if it was an independent country. zá, to work at the sub national level. and i think what's most -- these are probably some of the most impressive photographs from i think the eradication program. on the far left there you have the director general of w.h.o., not meeting with the prime minister of india because that

wasn't the key to eradication but the chief minister, traveling out to where she was based, understand what were the challenges, how do we help. similarly in the bottom picture on the border of pakistan, with the leadership of that key province. this is the picture of mr. gates's trip to nigeria earlier this year. he went up north, met with the leaders of the traditional leadership, the sultan of socoto and then met with the nigerian governors, not with the president, but the governors who held the true levers to so not just advocacy we talk about advocacy but at a level where it will make a difference to get kids vaccinated you have to get at the some national level we are not a good at mapping that politically, not a good at planning how you can advocate with those players effectively to engage in international/national goals. but you can make a very big difference. one of the major milestones

recently is when the governor who you will remember stopped pullback scenes in his state for over 12 months in 2000 twos late 2003 which led to the biggest outbreak we have seen in 50 years. and for reasons related to concern, a public confidence in the safety of the back seat you can see january this year he vaccinated his own child using the oral vaccine to help restore community confidence to get it moving faster and this can affect advocacy at the seven national level this was five years after the national leadership came back and this is what made a difference part we have seen a drop of nearly 75% of missed kids in the first quarter this year as a result of directing gates met. there are many myths about the revocation program anything

that runs this long for this wide will generate a lot of myths but we do not do research and i think one of the most important lessons of reality is the need to maintain an active research program and that is very much what we have done and we would suggest more to your question to be in terms of the title is to maintain an active research program especially if you think you know, all of the answers. with the polio eradication program began with great fanfare 1988 proving it can be eradicated all you have to do is apply the same strategy ever wear and the disease will be eradicated. people are different from approaches differ what is acceptable is different and you the different solutions perky will cause of the be surprised especially in eradication and i would guess as we go for universal coverage 70 saying as we get to the

periphery, geographically, cul turally, epidemiological paid the disease and populations will surprise you and you need a research program that can adapt to that parkway couple of examples, 20 years after the initiative was launched we were still introducing new tools, vaccines were introduced in 2005 after a six-month development process thanks very much to our friends at sanofi who took on a 50 million dose order, your smallest ever and decided to help us to this. and new lab procedures implemented in 2006 that cut half the time we needed to eradicate polio. look at the implication of these tools on the left and side is india the one area that has never ever stopped polio. this area, with this is called

the byrd negative cover this is the area of the country where every at various we have found since 2000 is june they should genetically linked we put in place a number tactical shifts and is in the beginning of 2000 and eight we got a full 12,000 months without polio in that area. it was reinfected and we are still trying to clear out of the research generated solutions very late in the game to solving the problem. two or three other big lessons we learned along the way, the sixth self-evident is the need to have a lot of money to reach kids, the last 20% in particular but what minority as obvious is it this fund raising, advocacy.

not just the money or some supporters but a robust and innovative diverse funding stream. will look at the polio program financing that shows a breakdown of for the $7 billion that were spent on polio come from new can see 49% from g aid to the multilateral sector 12 were 15%, a of little higher now, private-sector 20, domestic resources, actual casts -- negative 14% and others about 5% so quite a diverse mix and if you look at the financial structure at any time, and the five year period you can see it changing dramatically to adjust to who can pay for what, when and who is willing to pay for what? there is still a substantial financing gap as you can see a

$345 million despite the tremendous generosity of these players and in particular you will see a big orange block at the bottom rotary international which is played an extraordinarily special role in this program not only as an initiator but political advocacy and volunteerism on the ground to get the job done. the importance of having a diverse range of finding is reflected in this graphic year. this shows a trend of g8 contributions since 2005 and i am sorry, it shows the period 2003 through 2013 but the reason 2005 is important that was imports and of the glen eagle summit in the uk which the gh made a commitment to sustained increase contribution to polio

eradication until the job was finished. as you can see the proportion they made that commitment as a proportion of the contribution to the program they went from a peak of 62% with the overall funding at 43% and down 20% what is confirmed in the current period for the program you just not have to have only a very, very aggressive advocacy agenda to maintain funding streams but also other funding streams for problems like the. >> a seventh lesson is protect your gains progress we move forward in international public health we move on to the next thing and taking our attention away from our success is only to see them dwindle again and perhaps the most striking example in polio

eradication is that we have not been able to protect polio free areas because of chronic gaps of routine immunization the service is. you can see the spread internationally a poliovirus from indiana and nigeria of the last five years, this resulted in over 30 countries getting reinfected and cost over $850 million in outbreak response activity loan. protecting our gains, more attention should have been given to routine immunization services. people say why did you continue polio campaigns? we did is the short answer. congo, sudan, chad have been chronically affected and keep getting we infected and cleaned out but between them they have done 150 campaigns in the last seven years they

do not replace routine immunization it is an adjunct especially when you get bombarded by importations. looking forward we do have strategies in place to continue to eight -- contain that to keep a polio free but we need to see progress on routine amortization and me part of the solution but others working in those areas. and then one lesson learned the hard way that is completely obvious to those who may remember the original target date for eradication was 2002 plan for contingencies because it will take longer than you think and will cost more money than you think. one of the things we learned is it does not end not just interrupt the of the virus to make a timeline for the poster revocation period, you can see once we stop the last wild virus we have a multi-year

program of work to make it world free altogether which will include stopping the use of the orioles -- oral vaccine and eventually verifying the full elimination which you alluded to in your comments. so to summarize the big lessons that we have learned in the eradication initiative i did not speak to those that are obvious but it is the issue of management come on the ground of tactical expertise cohmad communications of national advocacy that made the difference to get the vaccine to the children that are now being reached. what we have to do next? i have four or five slides to show you where we are and our emphasis right now. this is where the countries and areas affected over the last six months. the dots are in red for type one and a blue ford type iii.

because type ii has been eradicated. we still have that associated with type ii and vaccines from that outbreak but this is what the vaccine looks like. the northern part of india that use the infected afghanistan, pakistan, nigeria have never interrupted the indigenous virus but in addition we have another group of countries that are infected as a result of spread from nigeria, chad, sudan and those are the hitherto countries that affect this area and in addition we have the challenge rear facing due to the spread of polio from indiana and angola part i do not want to belabor everything we will do to get the job finished is published here and not the topic of today's discussion but i have touched on what we are doing over the course of

my presentation. key is to sustain the implementation of course, strategy's come independent a violation of major barriers to interrupt transmission. we're hoping to get a fresh look in each of the remaining effected areas processing a number of new approaches. in the process of developing and the foul it -- evaluating a new vaccine with type wine and iii vaccine and additional strategies to have those days to run those for spreading. to give you a response with jesse the complex ability of the response on the heart of africa and west africa to get those finished when the speak of the new approaches that we just had agreement with nato forces in afghanistan is to

work with us on days of tranquillity in the 11 highest districts that sustain transmission to try and reach children in a safe environment to get the job finished their. from a technical perspective, looking at can we accelerate the eradication an initiative with a polio vaccine that targets the type one polio and type 14 type iii together, that these are the results levitt is it india but here we can see in this graphic desktop promising it may be in a final push for eradicate -- eradication. the graphic on the left is a response after two doses of a

vaccine against type i and a similar results for the type iii. and it looks like it is prevalent over the trivalent vaccine it is almost as good and not a statistical evidence in a simplified the logistics' every chain it kid since of the saharan africa with more vaccines and also in the conflictive areas of afghanistan and packet days pakistan to get the job finished more prickly. -- quickly although many countries are still infected with polio in fact, very few districts very half -- very few have polio these persistent outbreaks and acute outbreaks in west africa with

the range of new tools, political commitments, i believe we can accelerate the progress we're making to retain all children and eradicate the disease forever. one last lesson i may close the presentation, if we have learned one saying it is that in this battle, no plan will survive contact with the enemy and you constantly have to revise as necessary to reach the kids which indeed we can which has shown through this program. thank you [applause] >>

last week's election in iran and the status of two

journalists are present in north korea. spokesperson ian kelly speaks for about 35 minutes. >> good afternoon. i will make a very short statement and then we can go right to your questions. along with the rest of the financial community the united states is closely watching events unfolding in iran. we are deeply troubled by the reports of violence, arrest and possible voting irregularities but as the president indicated last week we days with enthusiasm and robust debate these elections captured the attention of the world and the essential right of people to express themselves peacefully needs to be respected. the international community remains committed to seeing every and live up to responsibilities and we will continue to use all avenues to

convince iran to meet its obligations. and with that i will take your questions. >> you have any reason to believe the allegations of fraud are apparent? >> as i said we are concerned by these reports. they are deeply troubling but we are in a position as is the rest of the international community right now, we are in a position or still assessing what went on. it is difficult to assess because there per not in the international monitors. >> right. but it given the developments the run-up to the actual election on friday, was the administration's surprise to the announced results? >> i think as the vice president said on

sunday, there was such concern expressed by a number of the candidates that's of course, it led to doubts regarding the election results. >> so you have doubts? >> we do have doubts. >> in the european countries the germans and britons have called for an investigation into the voting irregularities does the united states supports that? >> i have not seen these reports of calling specifically for an investigation. i would say that iran needs to take seriously these allegations and needs to examine these accusations very thoroughly. >> archives@press.org the right to free speech you open that in the opening remarks. to respect the essential right of freedom to speech has iran been denying them that right?

that citizens are protesting the results? >> referring to the same kinds of images that you have been seeing and the same kinds of reports you have been hearing in terms of the reaction of some law-enforcement authorities and news of access to the internet been blocked and certain newspapers. >> how concerned is the u.s. this will affect its account to engage tehran or our people already be calibrating what is happening? >> as you know, very well we have had very serious concerns about iran living up to its international obligations particularly regarding the nuclear program and the support for terrorism.

what we will do going forward, we are going to continue to try and address these concerns with iran and of course, of these concerns of the nuclear program is very much, these are very serious concerns and get at the very heart of this administration's priorities in terms of non-proliferation concerns, the possibility of the arms race in that part of the world. we will continue as the vice president said on sunday, we will continue to pursue particularly the multilateral avenues, and that's our brand has or we have expressed our willingness to sit down with

them in the p5+1 contacts to get iran to live up to the international context. >> you said you are concerned about reports of bill degradation regular day. can you talk about the picture the u.s. has of the results? cambodia put together you're view of the results? and do you have a full picture? and do say you are concerned about the reports but what you know, so far can you talk about whether that is possible ahmadinejad could have won a 65% on the first pass? >> we are hamstrung by the fact that iran did not allow international monitors of course, we don't have diplomats on the ground. what we're doing, we are consulting with the number of our allies, particularly with

the e.u. and trying to develop a picture of exactly what happened. all if you are helping of course, when you report. there were very dramatic scenes being broadcast live on cnn and everyone else. a lot of what we have is based on what your report on as well. >> when you say you are concerned about reports come in your first view does this election appear to be credible or not? >> i am not prepared to make a statement right here from this podium about whether or not we can pronounced one way or the other, we are still assessing. >> does that mean if ahmadinejad is able to remain as president u.s. is prepared to go ahead and do with the questions of nuclear station

with him at the helm of the government? >> as i said before this is a very serious issue of iran acquiring nuclear weapons as we go forward we will make our decision based on u.s. national interests, and of course, we are following the situation very closely. but as the vice president said yesterday, we have made the decision in to pursue direct diplomacy through the multilateral context. >> first, with regard to the street protests and the response from the security forces, this is different from the election results because while the united states might not have a diplomatic presence or have access to the balloting and for those kind

of things, you do have access to the media and you are seeing a stark imagery on your television screen where the protest and security forces are concerned. how would you characterize what you have seen so for the way the forces have iran taste of iran have handled the protest? >> what we have seen so far it gives us deep concerns. >> why? >> i think that there has been doubt cast on the and come out -- outcome of the elections, and we see a real desire of the iranian people to express themselves, be involved in the political process. and those rights need to be respected. >> what leads you to say so? what are you seeing that gives

you these concerns? water use seeing? >> i am referring to what we have seen on fox, as cnn, cbs, abc, nbc, and responses to a peaceful protest and that does give us concern. >> the supreme leader apparently reversed himself after initially issuing a statement that called the election fair and final. now having issued a statement declaring the guardian council and iran will conduct a probe into the balloting. would you regard in a verdict rendered by the guardian council as credible? >> again. >> is there a single verdict it can come back as credible? >> as i said before, there

have been a serious doubts cast on these results and we think that iran and the authorities in iran need to take these concerns seriously, but they need to look into them. but i am not going to stand here today and predict how we're going to judge whatever the outcome. >> but what i am saying is the supreme authority in iran has indicated there will be an investigation and conducted by a specific body are you pleased with that development? >> again coming. >> the concerns you are talking about our being taken and it seriously? >> it is difficult for us to assess. not having had access as many international monitors have had in the elections to exactly what happened, and you

know, i cannot really say one way or the other. >> you have no response to the supreme leader's announcement that he is convening a probe. >> just what i said iran needs to take these allegations of misconduct or election irregularities seriously. >> isn't the fact that he called for a and investigate the -- investigation a positive development to take them seriously? >> let's see how things work out. a lot will depend on the type of investigation conducted and i am not prepared to announce one way or the other. >> so you can't or have no way what they are d