-- captions by vitac -- www.vitac.com hello, i'm jim sciutto who is filling in for fareed zakaria who is on a very well-deserved vacation today. we're going to have the stories for you later this hour. in the meantime, let me welcome all you users in the u.s. and around the world. today, i'll have a conversation with the former u.s. secretary about the state of the iran nuclear talks. but first, this week marked six months of russian's brutal war in ukraine. the true cost of this war difficult to measure.

there are the military costs, the billions of dollars spent, the cities destroyed and the territories seized. the military, the lives lost, the refugees forced from their homes, the disruption to daily lives for ukrainians living in the shadow of putin's war, not to mention the spike in food and and energy costs beyond the theater of war, and these costs all continue to mount. this week, the u.s. pledged nearly $3 billion in additional security aid to ukraine. this comes as putin decreed in the size of the military as well. after half a year of war, what would it bring to bring this conflict to a close? i want to speak to john kirby now. admiral kirby, thank you for taking the time to be with us this morning. >> great to be with you, jim. >> first let's begin with the state of the war a half year in. the u.s. has given its biggest military package so far, and you increasingly hear from

ukrainians not just about defending ground or defending territory, but we're seeing them attack from behind lines and even talk about gang back territory that has been previously gained by russian. how has it fundamentally changed to ukraine's favor? >> i think what you're seeing is a fight from the donbass all the way down to the south of ukraine near kherson. and the ukrainian and russian forces continue to actually trade territory back and forth. but what you said at the outset is so right. even from the very first weeks of this war, ukrainians have not been satisfied to defend territory, but to try to win back some of the territory the russians have gained. and the fight in the donbass is a one of miles. sometimes it's block by block where russian force let's take a certain part of the city, and ukrainian forces will take it back.

president zelenskyy has said they're going to continue to go on the offense where and when they can, and they certainly have shown a capability to do that armed with all the support they're getting from the united states as well as so many other nations. >> particularly those himars weapons systems. putin is not stepping down. he announced this week an increase in the overall size of the russian military by more than a hundred thousand forces. is there any indication that the u.s. is observing that putin is making any preparations to pull back or head to the negotiating table? >> we've seen no indications of either, sadly, jim. in fact, quite the contrary. everything that mr. putin is doing indicates to us that he's continuing to prosecute this war. you talked about him trying to bolster the size of the army. he's desperate for manpower because he's losing a lot of manpower in this fight. both killed and wounded. and morale and commander

control, cohesion is still a problem for mr. putin. so he is making steps to try to make sure that he's got the resources and the assets available to continue to fight this war for the long term. he's said publicly, in fact, in just the recent days the kremlin has said they have to intent of sitting down in good faith with zelenskyy? of course, yesterday, ukraine said russia renewed shelling around that plant. tell me, what is the u.s. view? is there still a genuine danger of a nuclear accident as a result of this fighting so close to it? >> yes, we're deeply concerned about that. a nuclear power plant should never be considered a site for combat in an armed conflict. we believe maintaining a controlled shutdown process would be the safest course for all. a reactor needs a reliable and redundant power source. as we saw earlier this week, they had to take it off the grid because the power source off

site had a fire going on based on a fire caused by some of the shelling back and forth. so without a reliable and redundant power force that can be maintained inside the plant, we believe a maintained controlled status would be the appropriate step, and we obviously continue to encourage the russians to make sure they allow iaea inspectors in to see what the operation looks like. >> plant has never been shut down by a war. i want to move on to a different topic because in the last 24 hours, two u.s. warships transited the taiwan strait. announcement from the 7th fleet. what message were they sending? >> a very consistent message that the united states military will sail, fly, and operate wherever international law permits us to do so. this taiwan strait transit was planned a long time ago, two or three weeks ago, i myself said publicly while speaker pelosi

was on the ground in taiwan, that we would be conducting a taiwan strait transit in the next couple of weeks. this is that transit. very consistent with our one-china policy and very consistent with our desire to make sure that we continue to work towards a free and open indo-pacific. this is consistent with that policy. >> i want to move to the iran nuclear talks. we've seen iran pull back on some of their initial demands here. are the u.s. and iran closer to a nuclear agreement than they were a week or two ago? is it moving in a positive direction in your view? >> we are certainly closer today than we were about two weeks ago thanks to iran being willing to concede on a couple of major issues, so we're still making our way through this. there are still gaps that remain between all sides there. we're not there yet. we did make our response back to the eu. that is now being looked at by

the eu and iran. we're hoping for a positive outcome here because no problem is easier to resolve and the president believes diplomacy is the possible outcome. and we're going to keep working on that. >> it's been a year since the u.s. left afghanistan. currently, the u.s. has frozen some $7 billion in the afghan bank and considering splitting those reserves, some going to afghan humanitarian relief, others to the families of 9/11 victims here. will the administration release some of those reserves to afghanistan? >> we don't have a decision on that right now, jim. we're still working through the process. i would tell you the united states remains the largest humanitarian contributor to afghanistan through nonprofit organizations, obviously not through the taliban regime. but we look for ways to alleviate the humanitarian

suffering in afghanistan. >> briefly, before we go, it's a year out. 96% of special immigrant visas or afghans still remain inside the country. will the u.s. make a commitment to get them out of the country? >> even though the military mission is over, the mission to continue to get our afghan allies and partners out of the country and to safety remains. the state department is working on this very hard and have taken a series of steps to make the process faster and more efficient, but we are 100% committed to getting our allies and afghans out of that country. when we come back, more on russia's dangerous occupation of the zaporizhzhia nuclear plant. it sparked fears of a nuclear disaster. i'm going to speak to a nuclear physicist about it and about

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president zelenskyy said this week that europe faced a possible, quote, radiation disaster when the russian occupied nuclear plant in zaporizhzhia was disconnected from ukraine's power grid. it's since been reconnected, but fears are mounting of continued attacks in that renal and complex. meanwhile, washington and tehran edge closer to a nuclear

agreement. the state department said wednesday the u.s. had sent its response to the european union's latest proposal to try to save that deal. they confirmed they were reviewing washington's response now. let's speak to the former u.n. secretary and one of the architects of the original iran deal. thank you so much for joining us this morning. >> thank you, jim. >> i spoke to john kirby a few minutes ago. he said the u.s., iran, and its partners are indeed closer to a deal today than they were a week or two ago. is that your view? do you believe that a deal can be resurrected here? >> yes, it does seem that we are closer. i'm not sure what the odds are. they may still be 50/50. but there's no doubt in my view that even though we have lost basically five years since the obama administration, five valuable years i might say, mainly due to president trump's very unwise decision to leave the deal in 2018, that even at this time, we and our friends and partners in the middle east,

i believe, would be far better off getting back into the agreement. in fact, if i could just add to that briefly, i would say that, first, in terms of the nuclear restrictions, it's clear that the lost time has been used effectively by iran to increase their nuclear capacity, but we also should remember that the single most important restriction was the one to a small amount of very low and enriched uranium. and even more important than the nuclear restrictions are the extraordinary verification measures, the tools we've put in the hands of the international inspectors, getting those back in place, some of which go forever in my view is the most important aspect of getting back into the agreement.

>> john kerry described that during negotiations as verified but verify. i wonder, they have amassed many kilograms of enriched uranium. how reliably would iran's breakout period to a new weapon will lengthened? >> actually, jim, they've now accumulated tons of enriched uranium, including uranium enriched to as much as 60%, which is very, very close to getting to the weapon grade material that one would need. in terms of the breakout time, defined narrowly as the time it would take to bring together going all out the material for a nuclear weapon, the deal had that at a year or more. now, we are down to weeks. a restoration of the agreement and full implementation, of course, by iran, would put that

back up to, let's just say, many, many months, which would be an enormous improvement. >> okay. as you know, iran has many other ways of exerting aggression on its partners around the world. we've seen details about a plot to assassinate john boltage in just recent weeks and months. what is your answer about those who say this will give billions of dollars of sanction relief to a state sponsor of terrorism? >> first of all, that was the same argument that was used in 2015, and the fundamental issue is does one or does one not -- of course, president obama decided to move forward -- reach an agreement on the understanding that they would have additional resources. now, in the meantime, the so-called maximum pressure campaign that president trump

put in place 2018 withdrawing from the deal had no material effect on their regional adventures. in fact, i think it's easy to argue that the regional issues intensified. they did not go down. funding does not seem to be the key variable in terms of their ability to do regional mischief. so they do have a lot of economic needs, and i want to emphasize, their economic constraints right now are not simply due to the sanctions from the united states for example, but also due to issues like climate change and drought, result in drought, which are affecting them quite badly. >> russia of course was a crucial player in the 2015 deal including taking the bulk of that highly enriched uranium out of the country. it's uncertain what role will russia play in this. can other partners, particularly the uk and france who have widely developed nuclear programs pick up that slack and take this enriched uranium out

of iran? >> let me just emphasize that in 2015, 2016 with the agreement, iran did not have high enriched uranium. it has it now because of trump's decision in 2018. you are absolutely correct that russia was instrumental in being able to implement the agreement, taking all of that low enriched uranium out of russia and in addition some scrap that was difficult to deal with. if russia now decides not to cooperate in that way, then i think it would have to come to france and the uk in particular who have large nuclear establishments to pick up that role. whether russia would cooperate or not is unclear.

first of all, i will note that in 2015, when we reached the agreement, we already had a very difficult time with russia because they had gone into crimea for example in 2014 already. and by 2016 when the deal was implemented, they had started military action in syria. so we had a very difficult time, but russia nevertheless cooperated. today, another unfortunate consequence of the 2018 decision was to push iran more into the arms if you like of both russia and china. that might be the reason why russia could still cooperate in helping iran implement the agreement if we go back into it. >> that would be an interesting dynamic no question. former energy secretary, earnest moniz, deeply involved with these talks from the beginning, thank you so much for taking the time this morning. >> thank you.

coming up next on "gps," with climate change so evident this summer around the world, it is imperative that we change our ways. one idea, car-free cities. are they possible? yes. in fact, some cities are well on their way already. fareed will be back after the break with a fascinating conversation to help understand this trend. me too. ♪ are you tired of clean clothes that just don't smell clean? downy unstopables in-wash scent boosters keep your laundry smelling fresh waaaay longer than detergent alone. if you want laundry to smell fresh for weeks, make sure you have downy unstopables in-wash scent boosters.

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consider this, according to the "new york times," if you were to take all the land in manhattan dedicated to cars, garages, roads, streetside parking, you would have an area nearly four times the size of central park. that's on an island where less than a quarter of households own cars and the land able to be developed is valued at more than

$1.7 trillion. also where taxis crawl across midtown where children have to cross heavy lanes of traffic to get to school, and congestion has often been met with stiff public resistance. but this is not how it has to be. many cities in europe are flirting with banning private cars from the roads, and many more have at least partial bans in place. there is the obvious reason to combat climate change, but car-free cities are also leading to a better quality of life. without cars, there's less smell, less noise, more space to walk, to dine outdoors, to play. this person has long envisioned a future with fewer cars. she served as new york city's transportation commissioner from 2007 to 2013. today she advises cities as a

principal at bloomberg associates. first tell me how much of this is happening because of the pandemic and what is the effect that the pandemic had on cities and urban planning? >> thanks, fareed. it's great to be with you. you know, we have learned a lot during the pandemic about what cities do well and not so well. and some of it's troubling and polarizing. but one thing that really emerged as a secret weapon for cities was their streets. in city after city from milan to london, paris, san francisco, new york city, when offices and stores closed and people felt like they were trapped inside, cities opened their streets. we couldn't cure the coronavirus, but we could do something with our empty streets, and hundreds of cities around the world turned their roadways into shared spaces where people could walk and jog and run errands.

you take a look at a city like paris. the mayor converted a car into a car-free corridor in the height of the pandemic, and last year, she announced she was going to have a $300 million plan to remake it and turn it into this extraordinary garden of pedestrian space, and along the way, she reclaimed half of the city's 40,000 parking spaces. it's so interesting because people talk about the future of transportation as driverless cars or drones or flying taxis, and the most inspiring trends we have seen both before and during and after the pandemic has been the rise of something called the car-free city, and these aren't exactly car-free cities, but we're seeing people-first districts in cities. so there are still streets and sidewalks and police cars and fire trucks and buses and delivery trucks and people driving.

but what's changed is the design of our streets. they can be used as more than moving things from point a to point b as fast as possible. as they were designed to move people quickly from the suburbs to downtown. >> so paint the picture of the future for us. >> i think what we need to do is be more like neighbors. we need to live together. t not anti-car. it's really pro-choice and options. we have to make spaces where people want to be and not just drive through. so the strategies that cities and mayors around the world are embracing are ways to make it possible for people to get around easier on bike and foot and bus and creating spaces people want to be. this has turned into not just like crunchy granola type of strategies but economic competitiveness strategies because people in companies can move anywhere in this day and age, and they want to move

places where it's enjoyable, where you can stop at a bench. so many cities have reclaimed their parking spaces and created benches and spaces for people to walk and sit and have a coffee. >> a place has tried this too, and for them, part of the issue was climate change, right? >> it was. oslo has been dramatically reducing its parking in downtown. basically, it's virtually no parking since 2019. they've completely turned down the volume of traffic to the speed of life. you can still get deliveries, but the remaining traffic is calmer and much less invasive. partly as a result of this, oslo in 2019 became the first major global capital to achieve zero pedestrian deaths and zero cycling deaths. and shops recorded increases in visitors and city after city, what we've seen is more foot traffic is better for business, and you're seeing that all over the place.

i think what's so interesting is some of these cities people always point to copenhagen and amsterdam as if they've always been this way, and they started reclaiming their streets in the 1970s. it was over time they turned into these people-first places. it wasn't this magic wand that came in and suddenly the traffic was gone. i think what they've shown is you can design a city for people rather than cars, and that's really the future of cities. >> do you think it will work in houston or in seoul, these big modern cities that have lots of highways and roads and cars? lots of skyscrapers? >> it's interesting because the chief principal of urban design

for the last century has been moving cars as fast as possible from point a to point b. from a bird's eye view, you've got these towers surrounded by this sea of parking lots. but you're seeing even cities like houston that are creating these extensive bike networks, that are creating plazas and looking to build in much more transit. so they understand that's the future of sustainable mobility, and you're not going to improve the city by building more and more car lanes and accommodating roads with more and more cars. that's like, you know, looking to solve obesity by loosening your belt. it just doesn't work. >> pleasure to have you on. thank you. >> thanks so much, fareed. next on "gps," jobs in the u.s. have come roaring back since the early pandemic. these are real jobs for real human beings. but covid was supposed to be the beginning of the automation apocalypse. we will explore what happened when we come back.

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the united states has now recovered all the jobs lost during the pandemic with the unemployment rate down to 3.5% in july. it's good but confusing news given all the fears that the pandemic would accelerate automation. to help us understand, i talked to the senior economics writer for "the economist." he recently wrote a terrific article on this very subject. pleasure to have you on. >> thank you very much. >> so tell me, first of all, with the pandemic, everyone said the digital economy has triumphed. you know, we're seeing all this massive digitization, we're seeing people do things with the computer that they were never able to do. and this begins of artificial intelligence and all that kind of thing, and in that model, everyone assumed that you will get more and more computers and

robots doing things that human beings were doing. what does the employment data over the last two years tell us about that story that we were sold? >> there's two parts of that. the first part is was that spending on computers and software and automation and all that stuff, that is definitely yes. it's just going nuts. so that's definitely true, and that happened for a bunch of reasons. the biggest being people working from home. but the second one, what was the impact of all that spending on employment? and back in 2020 and last year and even today, you have lots of economists saying this is the moment when the robots are going to take over because all this spending on robots will mean there are loads of jobs people won't be needed to do anymore,

and people won't be able to find work. now where we actually are is we don't have a job shortage. we have a worker shortage. wages are growing very strongly and inflation is taking off. basically, the story couldn't be more wrong. >> what do you think we got wrong? what's wrong in that? computers are growing. it is clear they can do lots of things humans can do from accounting to you do see the software replacing what human beings used to do. what did we get wrong? >> it really underestimates the importance of human labor in the provision of particularly services. so for instance, there's a really obvious example is like a coffee shop. now, technology is sufficiently advanced such that we could have entirely robotic coffee shops. that is theoretically entirely possible, and indeed there are some shops around the world that

are run entirely by robots, but that hasn't happened. coffee shops employ more people than ever. what you go into a coffee shop, part of the fun and experience and product you're buying is the interaction with someone behind the tail and other people in the coffee shops. what robots enable people to do, and this is true for hundreds of years, is they enable people to pass off the boring routine stuff, which can then be done by machines, and it allows them to do the more difficult stuff that robots can't do at the moment. >> so that's the really interesting part to me because that's where software really comes in. because when you look at law and accounting, what people have often pointed out is a lot of it is routine, searching what they call in law, discovery for terms

and searching. clearly computers can do that, but what's happening is the computer is not replacing the human being, the computer is redirecting the human being to do other things. is that fair? >> jobs are composed of many different tasks. when you are a writer or investor or journalist or whatever, you're doing a bunch of different things, and robots can do some of those things, but not all of those things. what we're seeing now is a recognition that it's not about destroying jobs, it's about changing jobs. and the effect this seems to have is that this actually, this process works to increase the overall level of employment in the economy rather than decrease it. look at the countries that have the most robots, japan, south korea, and singapore. those three countries also have extremely low rates of unemployment and have for a long time. >> what about the quality of jobs? because the economists have done some work on this, and the jobs

increase, but hasn't what economists would call hasn't labor lost pricing power? by which i mean the kind of jobs you have, jobs at a coffee shop, baristas, or whatever it is, it's very hard to get sustained rising wages and move up the scale and build a middle-class life, et cetera, et cetera? >> if you look at the average job in the u.s., which is kind of a helpful way of thinking about it, and there's a survey by gallup that comes out quite frequently. and it asks people basically how much do you like your job, how engaged are you, and it's basically at its highest level of all time. it's a bit tricky i think to make the narrative on the face of it that robots have had a massive impact on job equality. i think the same is true of wages. what actually happens when robots come along is that people can be more productive, and basically, when you become more productive, ie, you can get more done in a day, that does

eventually feed into higher wages. that is basically why america is so rich now because it is so productive. >> this is terrific. thank you. you've taken it on and explained it very well. >> thanks, fareed. next on "gps," on the eve of the 25th anniversary of princess diana's death, i'll talk to tina brown about the state of the house of windsor today. back in a moment. other sam octo? nein. make it ten! i like this guy. (cheers)

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wednesday will mark 25 years since princess diana died after a car crash in a paris tunnel. her boys who walked solemnly behind the casket a quarter century ago are all grown up now. of course prince william is preparing to be a king some day, and harry has stepped back from

the royal life. meanwhile, prince charles is still waiting in the wings as the queen remains on the throne at 96 years old. tina brown has a fascinating book out on all of it. "the palace papers: inside the house of windsor, the truth and the turmoil." and she joins me now. so let me first start by asking you, diana's death, i remember it vividly and this feeling that there was almost this kind of break in the british psyche, there was an eruption of emotion. what do you think that was all about? >> it was a remarkable moment, as you say in the british psyche. it was a moment when the connection that diana had forged, her combination of royal charisma, if you like, and humanitarian warmth, the way that she reached out to people and shed her pain, which was an absolutely new thing for any royal to do, as we know. it was the moment when you saw

for the first time really the stiff upper lip of the english crumble, tremble. and suddenly people from all walks of life, all age groups were weeping in the streets of london, and indeed all over the world. >> and, yet, there is something that britons and people around the world seem to admire about that stiff upper lip when i think about the queen, who has played this remarkable role of really never revealing anything. >> that's right. the queen never explained, never complained. and of course diana did depart from that. and in the case of the queen, of course, we know nothing about what she thinks about anything, nothing. 70 years on the throne, not a clue what she thinks. she is inscrutable and she has perfected the art of allowing anyone to project what they want on her. we can all look at her and think she's upset, she's amused, she's pleased. the famous boot face at the weddings, which always makes me

laugh and everyone else at weddings is crying or looking, oh, it's so sweet. she is 100% inscrutable. and that is the way she has always been. >> but it must take incredible discipline to do that. because not only do we not know anything about what she thinks about anything, and these are big state matters, there will never be a memoir written by this woman has been at the center of international life. it's so different from our modern age where people who even seem inscrutable like a president, you know within five years you'll get a memoir that tells you everything. with her, there's never going to be anything. >> she has had this remarkable >> she has had this remarkable self-discipline, and she always had. the queen was always noted to be remarkably composed and serious minded.

she had absorbed the whole concept of duty from her father and has never left from it at all. what was hard for the queen, was suddenly she was required to be something else. she had always her life followed this creed of composure and reserve. all of a sudden, she was being asked to emote. the british people wanted her to be crying, wanted her to say i'm so upset about the death of my daughter. that's not what the queen can do. that's the only time she put a foot wrong, in a sense, with her people. that's what they wanted in that particular moment. >> with this backdrop what do you think of what the sussexs have done? >> they've gone completely in another direction. now they're all about emotion all the time. of course the oprah interview stunned and floored the royal family. in a way, it was almost more puzzling and traumatic to them than diana's famous interview

with martin bashir because they've almost come to expect from diana these kind of news bombs and revealing of herself at the time. but in this case, i think they were like, why, why are they doing this, and i think that it actually -- i think there was a possibility for them to build a bridge with the family after they left. but the oprah interview seemed like a hand grenade into the house of windsor, they haven't really recovered from. >> it seemed to me there was a fundamental break with the business, model, if you will, of the royal family. as i understood it, if you're a member of the british royal family, you get enormous respect, dignity, world-wide publicity, acclaim, but you behave in a certain way, and you don't monetize the brand. that really is frowned upon. with harry, it seemed like he suddenly realized, wait a minute, why do i have to live off the scraps that charles gives me? i can do a netflix deal. >> right.

in many ways, a lot of people i spoke to almost felt it was always going to happen that harry would leave. he just couldn't figure out a way to do it. and what meghan gave him was a way out. >> where does prince charles fit into all this? >> charles has been the man who waited in the anteroom of his destiny for the last 50 years and has waited and waited and waited. so he's felt tremendous frustration in his own life, but he's held on. you saw when he had to open parliament recently when the queen was too unwell to do so, it was almost like a melancholy

occasion, here he is, still not king, kind of almost looking for the crown on a cushion. opening parliament once again for his mother, it was like when is he going to be able to step into his destiny? will he still have any years left? so he's waiting patiently. i think he will be a good transitional monarch. it won't be a long reign, but he will be a good convening king. >> and it does feel the issue of it in the age we live in of this superwealth, the issue of money somehow still sneaks its way around with the royal family, because at the end of the day other than the queen and her state wealth, they're not actually that well off, so you see an zru hobnobbing with rich people, doing a lot of what he did, you see prince charles trying to fundraise from middle eastern guys and taking cash and bags. >> it's an issue. they are more and more exposed to what money could bring them. it's like a mirage. it actually does sort of lead them astray in a sense because they have to figure out other ways to get it, and usually that's something that gets them

into trouble, mixing with the wrong people or doing some kind of deal that when it becomes public, it's not attractive in any way. with andrew it totally sent him off the reservation and ended up in the thrawls of jeffrey epstein. i think you're going to see in william and kate's era, i feel that the younger children are going to say, go forth, god be with you, don't feel you have to be royal in any way. it's for the heir. if they don't want to do it, we'll ask the next one. but i don't think you're going to have this imprisonment of the younger royals where their fate is to be as behaved as perfectly as the monarch, but at the same time, have none of the, frankly, the perks or the income or the status. >> this is such a great book, such a great conversation. i could go on forever, but maybe the next book will be of charles, the man who would be king. tina brown, pleasure to have you on. >> thank you, fareed. thanks to all of you for

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happening now in the "newsroom," nfl rookie punter matt arise sa is out, the bills releasing him after being accused in a lawsuit of gang raping a 17-year-old girl. plus, get out now. that warning from the mayor of jackson, mississippi, for next floods in the next 24 hours. >> before we can even recover from the first weather event, we're already been challenged by another one.