war. >> what was your sense of the psychology of the taliban when you would face them? did you wonder sometimes what motivates these guys? they were not particularly well-trained, not compared to the american army, not well-equipped, but they seemed to fight. >> there was a truism of the war in afghanistan, which was the americans might have the watches, but the taliban have the time. and what i mean by that is the taliban seemed to demonstrate a sense of not only tactical but

also operational patience that worked to their advantage. and i always say it was the single greatest determinant of their ability to win this war. it was something that -- when i arrived in afghanistan, i had been in iraq before, and i immediately recognized the difference between the iraqi members that i fought against and the taliban. if you were ambushed by the taliban, there was a discipline they had to only stay on site for 30 minutes because they knew our af craft would show up after 30 minutes. this spoke to that type of patience that was an asset for them in the war. >> you fought in afghanistan and iraq. you met all these people. did you think you were fighting for good guys? did your afghan allies or iraqi allies seem like people who understood the ideals that america thought it was fighting

for? >> the ideas of sort of good guys and bad guys, at least in my experience of war, they kind of vanish. wars aren't typically waged in terms of black and white, and the reality of war that i've experienced is it's in shades of gray. so i have served along people who i consider absolute heroes. and i've come across people in war who have behaved in ways that i felt were compromised. you know, war, at least for me, really kind of throttles open t what you see as a human being, and you can see what human beings are capable of, but you can also see the highest embodiments of human virtue on the battlefield, ask and i would say in my experience fighting and covering wars in the journals since, i've certainly seen both embodied in a whole

cast of characters. >> el i don't care actorman, thank you so much. >> thank you. >> next on gps, something completely different. i will give you a preview of my latest documentary, part of a new series called extraordinary. this one on the man who made the god father. legendary film director francis ford copola. >> when i was writing just the way you arare, i didn't have th lyrics. i recall the melody and the chords. ♪ ♪ so don't forget the freaking words ♪ ♪ let me goat get to a piano, and then i'll write them ♪ ♪ so i don't forget them ♪ solut. sensodyne sensitivity & gum gives us the dual action effect that reay takes care of both our teetsensitivity as well as ourum issues.

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i want to tell you about something i am really excited about. this coming saturday, august 20 at 9:00 p.m. right here on cnn, you'll be able to watch the cnn cable premier of my new special series called extraordinary. in it i sit down with extraordinary people to find out how they got that way, to understand their creative process. the two people i will profile next saturday are billy joel and francis ford coppola. i want you to watch a clip of my hour with the great film director. when you did it, you thought this was it, no sequel. >> when they said sequel, charlie says you got the formula of coca-cola, you're going to tell me you're not going to make more? i told him, no, i don't want to make anymore. i thought it was over. i thought it was one movie.

when i close to do the second film, the deal i made was i would write it, i would produce it, i would pick a director, and ienlly when i told them i'm ready, i have a script, and they said who do you want to direct it? i said marty. and they turned me town. >> and so you -- >> well, i then got a phone call from charlie, and he said, francis, this is charlie, you got the formula of coca-cola, you really are not going to do it? this is incredible. i'll give you anything you want. so i said, all right, charlie, i'll do it. i want a million dollars, i want total control without double checking anyone, not to show them the script, not to get their notes, and i want to call it the god father part two. so i get an answer, e calls me back and says, francis, whether you want, you're going to get a

million dollars, bob evans will have nothing to do with it, but marketing does not think god father part two makes sense because they're going to think it's the second half of the movie they already saw. and i said in that case, i'm not going to do it, and i held out. it was the smoothest move vie i ever worked on. it went really well. had cuba in it. i showed it to fidell. he said it was a very accurate depiction of that night. he was a big movie fan. >> come with me. it's the only way out of here tonight. >> you must have met a number of people over the years who turned out to be great fans of the god father. >> all the bad people on earth. all those kind of guys love the

god father. >> don't miss extraordinary with billow joel at 9:00 p.m. and francis ford coppola at 10:00 p.m., this saturday august 20 on cnn. thank you all so much for being a part of my program this week. i will see you next week. (fi) nopepe. fisher avoids them. (other money manager) well, you must e earn commissios on trades. (fisher investments) never at fisher. (other money manager) ok, ththen you probably sneak n sosome hidden and layered fees. (fisher investments) no. we structure our fees so we do better when clients do better. that might be why most of our clients come from other money managers. at fisher investments, we're clearly different.

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and i tell my granddaughters, take care of yourselves you never know. but it takes all sorts to make a world. and it's not my place to tell a women if she can have an abortion or not. that is a decision between her, her doctor, and god. and that is why i am voting for democrats. ff pac is responsible for the content of this ad psst. psst. ♪ ♪ [allergy monster attacks]

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hey. look at the time. i'm brian settler. we're live in new york. and this is reliable sources where we examine the story behind the story. this hour we have the latest on the stabbing of the renown au author salma