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tv   U.S. Senate  CSPAN  February 18, 2010 5:00pm-6:57pm EST

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topline for noaa above 5 billion through 2015. .. and we have listened to it. we've also been able to include increases for programs that have
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been funded at a higher level in the budget for years such as ocean observations coming kalb and habitat restoration of. however, as you can see we still have some work to do. for example in the oceans and coasts and the national zero as a service and who later held. the only other item i would highlight here are the increases in satellites and i said this increase is related to the realignment of the polar orbiting satellite program about which i will say more shortly. now apply to highlight some of the specific increases in our budget, not an exhaustive list and i direct you to the blue book for more specifics in particular areas especially as a map to your interests. when the strengthening science. we need to strengthen science as a basis for environmental positions and policy-making.
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this is a key components of the president's science initiative and an overarching priorities for noaa. this is the first significant increase in noaa's size budget in recent years. the budget provides $82 million in increases for research and other relevant activities totaling over 949 million and proposes a balanced portfolio to address the highest priority is for clients, whether an ecosystem science. this is not all we would like to do but it's a good start. turn into the oceans and coast category, for each of these i'd like to get a sense of the context, why this package is important and then we will zero in on a couple specific items that i want to highlight. so in the oceans and coast budget in particular pricing
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populations indicate that the oceans are important to americans. but the use of population increases drive demand for a wide array of coastal and ocean uses and generate a lot more complex. these conflicts arise for example among uses for recreation, residential, commercial development, oil, gas, wind, wave energy, green and culture, recreational fishing, shipping, navigation, and a lot more. multiple agencies are involved in this broad array of activities but noaa has a responsibility for stewardship and economic vitality of our coasts and oceans and has the technical knowledge to assist managers and decision makers. so within that broad framing, i want to draw your attention to items, coastal and marine special planning, a
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comprehensive and systematic and sized based approach is needed to minimize conflicts and evaluate trade offs as we make decisions about coasts and in wishing uses. in the fy 2011 budget request 6.8 million to support and is planning to create regional maps of important and the liberal areas, identified area base management authorities and provide decision support tools. and the second category of their original ocean partnership grants, noaa is requesting 20 million for partnerships, a new item for the president's budget. this request will provide marriage based grants for regional ocean partnerships such as of the gulf of mexico alliance, the northeast regional ocean council and the west coast governors agreement to implement priority actions. this effort will more attractive
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lease facilitate regional management, communications and party setting across jurisdictional boundaries for the nation's oceans and coast resources. turning to the fishery is lined office, transitioning a fisheries to long-term sustainability is one of my top priorities and although we have made some very significant progress, there is much yet to be done. rebuilding our nation's fisheries is essential to preserving the livelihoods of the sherman and the industries that support them. the vibrancy of our coastal communities, and sustainable supply of seafood for americans, and restoring ocean ecosystems to a healthy state. the budget includes targeted investments that helped sustain local communities and restore a number of violent stocks and habitats. the first time i highlight for
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you here are catch shares. to improve effective management, noaa will provide his stake in the benefits of a well-managed fisheries through catch shared programs were proper. the fy 2011 budgets requests an increase of a 36.3 million for a total of four to 4 million to support the development, implementation and operation of the cash share programs and fisheries across the nation. this increase will continue the transition of the northeast groundfish pressure into sector management as well as support new catch a share programs in the mid-atlantic, the gulf of mexico and pacific coast regions. and secondly i highlight community-based restoration. a species requires investments to improve habitat conditions and ecosystem function the budget request would allow
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noaa's restoration programs to increase passage, and rearing habitat by implementing a larger scale ecological restoration in targeted areas such as wetlands. specifically noaa's requesting 10.4 million for a 23.8 million total for this program in 2011. and the fisheries budget includes 65 million for the pacific coast salmon recovery fine. turning to research, and climate cavanaugh noaa has become a global leader in understanding and reporting on the state of knowledge of the climate. noaa's 2011 the request includes investments for the poor climate services and observations needed to enable a nation to effectively address the impacts of climate change. climate science covers a range of inquiries from topics that
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have been well studied and documented such as the tracking and data of greenhouse gases to those on the cutting edge of knowledge such as the consequences of abortion certification and that melting mci's. the items i highlight first is ocean acidification, the increasing as the duty of the world's oceans has the potential for a devastating exxon rely on an ocean ecosystems. but the degree to which various organisms may be capable of adapting sue a more acidic in berman is on certain and therefore more investments in the ocean acidification are required. this request is for 6.1 million increase for a total of 11.6 total to support new technologies and ecosystem on entering systems to better assess the physiological and the ecosystem level of rex of ocean acidification on recreational and commercial marine fish stocks and more.
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turning to climate assessment services, scientific assessments are integral for enhancing anger understanding of climate, how and why it is changing and how the changing conditions what they mean to our lives and our livelihoods. the noaa is working closely with the council on environmental quality, the office of science and technology policy in the u.s. global change research program agencies to provide climate assessments on both the regional and national levels that we use the best data models and understanding possible. repressed increase of 10 million for a total of 10 will enhance regional and national assessments that will evaluate to a report to on climate change research findings. evaluate the effects of climate variability unchanged predella regions of the country, and identify climate volar abilities. we also are working to ensure
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easy access on all of the did it and analysis is used in the assessment. turning to in the national weather service, the u.s. experience is more severe weather than any other nation on earth. hurricanes in the south, in the east from arctic storms in the north, weather impacts our lives and our economy. each year of the national weather service issues more than 76 billion observations, 1.5 million forecast, and 50,000 warnings to mitigate the impact of weather systems and protect lives and property. and i'm pleased to announce that the national weather service just marked its 140th birthday anniversary and especially those of us in and mid-atlantic and dc area saw firsthand what the forecast that the service issued
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over the last couple of weeks with how helpful and useful those forecasts were especially in giving us so much advance warning to prepare for the storms that did indeed, and pretty much exactly as predicted was pretty impressive forecasting. in a highlight to items for you hear from aviation weather, in 2011 noaa will work with the federal aviation administration faa to meet the rising demands of air transportation which is expected to double by 2025. the whether is a factor in over 70 percent of flight delays costing approximately $29 billion annually. noaa requests an increase of 15.1 million for a total of 26.7 million to modernize our aviation weather forecasts and warnings. the budget will fund much-needed improvements in processing systems models, and new products for pilots.
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improved while forecasts, water resources and precipitation monitoring and forecasting have become particular challenge with increases in population and drought and frequent changes and commercial shipping lanes. the majority of annually declared when federal disasters are due in large part to flooding. in 2011 who noaa requests an increase of 7.6 million for a total of 12.9 million to research, develop and deliver water forecasting services her river, estuary and coastal flood of forecast capabilities. turning to satellites, and this is in two parts. and for to talk first about in the posts and other satellites of the first line focuses specifically on the program
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formally known as in the post. did weather forecasts obviously vital to decision making both by citizens and businesses and that noaa's weather satellites provide the data and information that make use forecast possible. the white house decided, the white house decision to create the joint polar satellite systems by restructuring the old and the post will continue the development of critical earth observing minister is required for improving weather forecasts, climate modeling, -- climate monitoring, in warning lead times of severe storms. beginning in 2010, the program will undergo a management restructure and capacity realignment that will transition the requirements to management by the respected agencies.
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noaa and nasa will oversee the procurements for the nation's civil environmental monitoring means and the department of defense will do so for military needs. so this j.p. ss joint polar satellite system will continue to leverage our partnership with the air force or ground system development and operations. in addition, it will increase our focus on developing international partnerships to ensure the continuous availability of climate and weather observations. and it j.p. ss will specifically address many of of the noaa's requirements to provide global environmental davis such as cloud imagery, sea surface temperature, atmospheric profiles of temperature and moisture. data and image dream from the joint polar satellite system will improve forecasts and warnings reducing loss of life and property and benefit the industry throughout the united
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states. turning to other satellites efforts, a couple of highlights. we depend on the noaa satellites for a variety of data and information. the continuous flow of environmental observations supports whether and corrine forecasting, climate assessment and change predictions, and even space weather forecasts. did it and imagery from satellites are used by emergency managers for use in times of severe weather, they offer you need monitoring capabilities to support air, land and marine transportation and provide support when performing research and rescue functions. i've highlighted to of these programs or new. jason and three, sea level rise in directly friends close of infrastructure three increased erosion were a frequent storms surge flooding and loss of habitats do for example of to
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drown wetlands. it will provide continuity of sea surface heights and measurements for scientists to assess impacts and develop mitigation strategy to cope with this threat. in 2011 noaa requests increase of 30 million for a total of 50 million to continue with the procurement of u.s. sensors and award a contract for the missions launch vehicles. and turning to discover, space weather has strong potential to disrupt virtually every major public infrastructure systems including transportation systems, telecommunications, and electrical power grids and global positioning systems. noaa's did a resources poured geomagnetic storm warnings and forecasts are from satellites that have exceeded that of their two year design life. noaa proposes a new increase of
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9.5 million brother refurbishment of the existing nasa satellites discover. this acquisition will allow noaa to continue to receive vital data which can help anticipate an mitigate geomagnetic storm damage of one to $2 trillion. discontinue to invest in information technology, infrastructure, construction of noaa facilities and the recapitalization and maintenance of our fleet. within this broad category of programs support of highlighted to a, the pacific region centered in the noaa facility construction. noaa is two continue replacing key facilities to ensure employee safety and maintain mission continuity. the budget includes a total of 14 million for the pacific regional center which brings
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together all the noaa programs on this of what. while the nra fund helped the basic construction of this facility additional funding is needed in 2011 to procure and install the information technology infrastructure for the new facility. and i've highlighted the freeman major repair area. the fisheries and hydrograph it service vessels are necessary to support the collection of the foundational data necessary to meet our santa commission. to support this of leads in 2011 we are requesting 7.4 million to extend it should apply a service of the miller freeman, this ship is vital to imprinted a collection in the pacific, north pacific and supports the management of walleye pollack, the largest u.s. fishery by weight and dollar value. soledad in summary are some
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highlights of this year's budget. i want to draw your attention to the number of products that we have developed to make it easy for you to access information about what's in our budget and to be able to pose questions. the noaa budgets every or the blue book available on the table at side is available both in hard copy but also on the web site. our detail budget narrative and other budget products or also available. if you have any questions regarding our budget by staff and i are here to answer your questions on specifics and you can also submit specific preston's to ask noaa budget at noaa.gov. so i would be pleased now to your answer in the questions you have to the extent that i can and i can't i will turn to people who are likely to have answers. but i want to emphasize how pleased we are with this budget
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to. if, of course, does not do everything that we would want, but it's a very good budget for noaa and i'm really pleased with our successes in delivering on of what -- have the resources we have in the last couple years and raymond lipitor and to working with you to ensure that this budget is a strong as it can be for our interests as well as for all of yours. so with that i will open the floor to questions and i think what we will do is alternate between taking a question here and run from the phone. does that work? of pay, questions? and when you pose a question if you could use the microphone, there are some here coming around. tell us who you are in and then your question. >> you have a slide earlier that said and noaa's value to the american public includes of women planning change mitigation an adaptation and i'm wondering
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your opinion on what climate change expert phillip jones the former head of the climate research unit said when he told the bbc last weekend that he agreed with the statements that from 95 to the present there has been no statistically significant global warming. i'm wondering to agree with our jones there has been no statistically since every global warming since 95? >> and mentioned earlier the climate in past reports that was an interagency effort produced by all other relevant federal agencies summarizing the state of our knowledge about climate and how changes in the private system are in evidence in the u.s. and not just for the whole country by region by region as well as a sector by sector. and one of the things that's in that report which is available on our website highlights the
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long-term trends in a global data for climate change and it makes a couple of points about that that are relevant to your question. one is that there is very strong evidence that there have been global increases in global temperatures topping -- over, let's take the last century to highlight on that, over that time there have been significant periods where there are ups and downs and periods where there are no changes and you can -- if you choose to be selective and highlighting in a decade in there you can see different patterns. sometimes increases and sometimes decreases and sometimes no change. what you need to do is look at a
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longer history of temperature records which is what we have because we've been taking good data and that longer history shows unequivocal increases in global average temperatures. >> would you agree there has been no statistically significant global warming since 1995? >> i am saying that it is inappropriate to look at any particular short time to discern the long-term trend. other questions? who is handling any calls from outside? we don't have any price they give. it's fun for me to see guys in the back of the room because the allies are in my eyes so if you need to get my attention you have to really be animated. other questions from the room here? there's one right over here.
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>> thank you. i'm manager, wondering if there is anything specific in the budget about radar has to do with this? >> yes, i would like to ask mary to take bad or jacket you want to. >> the short answer is, yes,. we are continuing to enhance that program and there's an increase of $6 million. >> steve, do want to add to that press. >> that's the increase in the we are still committed to further accelerations in development that radar in norman, oklahoma, and we're going to have polarization capability on that. the idea is our current radar network of last forever and it's kind to the end of its design life and we need to think about recapitalization and modernization of the system so you're going to see a steady
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deceleration in development of the radar to have an alternative replacing that one day. >> thank you, that was steve gallagher, our noaa budget director and the american a deputy undersecretary for noaa. >> hi, ocean conservancy. i was wondering if there specifics for the marine resources education project in the fishery statistics line item? >> brianna resource education? can we get it? we haven't memorized each and every line that is in the thick blue book, imagine that. but in this, we can get that to you. >> we will look that up. >> we can look that up. the other questions cripes. >> i will ask for it to expand a little on your education funds
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and increases? >> education funds. steve? >> the education dollars are not at the level of the enacted budget as you may know and i think the overall repress -- excuse me, a moment -- from the blue book -- let me look that up, over all the president's request and 20.7 million for education so the inactive level has been bearing between 30 eberts $72 million where it's an area where we have the national academy looking at our overall education budget. it's a priority for dr. lubchenco and the administration to in his finding in that area. what we are running into is we need a comprehensive assessment of our program at the academy and we hope to take that reports and build on what are the best areas to focus in and use that as a catalyst for future budget
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requests so we're on a total of 20.7 million but is a priority program and we will look to see that to grow in future budgets. >> we have one from the fan and. >> this is from donald pence from the research institute, your line is up and. >> good morning, dr. lubchenco. relative to very special planning, there's money set aside in the budget for that and there's i read from the task force reports there's a process under way to include in marine special planning. i'm curious toward the future how will regulatory authority be tied in to make use of the province generated from marine and spatial planning, that's a cross administrative cross departmental issue as to who manages what offshoring wind from s would be energy and then
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fisheries and it would certainly be under noaa so how will of the planning be used to facilitate permitting for the steering uses in the ocean? >> as a great question and one that's the interagency ocean policy task force has been talking about and wrestling with. the recommendations that we will be sending as a task force to the president laid out some options, much of which will be focused on regional osha and -- ocean planning entities. i can't remember exactly what we call them, regional ocean planning bodies or something. and there will be the need for us to develop mechanisms to work with the relevance of agencies, departments that have jurisdictions and i think we
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have yet to define exactly what that's going to look like. it highlighted one of it really important reasons for having integration across the departments and agencies, but also one of the challenges in making sure that that integration is consistent with existing authorities but also that the overall swede's activity is is getting as where we want to go in terms of have been sustainable uses of motions, maintain healthy oceans, but also harmonizing all of the different interests and uses. ..
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done at my request. to look at our enforcement activities across noaa and to give us feedback on how well we are doing and how we might do better. we take the report from the inspector general very, very seriously and have implemented a number of tests to address some of the problems i.t. flagged in that report. i have charged my general counsel, mueller schiffer, and my new assistant administrator
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for fisheries, eric schwab, with immediate responsibility for carrying out a set of ten things that i identified as the immediate tasks that we would take on. but also, leading the charge within noaa for evaluating how we can adequately respond to the problems that were highlighted in the inspector general's report and the need to be addressing some of those. thank you. mary, go ahead. >> just to answer quickly, in terms of the budget there is no increase in enforcement. >> okay, the questions. yes, another one over here. okay, go ahead. >> can you hear me? paddy gerrit with the american fishing association. the investment for catchers is
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very obvious and substantial for converting but they are being seriously affected by the lack of adequate data from fisheries to implemented fairly. and as you know the economic contribution of recreational fishing is about the same as commercial. so what kind of investments are increasing in the budget to help gather that data that noaa fisheries very much do for recreational fishing? >> we agree with you do we need much better data on recreational fisheries. and we have been working with asa and other representatives of recreational fishing and truth, as well with states to identify some ways that we can do a better job working together to get the kind of data that we need.
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i can't give the numbers. there are resources in the budget and it's partly a question of figuring out what we can get underway timeframe and having data that everybody has confidence in him that we can use reliably. so we're working with states as well because they have similar interests. >> thank you your >> thanks for the question. >> the next question from lindsay bass,. >> thank you, good morning. i have a quick question regarding noaa's plan for using unmanned systems in 2011 and then maybe a couple years eons, for the research initiatives that you have using uavs or uavs and from what the plants will be? >> i'll be happy to take that. noaa's been investing in both unmanned aerial vehicles as well
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as underwater vehicles. i seem to fulfill our mission requirements in particular, observing requirements. i think in both cases and particularly with the aerial vehicles, we remain in the stage of exploratory development. understanding how these new technologies can best meet our mission requirements. so that's kind of where we have remaining and fiscal year love in as we continue to build a case for how these vehicles can help us in the long-term. >> thank you. another question here. laurie with the weapon i'd like to start out by congratulating you on the best presidents budget ever. nobody i think remembers that noaa would break the 5 million mark. two questions. one is related to capitol hill and the other is related to research. i wonder first if you could amplify a little bit on the research side of things where
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you see the dollars getting invested relative to motion acidification? >> are you asking for the number that we're putting into -- >> no, not the number, but sort of where do you see the benefits of that investment coming? what sorts of products and what sorts of good things can we look forward to from noaa? >> one is getting a better sense of at what rate is the acidification opposes changing and where? so i better job of just monitoring, number one. and number two, research to understand what the consequences of changes in the acidity are for different types of species. so it's mostly in those two buckets. >> great, and hopefully with that great research we can communicate to people the importance of dealing with this. >> absolutely. i think that's vitally important. and this is an area where there
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is a lots of very serious work to be done. and this budget is a start in that direction. there's a lot more in this area that we really need to be paying attention to so that we can fully understand what is happening, at what rates, and how we can put much of the initial information suggests or example that there is some spatial heterogeneity and how the changes in ph are playing out and if we can get a better sense of areas that are changing more rapidly, areas that are changing more slowly, that helps inform how we might think about various uses of the oceans, for example. so there's a lot of work to be done is very important area. >> thank you if i could follow up on my second question. as he demonstrated in one of the early slides, capitol hill has always had a budget at an
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iterative process and congress has always been a fidgety additive to noaa. i'm wondering if you see that trend considering what this budget from the white house? >> one of the reasons that i spent some time at the beginning of my remarks to you describing what we have been able to do last year, was to tee up the message to everyone, you all, congress, all of our constituents, that impact we are being responsible with unfair we are putting them to good use. we are delivering on what we say we can do. and it is my strong hope that the opportunities that we have identified him as president budget will be seen by members of congress as important things that they think are important for congress to be investing in. and i see this very much as a partnership. we have been listening carefully
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to the interests of members of congress and i try to be responsive to those, to the extent that we can and incorporating those into our budget. and i think that that -- i hope that will be viewed favorably. and i also hope that there are areas -- many of our key members have been saying how important they think noaa has and i hope that as this budget plays out through congress this year, that that will be demonstrated. yes. when d. down here. >> ran the show stacker reporter with the newspaper. dr. lubchenco you mentioned in your opening comments the budget is good but doesn't do everything you want to would like to do so. could you please walk me through some of these further areas that
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you hope to be in the budget and perhaps that you think might be to the pursuit of virtue years in research and climate, oceans and other areas. and also, help me to understand the budget trade-offs and perhaps frustration that she'd gone through with this budget. >> randy, then they say that i think this budget really is a good budget. i think no budget does everything that everybody would want. but all of the budget decisions that we make are about trade-offs and the ones that you see in this package are very much a reflection of what we see as opportunities, what the secretary and the president's team thinks are important things for noaa to be doing. and the budget reflects that totality. it is -- it's not -- i think no budget would ever be exactly
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what somebody would like in every single category. but it's a package that i think is a very good one. and over here. >> yes, david laxton with national council for science and environment. jane, i know that communication for science has been a passionate viewers throughout your career. and so in that light, could you describe your versions for the mail noaa climate surveys and the process by which you hope to bring about that vision? >> thanks, david. the noaa kind of service we announced last week is intended to provide one-stop shopping for the nation, for decisions, for policymaker is, for local managers thomas for business folks to access data information, knowledge, products, tools from noaa and and a faith that is much easier
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and also to continue to strengthen our scientific understanding of climate and have that new knowledge be more immediately available into the delivery of services. and so the concept is by having both the science and the survey is in the single-line office, we have the ability to both the areas that need to be researched , communicated to the researchers, as well as new science being folded into the delivery of new decision support tools, for example. this noaa climate service is not just a thing within headquarters at noaa. it also has regional component. and last week we also announced the creation of six regional climate service director
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position that would be co-located with our national weather service office. and anticipate building communications, decision support tools that are appropriate to regional decision-making about both adaptation as well as litigation. so we're very excited about the new opportunities for this office. we anticipate working in close partnership with other federal agencies that also have responsibilities on the science front, on the service delivery front. and so this is very much a government white partnership. do we know that we at noaa have such capacity in those observations in monitoring, and
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modeling, and assessment, and delivery of services that we already provide. we see that we have a very important role. and so we are doing what we think is necessary for us to get our act together to be the more useful to the nation. so actually we are very excited about it. dr. tom coral has agreed to be the transitional director for this office. and the secretary of commerce, gary locke, made the announcement with me last week and it has a need to thank him for his various tax support and encouragement for doing this. we organizations i never easy and the folks at noaa has been really spectacular in trying to work as a team to find what is going to work best for the science, for the services, for coupling them. and we're really excited about the new directions. i should emphasize that what we have announced is the intent to
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create this new noaa climate service because it still has to go through a process of approval for, you know, that is very specific, dollar amounts, people, and approval process that goes to the department of commerce, to office of management and budget and then to congress. as you also know, there is keen interest in that kind of service by many members of congress that have included this in legislation. and now that we have been able to announce this intent to create this reorganized office, we very much look forward to working with members of congress on both the appropriations as well as authorization side to make this be something a strong and as good as it can be. yes, right here.
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>> good afternoon, dr. lubchenco. with all of the great interest and msp and the climate services, can you shed any insight into the positive impacts that this may have on the integrated ocean observations is done and the data management acquisition centers that were so anxious to see get funded in the near future. >> i think the focus on coastal marine spatial planning draws attention, not only to the need to have playspace ways of resolving conflicts and minimizing impact on the environment, but also the importance of basing information information -- basing decisions on good information. and it really highlights the importance of observing systems and the importance of having good data and information at a variety of spatial scales.
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and the observing programs are one that are incredibly important and we continue to work really hard you try to flesh that out and away than meets the nation needs in those areas. anymore on the phone? okay. >> hi, beth lowell with oceana. and i question in the fisheries research and management line item. i think that for the majority of the line items there is no program changes. the majority of them accept and cashiers. i have two questions. one, how is the national fisheries service planning to improve fishery management and some of the other non-shared fishery improvements. and the second part is there more clarification on the specific of how the catch share of 36 million is going. i'm not sure if you have that and how you're planning to spend that if it's planning are
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monitoring or establishing fisheries and supporting the council. >> steve, do you want to date the first cardinal to the second. >> gatt, and your question about research and management line, the way the budget is built up is if we get congressional ad sort earmarks, though, that the request mmm program changes or increases in the budget will go back and. so in a lot of instances, their number being increase within the fisheries budget. it may not be apparent from the net increase. so we have a list of those and would be glad to go to reach one of them. we do have a specific breakdown of the fisheries catch shares dollars. we've identified working with the council fisheries, gone through and prioritize what fisheries are in a position to adapt catch shares and we've put together fairly detailed budgets for each of those weird and its diverse in terms of which type of fisheries we involve as well as with wear.
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so we've got proposals for fisheries in the pacific northwest, and the mid-atlantic and in the gulf of mexico. and we do have a specific breakdown we can share with you. so a lot of the dutra says dedicated to that and some of it then research. the other is observing, so both on-chip and doc observing that the actual catch numbers. and we have fairly detailed information on that we can share with you. so if you stay after we'll do that. >> you actually answered both parts. thank you. no, that's perfect. that's great. yes, back here. >> clare christian arctic southern coalition. we were very pleased to see that the u.s. another party that campbell are supported the nba recently and i was wondering what resources emperor graham's at noaa are available to work on the creation of other mtas.
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>> i don't know the answer to that. anybody? will have to find out. >> i guess the only thing i would say is that we continue to work through our southwest fisheries science center's which are no.aware of than i believe this budget is a continuation of those offers an ongoing priorities there. >> other questions? yes, back here. >> ee mars university of maine. i noticed that noaa has become an aquaculture research. after previously not participating in a major way, do you have a niche envisioned by its very different from the usda's approach to marine aquaculture? >> pete, i don't know exactly -- mary, have there been changes in
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what we are doing? >> and yeah, i was a little surprised by your opening comments because we have actually been working an aquaculture both within fisheries and with super in overtime. it is to some of that has been earmarked in the past. so i'll stop there unless you want me to do the rest of the question. >> the go-ahead. >> i think with the aquaculture program we're actually working very closely with usda to ensure that there's not an overlap there. so we do have some cofounded activities, particularly for things like the kind of stock in fee is used for there that's done jointly with him. but i would say that a closely court made it effort. the >> other questions? yes, over here. >> hi i am that is a man now.
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i'm just interested if you could give us some more insight into project funding. are there matching funds, with sort of mechanisms might be overt air? >> for what? >> well, for projects with private industry. what sort of ratios, is it a one one-to-one matching fund ratio or is there any sort of change is from past practices in that regard? >> steve? >> that's pretty general. there are a number of activities within the ocean service and within fisheries where we have match requirements on different funds for fisheries, for different coastal funds with states together the management night for instance. we have arrangements with that. but they can tend to exist with governments, in other words leveraging state and vestments
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another all fishery programs. i can't think offhand and i'll think about your questions more about leveraging for private investment. but we do have a number of programs and a lot of them are articulated in the back to the blue book under the special exhibit area, where it articulates what the match requirements are for the programs. >> okay. well, seeing no further hands, let me just conclude by telling you how grateful i am that all of you joined us today. how important it is for you to be actively engaged in this budget process as we move ahead, simply because this is a good, strong budget for us doesn't mean it's going to actually end up that way. and it requires your active engagement with us, with others in the room, with members of congress, with whomever, to help us end up in the best possible
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place for the american people. and they greatly appreciate the work that many of you have done to help us in the past and invite you to be actively engaged in the same way this year. take advantage of ask noah budget, ask -- what is it? ask noaa budget@noaa.gov. thank you for joining us. we'll be in touch. [applause] [inaudible conversations] [inaudible conversations]
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>> her companies, whether it's the providers of video or those election investor create the content are working overtime to figure out how to get consumers all the content they want on every platform or device that
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they may own as quickly as possible. >> this weekend, kyle mcslarrow, head of the national cable and association on what's next for the cable industry. "the communicators" saturday on c-span. >> now part of the conference to reduce global nuclear stockpiles. this segment features deputy energy secretary. exchange monitor publications hosted this event. part of its second annual nuclear deterrent center. this is just under 40 minutes. >> our next speaker is the department of energy's deputy secretary. he is in addition to that title at least most of you know that, the department of energy's point man in dealing with russian relations. and that's because he has been he has been steep and i think since he's been a child. he has worked with russian u.s.
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relations in the clinton administration. he has been a long advocate of various solutions in dealing with the proliferation of nuclear power, but in a way that doesn't proliferate nuclear weapons. i give you the deputy secretary of the department of energy, daniel poneman. [applause] >> thank you, ed. i am delighted to be here. i've been here in the past. and it's great to be back and see so many friends and colleagues out there as well. i want to say something about our host because my mother used to say the character is how you behave when no one is watching. and so all of us watch at the
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lobbies. here we are hosting these conferences, running these publications, but i think people who know as a friend, know that he is a true friend and you know what i'm talking about. and it's not just about the profession, but it's about people. he cares deeply about people and about his friends. so i would like to posit acknowledges leadership in our community and his friendship to all of us. the thank you, ed. got back [applause] i am delighted and honored and humbled to have tonight to good friends under the ambassador kingsley i care. i have to say there's a phrase in spanish, i don't know how many spinners because we have here, but there's a phrase called -- it is a first rate thing and i think we are blessed in the relationship which is so important in nuclear management
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between russia and the united states to have such distinguished leadership as we have undersecretary and ambassador kingsley. and that equally divided to share the podium with my good friend and colleague administrator tom d'agostino. on, i think embodies the certain issues, including if i may say those relating that we are now considering in the nuclear region to really lay on the water's edge. they are developing beyond partisanship and i would like to thank him for his extraordinary leadership of the national nuclear security administration. [applause] it's a very exciting time for the united states and for the department of energy. and as we contemplate our nuclear future, all three major program areas of the department of energy will be deeply
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involved. of course, the national nuclear security administration is entrusted with the task of working to reduce nuclear dangers while we maintain a strong reliable and affect it nuclear deterrent, our office of nuclear energy is deeply involved as we attempt to restart the nuclear industry in this country. and the office of science is deeply involved in providing those tools in science and technology that underpins both of these other enterprises on security and energy and rely at the core of everything that we do at the department of energy. for maintaining our deterrent to ensure the safe operation of the current generation of nuclear power stations to exploring new technologies. now you have heard us talk about working across stovepipes within
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the department of energy. nowhere is that more important than it is in the nuclear arena. so first and briefly, given that administrator douglas is here among us, i will address their nuclear security efforts. resident obama outlined an ambitious agenda to reduce nuclear dangers in the given anything vision when he expressed america's vision and e-echo, to seek the peace and security of a world without nuclear weapons. in that spirit, the president has called for reducing developed nuclear weapons and announcing a security strategy for ratification of the comprehensive test ban treaty for negotiation of a fiscal material cutoff treaty. even as we speak, perhaps over coffee in the watcher, u.s. and russian negotiators are seeking to conclude a new start treaty. now is the president recognized in broad, a nuclear weapon free
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world will not come quickly. perhaps will not even be achieved in our lifetime. and he was clear that as long as nuclear weapons to exist, we must ensure that the u.s. nuclear start tile remains safe, secure and effective. and what would once again want to pause and acknowledge one of the real champions and heroes of this for many decades and our country, dr. johnny foster who was done so much for the u.s. deterrence. i'd like to applaud once more. [applause] his outstanding leadership at the laboratory and his continued dedication and patriotism are really the hallmark of what we can all aspire to and i would know the tremendous work he did with dr. perry and mr. hamilton on the strategic posture review commission. now as many of you know, do
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announces for the nuclear posture review as we are nowadays concluded that providing the assurance that i've just described, especially at lower levels of nuclear weapons, will require increased investment to think that an engaging physical structure into sustained scientific and technical challenge at our nation's national security laboratories. and for that reason, the president's 2011 budget includes a 13.4% increase in funding for the national nuclear security administration to support the necessary infrastructure, warhead, life extension programs and science and technology. and i will further discuss that to administrator douglas and i'm sure we'll go into great detail on that subject. while we maintain our deterrent, we must do all that we can to keep terrorists from getting our hands on nuclear weapons and the materials that go into nuclear
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weapons, which is why president obama have called for an international effort to secure all from herbal nuclear material around the world within four years. to underline its commitment to that goal, president obama has invited more than 40 liters from around the world to meet here in washington in april, to enhance global efforts to increase nuclear security and to prevent terrorism. the april 2010 nuclear senate will allow leaders to speak to each other directly on the issue of nuclear security and to strengthen the national commitments and cooperation at the highest levels. the department of energy is part of working and supporting the president suffers to a a number of important programs. we are working to minimize use of teaching you in research reactors around the world and repatriating u.s. and russian origin heu.
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internationally we are working to accelerate our efforts to secure nuclear materials that their shores. we are also helping to strengthen the capability of foreign government to deter, protect trafficking, nuclear and other radioactive materials across international borders and through the global maritime shipping system. in addition, plutonium disposition programs and are monitoring of the transparency efforts were working to do weapons grade material into fuel for commercial nuclear reactors, the ultimate share of plowshares effort. we are also consolidating our nuclear materials domestically. we've completed shipments from the hanford t. inventory campaign and 50 metric tons of special nuclear material from nsa sites. we're scheduled to complete the removal of security category, special nuclear material from the launched liberal laboratory
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by the end of 2012. beyond our doe programs, we are also working hard to preserve and to strengthen the cornerstone of international nonproliferation efforts, the nuclear nonproliferation treaty when it comes up for review in may. fortunately, president obama's vision and his agenda have laid a strong foundation for an animating vision to the conference, which we are all working very hard to achieve. that having been said, the npt again as is well-known to most if not all of you here, now is under severe stress under severe challenge. in order to preserve its vitality, we must deal with the outliers and that brings us to north korea and iraq. for both of these hard cases,
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the u.s. position is clear. north korea must have verifiable in a reasonable way to dismantle its nuclear weapons program. as president obama has said, north korea must know that the path to security and respect will never come through threats and illegal weapons. regarding iran, we have been clear all along that the united dates does not dispute iran's right to a peaceful nuclear program. but with that right, comes the responsibilities to live up to global nonproliferation. and here iran have fallen woefully for short. conducting enrichment plans for years and as we learned more recently at june. iran remains in breach of its
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international atomic agency's safeguards of vacation. three times the u.n. security council has approved sanctions resolutions and response. iran's recent announcement that it will start enriching uranium to nearly 20% and 235 is a transparent ploy. it has nothing to do with trying to deter to help iranian cancer patients who need medical isotopes. by its own admission, officials of the atomic energy organization of iran have indicated that iran cannot fabricate the q. element that work in the tehran research reactor to give unmedicated isotopes those cancer patients need. iran's enrichment of that material would however, yet again, flout u.n. security
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council resolutions and a provocative move that calls into question, even further, its nuclear intentions. the international atomic energy agency and several governments did respond positively and creatively to tehran's initial request for assistance in refueling the tehran research reactor with a fair and balanced for postal design to meet iran's humanitarian needs and begin to build mutual trust and confidence. i want to highlight that on october 1 last year in geneva, iran agreed in principle to the iaea's proposal to send 1200 kilograms of law and enriched uranium from the towns out of your brand in order to produce the replacement field needed for the tehran research reactor. a few weeks later, director general of the iaea, mohamed
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albert died convened representatives from the united states, russia, france and iran to finalize the iaea proposal. i had the privilege to lead the u.s. delegation to those and i can tell you they were pragmatic and earnestly focused on opposing iran's humanitarian needs in a manner that could also start to build international confidence in iran's nuclear intentions. we have even offered to facilitate iran's procurement through the world markets of the medical isotopes its citizens need. regrettably, iran's leaders apparently prefer to reject the most responsible, cost effective and timely actions to ensure access to medical isotopes in order to advance their nuclear program. iran's response to her engagement efforts have not been encouraging. and so while the door to iran is
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not closed, the president made clear last week that we are now working on developing a significant regime of sanctions that will reflect how isolated iran as from the international community. at this time, the international community must speak with one voice on the imperative for iran to meet its responsibilities and obligations under the npt. now even as iran continues down the path of nuclear defiance, many nations are increasingly turning to nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. as we all see ways to meet growing electricity demand in an amenity that does not increase carbon emissions, indeed over 50 nuclear power or his are now under construction around the world. if nuclear energy is to fulfill its promise to help put us on
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that path to a low carbon future, we must do all that we can to minimize the risk that the expansion of nuclear energy might also lead to dangerous technologies and materials falling into the wrong hands. and that is why in prague, president obama called for a new framework for civil nuclear cooperation as he put it so that countries can access peaceful power without increasing the risks of proliferation. the united states is taking steps to build that international framework in consultation with colleagues around the world. last october i traveled to beijing for a meeting of the global nuclear energy partnership that includes 25 members and 31 observers to discuss these opportunities. to be clear, the united states is no longer pursuing those aspects of the global nuclear energy partnership or g. knapp as it's commonly known that relate to the early recycling of reprocess plutonium and
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commercial airs. but we are still pursuing those aspects that seek to assure countries that they make in the bible that says to nuclear fuel services without developing their own uranium enrichment and plutonium separation capabilities. at the beijing meeting, the gnap executive committee agreed and i'm going for their documents, to explore ways to enhance the international framework for civil nuclear cooperation, noting that and again i quote, nuclear fuel management could be one important element of this framework. now the idea behind cradle-to-grave is simple. primera call proliferation program arises from the facilities used to enrich uranium and separate plutonium. so if some combination of governments and companies can assure any npt compliant owner of a civil nuclear reactor, that all of its nuclear fuel
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servicing needs can be met by existing suppliers, without fear of disruption, then the incentives to build sensitive nuclear fuel cycle facilities would be minimized. there are a number of complex and challenging issues that would need to be addressed for this new framework for civil nuclear cooperation to succeed. but the year ahead should provide a number of good opportunities to discuss this with our international colleagues. in addition to our international efforts, the department of energy is also working hard to expand the use of nuclear energy here at home. president obama made clear in his state of the union address that he is committed to restarting our domestic nuclear industry. this is a key part of our response to climate change, but it is also clearly and our economic and security interests and so we are taking action on a number of funds. our loan guarantee program will
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help secure financing for the first group of new nuclear power reactors to be built in many years. so many people have been working on this problem and this year and i am sure that all of you will not share the great satisfaction that we all had yesterday and seeing president obama travel out to maryland and announce the loan guarantees that will restart nuclear power in the united states of america. you know, you take the number of people in this room in the number of people -- years you have each worked two that day, we've got a few centuries here under our belts. so i think that is something that is a red letter day and hopefully the beginning of a new dawn for our country in this direction.
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in addition, the president's budget seeks $36 billion of additional loan authority so that we can get those first few years started. clearing the path forward for nuclear energy in this country also requires a fresh examination of the technology, economic, and politic choices surrounding the question of what used me as fields of commercial reactors is what the high-level waste from our defense programs. and that's enough, we're moving on this front as well, recently having announced standing up of eight blue ribbon commission a truly distinguished americans under the co-chairmanship of lee hamilton and lance scowcroft and together leading efforts from a variety of communities and expertise to consider all options surrounding the back end of the nuclear fuel cycle and to provide recommendations for developing a safe one to oppression and shame the nations use nuclear fuel and its nuclear
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waste. finally, the department of energy supports a robust plants based nuclear research and development program. for example, we are currently researching advanced reactors that would use advanced fuels while proving safety and were viability. it could also bring down long-lived aconite were also supporting small modular reactors that can develop and ship as a single units. these reactors could be viable for countries with smaller electricity -- electrical grids while reducing both proliferation risks and the burdens on capital cost of large units. we are also evaluating new use for processing methods to reduce proliferation risk. some ideas for reprocessing technology show promise for enhanced energy recovery, cost reduction, waste reduction and proliferation resistance. we need an ambitious r&d portfolio to explore these ideas. finally we do educate and train the next generation nuclear scientists and engineers.
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by harnessing the power of an american innovation, we can leave the nuclear industry into the 21st century and promote nuclear energy in a manner that meets the highest standards of safety, security and nonproliferation. now i focus my remarks so far on the challenges we face on some ambitious plans that we have to tackle. but how is the department of energy going to manage it in a manner that promotes our security, energy and science goals? that question is a keen interest to many of the people gathered here for the conference. many of you are engaged deeply in that enterprise. it is of equal interest of course to those of us from the department of energy. and that is why secretary chu and i are strongly committed to management excellence and to management reform. management reform is the right thing to do. the challenges we face are so great, the stakes are so high,
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that we cannot afford anything short of our best effort. we cannot afford to respond to every problem with a new direct hit, with a new layer of bureaucracy, with more red tape. as the book ahead into a long period of tough budget decisions, we need to learn to do more with less. as we look at foreign competitors who are embracing new energy technology with victor and speed, we need to move faster, but wisely. nowhere has this been more apparent than with a $36 billion entrusted to the department under the recovery act with the need to stimulate and promote jobs quickly is essential. that needs to invest those funds prudently is equally critical. in this and in the loan guarantee per program, which is supporting so many of our critical investments in clean
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energy, we know that we must be faithful stewards of the taxpayer dollar. how do we promote management reform? we start the following principles. our mission is vital and urgent. science and technology lie at the heart of our mission. we will treat our people as our greatest asset. we will pursue our mission in a manner that is safe, secure, legally and ethically sound and fiscally responsible. we will manage risk in fulfilling our mission. we will apply validated standards and rigorous peer review. we will succeed only through teamwork and continuous improvement. these principles apply across the entire dob enterprise, both federal employees and contractors alike. we are all working for the president and for the nation and we will only succeed by working together. we apply these principles to a
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set of goals that we developed for a strategic plan, goals that are rooted in each of our program areas to lead the world in science, technology and engineering, to build a competitive low carbon economy to secure america's energy future, to reduce nuclear dangers and environmental risks. we support these goals through an improved planning, programming, budget and evaluation process that starts from a blank sheet of paper, containing only a strategic object is. we're now beginning of fiscal 2012 exercise with a blue sky discussion based on that premise, nomine marginal discussion on how to tweak existing budget numbers here at once we have our goals, plans and budget in place, we need to execute our programs efficiently and effectively, which requires still further management reform. we need to attract the best talent and give them the opportunities and training to keep them in to see them grow
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and flourish as they work on some of the worlds hardest problems. we need to communicate better within and across our i.t. platforms, at the same time that we protect sensitive information and bring sensory's deep expertise to the community and out of government. we must approach issues like worker safety and security in a way that clearly defined their objectives first and focuses on performance and outcomes rather than on a narrow compliance mentality. now as anyone familiar with the history of department of energy does, dating all the way that to the manhattan project, we accomplish most of our work through contracts. so contact management is also a part of our reforms. there are many aspects to this, but allow me to mention a few things that have recently at kansas city plant when i visited there recently. and as a member of my colleagues here today to illustrate this
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point. i saw the federal site manager and the contractor are working well together, clearly understand their respective roles and missions, apply six sigma management techniques, used the same database to manage and oversee the contract, have streamlined safety directives, develop a new nn as a white approach to supply change management and achieved outstanding productive results. but you don't have to take my word for it. the kansas city plant recently received the malcolm alters national equality would come in the nation's highest presidential honor for performance excellence. and i think that deserves a round of applause. [applause] that does make it old would say, is a big deal. anton d'agostino had the vision to promote that and has done it tryptic job at that. so we can learn lot from each other and imply that in different places around the complex here it and this is
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already happy man. we need to do that not only for contact management in general, but for project management in particular. we have a number of large capital projects, some of which have a troubled histories. so we need constant effort to improve our project management principles and practices. we need to be sure that the objectives of the department aligned with the objectives of the contractors and that the incentives align with those. and that is another element of management reform. the final element other manage their reform is monitoring the results because as i learned from one of my mentors, if you don't measure it, you don't manage it. and the watchword here is transparency. we need both i.t. systems and the cultural moorings to share information widely in real time so we can capitalize on our successes and correct our errors. we need to work across the organizations we can share ideas
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and best practices. we need the data to evaluate how well we are doing and achieving our goals. but we need to remember that this is transparency comes the responsibility to use the information wisely, to empower people to go out and do great things, to strip away extra steps that can slow us down. taken together, our management reform comprises what is thought of as a circle of life. we begin with our principles and objectives, translate them into plans and programs and budgets, support them through a robust i.t. and motivated and talented workforce, using performance-based approach is that safety and security, executed to best practice contract as management, monitor to transparent data, which feed back then to the top into evaluating our goals, where the circle starts again. in conclusion, with the help of the people in this room, companies represented here, our
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international partners and the stakeholder community, and with the support of the u.s. congress, i believe that we can achieve our goals. and we must achieve them for the sake of our future security and prosperity. the challenges that we face, climate change, nuclear security, our energy future, are not just the most important issues facing the nation. they are the most important issues facing the planet. thank you. [applause] >> again, raise your hands for a q&a. i'm always going to be looking up outside of of the room. we have a question from one of her questioners.
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>> stephen young with the scientists. thank you for your comments. one question when you did the address is possible the topic with you as well on mark's questions and mobilization. as you know, the bush administration after the clinton administration was pursuing this as a possibility. is that something on the table for how the panel will look at how -- or is that something from the question? >> of course, we have orenburg ram which is continuing and is now on track. within the broader sense, we have given a very wide mandate to the blue-ribbon commission. we don't want them to look at one particular aspect of storage or revivification. we want them to basically look at the whole back end of the field, how that relates to the
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whole fuel cycle and help us think through what our options are to do both on the defense side and the civil side. so the short answer to your question is, we've given to commission a wide mandate and we expect them to be very open and considering a whole range of options. >> question, more comments. we have one right here. >> jerry van valen, great beesley technology. to be your comments mr. secretary, about 50 react or is presently being constructed around the world and the loan guarantees offered by the president yesterday, when do you think will have the first groundbreaking in the united states? and where might that be from your perspective? >> well, i remember the phrase i've seen the future networks.
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my friends and colleagues who are working in the vocal project omega is a very large hole there already. so i think the grant of 30 in. they think they expect those units do, my 2016, 2017, and we will take it from there. we love his humor reactor projects in the? and due diligence now, but i think that's the general timeframe were looking up. they're already wondering time items, so it's actually beginning to happen now. >> and the other comments? >> chris karen, alliance lab. will the commission look at the international fuel cycle and methods to reduce proliferation dangers such as fuel the theme and the like? >> i do want to get too far ahead. they've been named.
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until it's announced in the federal regimen, they have not actually made yet. so i can't say what they will and will not look at. i cannot wait to you about the mandate. and as i said, it's a wide mandate. part of the mandate to say to at these issues in a manner that promotes our nuclear nonproliferation objectives. so i think that to the extent that that aspect of the mandate would invite them to explore some of these other issues that should have mentioned, i would not put it out of bounds. but again, it's early days and they have not even have their constitutional meeting yet. >> thank you. >> i have a question back -- i'm sorry. >> we have one also here. >> up cochran, vfw. obviously, the nrc has an awful lot to do with what happens with regard to the renaissance or additional reactors being licensed and modular reactors
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being licensed to what kind of activities are underway with the department of energy to work with the nrc? >> that's a good question. thank you, bob. of course, going back to 1974, we are statutorily separated, both having been birthed out of the former atomic energy commission and therefore at a formal level, at the nrc must remain and does remain completely independent. that having been said, there are appropriate for and communication. actually, i saw chairman ganske yesterday at the president's announcement. i believe yesterday from what i've heard that the nrc is strongly committed to supporting both in terms of the certification of design for my moving forward with a license to process. they are very, i think, committed to being responsive
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and not respect. i think they will be watching with keen interest. some of the things they talked about in the talk, for example, this scares regulatory resources just as we have scarce resources and therefore will have to make some judgments about which small modular reactors they should be focusing on in what sequence. and so i'm sure they're going to be focusing on those issues. i know also that they will continue good work that they have done in terms of best practices they can compare with other regulatory authorities another nation. so while we will always remain discrete and independent in our respective roles, from what i have seen, i believe that the nrc is doing everything that it can to be facilitating the movement in the direction to the present use of nuclear power in this country and sent a nuclear accident anywhere is a nuclear accident everywhere and should be terms we will have they will make sure other nations also have the benefit of their
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experience and regulatory expertise. >> we had another question. miles popper from the center of nonproliferation studies again. i have a question. ..
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[applause] >> out of clothes and a discussion in this day long conference in everett's to reduce global nuclear stockpiles. exchange publications host of this event, part of its second annual nuclear deterrence segment. this is about 90 minutes. >> experience dating back to -- why do i do this ron -- formerly of the simpson center, formerly of senator demint choose staffing way back when when i first met her. there rego. why am i doing this wrong? she will moderate this session and if we could have our other two speakers appear. we have two more.
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we have george and darrell. i don't know why i am doing this, i pushed the wrong button. there we go. >> thank you very much and is quite a privileged to moderate this clash of the titans if you will. obviously this subject place in to every facet of the coming dialogue over the next two days. i know i picked the right field to be an and the reason is that it's always at these conferences where i never have to wait in line in the ladies' restroom. [laughter] just a comment. in just an anecdotal to revert back to something that dr. payne it touched on the 2001 -- 2002
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nuclear posture and give you just an anecdote from the debate on capitol hill that i think provides a bit of context to this. the debate on the hill basically played out in the two sides, what we do does not matter, other states will make their own decisions based on their own strategic calculations and the other side of the debate was we can't do it, is hypocritical when asking other countries not to acquire nuclear weapons or in iraq two down their nuclear stance. yes is possible that both sides are right, this is very complicated multilayered and multifaceted issue, but let me turn to our four panelists to come up with more incisive details on my thoughts about these two different sides of the debate. but first we will start with paul robinson, i first met him as a staffer, one of my most important constituents as former director of the indian national
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laboratories and anecdotally during a coffee break at wanted to make sure i said exactly what he's currently have to any said to tell you he is favoring miserably at retirement. so with that, paul. >> thanks very much. thank you for bringing me to this conference. i thought i would give you a quick intro to what i'm going to say. i've always been an aficionado of new yorker cartoons and one of my favorites shows a room like this who is completely filled with military men, generals and admirals, all the stars on the shoulder, and at the era ross german is a man in blue overalls, a checkered shirt and straw hat to. he said, gentleman, i have come to speak to you today not about guns, but god help me, bader.
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[laughter] i am in the opposite role and i believe in and when monroe and i are going to be taking the guns side of this debate. i am pleased to follow keith payne. i believe the points of view and in the talk will help move along the path that he started. let's see if i can get -- yes there a down. don't worry about writing down these references and i now. i have a blowout on your ball point, i will put it back up and get to the q&a. with this list will show some of what i want to cover as in that line of the talk. a little bit about deterrent during the cold war, our transition to what should we do after the cold war, the
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necessity of the u.s. deterrent. keith and i were both co-authors of that paper when we were members of international security advisory board for state department. lastly, i want to point out that there has been in a recent rain some articles by popular publications the same the importance and the need for nuclear weapons going forward. the first article is one that had an interesting history. admiral hank chiles was the first navy admiral to ever command all u.s. strategic forces when he assumed command of strategic command. i then was chairing the policy subcommittee and the key task does to try and look at
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deterrence in the cold war capture as best we could the lessons learned in, but look at to whether any of those lessons might be applied to future conflicts and how we could best utilize them. it was originally a classified publication a restricted distribution, but as fate would have an end this is something i didn't know until years after we have published the paper, someone made a request for a freedom of information act release of it and its redacted version that was released and eventually found its way onto the web and i will give you a reference. the nautilus institute published it.
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the first same amount of -- let me go back one, here we are. our analysis is that the usual thinking of deterrence concept, strategy a, theory we rejected all of those coming even a doctrine and said quite realistically i think this fits the discussion you're having with keith payne, we saw it as a process. a very active and dynamic process. it is a process that unless you are willing to constantly put in input as he would be a fool to expect outputs. so it really does and all activity on you're part. it is not something you do once and forget about.
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the etymology of the word deterrence, mike wheeler, who was one of the members of our policy committee did -- it's an interesting word that comes from other latin tearaway meaning to frighten. not just to scare but two efrain with an overwhelming fear as in the common word we hear of terror. well, when you add the prefix d e, confronted a means to frighten from. simply to discourage or prevent in action by instilling this overwhelming fear and the consequences which two visit you in if you do take that action. as a process i have mentioned in prison and ordered to get out plans but clearly must be
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specifically tailored to each situation, in its reality in each country, really each change of leaders and leadership. it's not static, as all processes it can, in fact, be continuously improved and that's what we in the policy business should be about. means to be reengineered and from time to time in a completely rethought and i would say after the cold war has come to end end, is an excellent time ahead for us to look into a major re-engineering of the policy. there is no single right answer, there is a multiplicity of roads to success. it will always be evolving and i remarked it's just like watching history unfolds and there's an
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obligation of each generation of analysts to be able to look at how it fits into their world and what is happening in their world be its direct deterrence, extended deterrence as far as insurance -- assurance. the key to deterrence is an obvious one. you have to do something every moley to get an attitude of self bargaining with san and opponents or a potential adversary to think harder about what they are about to do. we thought it should create fears of the extent not only by the leader himself but the existence of that country as is
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presently constituted. and we weren't thinking that there is a scorched earth laughed. we are thinking the state changes in how it goes about its business would be fundamentally changed should you pursue that course. it also must match piven military power that is underscoring that deterrent and is some plain that we must be strong enough about that to the action will induce what lawyers would call prior restraint from the very first we want to make sure you are not prone to act but prone to restrain. while it must be compelling is surely should not paralyzing and their voice must be that door
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open and to take the pressure off to salvation and if you'll just maintain the peace. and all of it is underscore and by national will and actual military capabilities without those you cannot succeed but will inevitably fail. now, general welch who is at that time also were a member of our policy subcommittee i think is one of the best military minds we have today. and he today is chairman of the full strategic advisory group. he gave us this definition of deterrence to prevent aggression you must maintain the ability to hold at risk and the assets within that nation in which they will value much more than they value the actions we're trying
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to deter. this brings a real a summit that in the process and there are two parties and least into competing interests that you must be aware of all the time. this means that we have to look hard at what it is being valued and are willing to step toward and say a do not threaten this interest of ours or we will be forced to retaliate with inglis that you hold the value and again in the purpose that you are trying to do is to secure the peace. now, the values based deterrent as we look back to what had been our policy throughout the cold war we suggested some very minor
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changes and you'll see from most large nations at least the military targets list is as shown there, strategic forces that would imply certainly nuclear forces but also biological weapons, possibly some extremely destructive chemical weapons. national leadership, of course, supporting industries and other military forces, those particularly that have the characteristics of being able to export aggression. the question comes to mind why is deterrence primarily nuclear? i think the answer is fairly simple. nuclear weapons are horrific weapons. overwhelming distraction is in their product.
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they represent the greatest threat to that is possible. the results are not only immediate but there are no palliatives whatsoever as you might have with respect to both chemical or biological munitions and clearly there are no absolute defenses. it's been my belief that the russian side to can't possibly believe that the u.s. missile defense system was a hit to kill capability that could ever be a threat to their deterrent strategic nuclear deterrent. i've had discussions with some other scientists that have said perhaps the u.s. will change as we once did and put a nuclear explosive on board you're hit to kill vehicle and make it much more capable, but i believe anyone who has studied the
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phenomenon called latter rain down that one nuclear explosion in the atmosphere prevents all communications for a time so you can step your way down a with short till of any target on the earth will say, no, that's not going to happen either. really there is no absolute defense. now, at the risk of getting poetic particularly with my friend frank miller. frank gave a talk at general chilton strategic deterrence conference last summer and he used these words that nuclear weapons make were impossible because the vanquished can quickly reduce the victor to the same tests as he has become. i find that a very compelling view of why nuclear makes all
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the difference and deterrence. nuclear history certainly began in the '30's with hawn and a mine near and that the discovery of vision. people began thinking what could one do from there and in the initial achievements of nuclear explosives, hiroshima and nagasaki, they raised the stakes. three orders of magnitude in energy released, but we should not forget that subsequent research and what was really an arms race to acquire thermonuclear weapons raised in the other three orders above that in energy release. now, with thermonuclear weapons it's not just blasted fact that there are multiple a fax that must be taken into account and
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whichever one you emphasize as the tailored output to of the nuclear weapon like blast skills to the one-third power so instead of being a 2 million times stronger in may being 140 times stronger, but if you look at he to radiation affect it could be up to 1,000 times bigger and affects production. so drastically changed the stakes and everyone should keep that in mind trying to apply hiroshima and nagasaki to the world we all face. now, the cold war provided the first test bed for us to look at what i claim who was a derived truth. we all 78 realized my gosh, not only are we deterring others, we're pretty much deterred
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ourselves. i have noticed particularly young military all pursues them it takes a while, we're not talking about that will deter some males but they won't deter us which is what they would like to have a that one of the prices of peace is two yourself be deterred some my vocabulary is let's never talk about mutual assured destruction. i believe that was never an aim and certainly i knew mcnamara very well, fairly well. he's not a guy that wanted to kill even one person. what we're talking about is mutually assured destruction because of the purpose is peace. the cold war i think we sort of got it right. some missteps along the way, but i think one of the best examples is you read over the last two
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years russian literature about deterrence. sure looks a lot like our literature during that time so i would like to suggest we both got it about right. another example for study is iraq during the gulf war. at all have a little more to say about that in a bid. but the challenge for all of this is to it adopted to the world that constantly changes before us. i do get the argument from many that says want this fail because we can deal with terrorists? i can't be sure, everybody does value something and trying to find that value higher key in creating the bargaining is the path we're on whether we can do that successfully i don't know.
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but at least if we take those strong actions to cab and transfer of weapons and destructive weapons strategic weapons of any type and hold nations accountable not to turn over sali or weapons to terrorist groups we can tap the level of distraction so we're not talking about a holocaust in dealing with terrorists. all through our attempts and i believe there is work to be done, lhasa were to be done and how to adapt this more and more into terrorist situations but we should never lose sight of the imputed value of what we value and were willing to do in exchange for protecting that.
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never lose saying the fact that we can't go all out but there is a military proportionality that we have to be mindful of as we develop those strategies and policies. my conclusion in the end that deterrence does send a message to history and every action that she take were in is really tested is important into whether deterrence can continue to be a major factor in the affairs of mankind or whether it will disappear. if we are about to me is our process must be helpful in securing a peaceful behavior's in the future.
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one of the aspects of being retired is i do get a chance to get up every morning and read the news a lot more thoroughly than i ever did in my life. and, of course, it is a mixed blessing because occasionally i'd like you scream and i see and read various stories and say, my god, common-sense has completely died. i felt that when i first heard the idea resurged again of eliminating all nuclear weapons and we had a president saying it's. now, as fate would have it there had been an earlier time in my life, i'm sure it's happened with many presidents before, i'm told the seven presidents and all have said that, but i remember it particularly when i worked at los alamos and my boss was harold agnew who is an
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experienced nuclear person, and as fate would have it as i came into work through dubai bump into at the door but harold. i said harold, did you see on the news this morning president jimmy carter has made a statement that he intends to rid the world of nuclear weapons. he said it's the first time

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