the church in friedman's village was called the bell the church because the church owned a large brass bell. well, the church in arlington originally was called the old bell church. and changed names a couple of times since but the actually have some of the original equipment from the original church arlington national cemetery. and the descendants of course of the friedmans village and that's one of the great things i like about talking about them because when i talk about it i learned more and more about washington, d.c.. i have people come to me and say philip reed was my great, great, great grandfather. i found some descendants in washington. who knows what some of you will tell me after i complete here

but these are just some of the stories i've been able to find and in no way is this a comprehensive complete version of the african-american contributions to the city. ..

[applause]

>> afternoon. welcome to the center of the book i am the director of the library center for the book which is the reading promotion from the library of congress. we promote reading and all of the states through a network of states. we also are involved in some wonder fall activities in the library of congress one being the book festival this a be our tenth anniversary at the national book festival this year on september 25th and i hope that many of you will keep it track of us and best of

all come to the national book festival. it will be a wonderful day. being here at the library of congress is the opening of a young reader center the first of such an will at the library of congress where kids under 16 are quite welcome as long as they have an adult with them. this is an experiment, not really an experiment but part of the library of congress hour breach and we're pleased too also have a first center for the book foothold in the thomas jefferson building. we love the books and beyond talks because the by the authors that have a special connection one way or another using the collections of the library of congress involved with

projects not just the center of the book but from other parts of the library per it is an important way that we can demonstrate the product coming of this promotion retry to give authors as much publicity as we can but also in the states. today will be a presentation by our author. natalee the library of congress website but also c-span and "the national journal." as part of an educational experience of which we are very proud. turn things off all electronic that is going on. we will have a brief question and answer period before the book signing. and at that time we hope that you have questions but

your questions are authorizing us to have you participate on film with us as part of the educational experience. there is a new feature for the library of congress center of the book we are the overseas have a new website read in dig of a and secondly we have books and beyond facebook club there is information about that club band ever future events on the table here to the side. please look for that and our next the events we have several of these almost every week now for the next couple of months. >> grew up in harrisburg pennsylvanian grew up in a part of a family that loved history. after graduating from

college she earned her an a in history from georgetown and ph.d. in history from johns hopkins university. she has held positions at arkin vista john hopkins, assistant two with us historian at the office and are given us at the national archives. kathy currently is the curator of manuscripts at the schlesinger library at the history of women in america. i'd better try that again. slauson library on the history of women in america at harvard university. keying -- "king of the lobby" this is the book, which we will hear about two-day is most recently published 2x the reviews by johns hopkins university press. it is her third washington d.c.-based centura book. per first, oem the director of the center for the books

i love to introduce them it is off my own shows and have for a number of years, high society in washington d.c. after the civil war was published in 1995 by the smithsonian institution press when she was assisted program director for the national historical commission. the second book, are you ready for this? testament to union from washington d.c. appeared in 1998 published by johns hopkins university press when she was a deputy director of the american jewish historical society. it is now my pleasure to introduce you to kathryn jacob that will introduce all of us to the most influential man about washington and the gilded age. [applause]

>> thank you, john. thank you very much for coming. this special interest weir strangling the voice of the people. point* sen nation was going to hell in a handbasket carried by lobbyists these stories sound familiar today but the same story still the press the capitol building in the 1870's. in the gilded age when wave after wave of scandals had congressman who sold their votes and those who arrived in washington with boxes and trunks full of cash with which to buy them they saw of new yorker rained unspotted as the king of the law be not only that he transformed what it meant to lobby. real road stock was not for him. the king of the lobby traded

on information is changed added dinner parties. one that crashed was the climax of civilization. [laughter] at his table the outlines of a new modern lobby easily recognized today took shape. "king of the lobby" is about lobbying power politics in many in washington in the gilded age. it is also about delicious food, wine, and conversation and how charming and designing sam ward combined of three to create a new type of lobbying, a social lobbying and reigned as the king for one decade. and honorable old family and best friend of henry wadsworth longfellow and mathematician, linguists, ca lifornia 49 year, they spendthrift to squandered several fortunes come at sam ward was one of the most amazing than crowded with larger-than-life personalities. his story and the lobby would be an impossible tale

to tell without death death -- depth without the manuscript collections at the library of congress. very grateful to the staff of the manuscript division and prints and photographs division. the papers of his good friends are here. garfield, william, and some of the papers of hamilton fish common benjamin brown brown, mr. marble come in his me nemesis and many others and together they provide the richness of detail that helps neighboring sam ward back to life. is here is the story in a nutshell. p. konz were his favorite. born 1814 the first of six children into an old new york family. father was a highly respected conservative banker with a rock-solid firm of prime, ward, king

and sam ward was expected to someday take his place their. when sejm's mother died when he was 10 the father was devastated and turned to religion and gave up cigar comment until the core of his friends destroyed all of the of wine in his cellar. he also became more but the incest with his children's moral spills troll and physical health and tried to shelter them from the world. this handsome house was on the corner of broadway in manhattan and a house in which stand out grew up from the new york historical society. not until sam was a student with freedom and allow once he began to learn about the wider world and claimed he and his friends explained every oyster seller and a chophouse in manhattan. a new little cafe on williams street run by the swiss brothers john and peter.

the more he ran to the rope the less sale wanted to be a bigger. he convinced his father to let him go to europe to study before taking his place at prime, award and it king u.s happily settled in paris which he called this city of sin and science i am sure his father was thrilled. [laughter] instead of studying as our bond he threw himself into society. charming and some and well mannered he graced every jaunt near ruby entered. he went into a real vestron with individual menus and developed a taste for settle sauce and exotic vegetables like eggplant and spent a staggering amount of money. humidity dined out for decades when stories of than men and women and a new experience is he doing during these years. this is a stunning picture of sam not owned by a family member.

painted 1836 when he was 22. he managed to stretch the original year of powerpc -- paris three more interviewer he did earn a ph.d. in mathematics and net henry longfellow and became best friends of a friendship that lasted a 50-horsepower. >> just as he appeared he came back with new music, dance is, books of which the elder ward had a four. it was his new ideas 11 it would infuse the rest of his life as they clashed most sharply with his father. julia ward recalled one debate shortly after he came home. sir, you do not look at the view of the importance of the social tae. the social what? the social tye, sir. i take small account of assets the older gentlemen the. >> i will die in defense of the younger my father was so

much news he spoke of it to an intimate friend ago imagine he will die of the social tight indeed. despite groaning some letters to friends, and did not spend all of his time at prime, ward, king in he renewed his acquaintance with the brothers and as an acquaintance of a rich man he was invited to every fashionable sorry. the granddaughter of astor the richest man in america married 1838 and those that fall under some of his happy as. he had a wife he adored and who adored him in the november there first child, a little girl was born. this panting is still in family hands stroh sam and emilie on the wedding day. the first dark cloud was the unexpected death of 1839 of samuel ward pretty or not

saddam moved up the ladder at prime, ward, & king. next is a brother henry who understood the banking business caught typhoid fever and died in julia's arms. bank came the hideous death of nathaniel prime's and wrote to longfellow, mr. prime committed suicide eight yesterday by slashing his throat with a razor. there was a bright spot amid february 1841 stand negative off the jury is not announcing the arrival of his first son. two days later another note barely legible brought news of an infection that has said dan and emilie had died. two days after that sam's son died to. he was executor of the several million dollar estate, a partner at one of new york's most prestigious banking firms with a high spirited sisters and 27 years old. would your sam was also one

of the best catches in your can to years later, by a beautiful young woman in new orleans. her mother was a fortune hunting sure who brought her to spoil daughters to europe to find riches since. nobody believed she was the woman for him. longfellow was impressed by her beauty and little else and told him so this is midora in the book of home beauty. sam married midora against a cautious. when midora board two sons in quick succession he was a static and the whole life was happy again the business life was anything but. urged on he wanted nothing more than to make a lot of money and retire from business. he was sure speculation was the ticket to fortune. wall street was stunned by the news that prime, ward, & king cory about his

recklessness, king had withdrawn had collapsed. thousands more were owed to creditors. broke a promise and had to rent his house packing up midora and the boys going to new orleans. now 35 he was bankrupt, casting about for a way to earn a living. in the california gold fever sweeping the nation he saw his opportunity and joined the 49 years rushing west and the sanford sysco waterfront went into the real estate market and a quarter million dollars in just three months. he adopted a much more rugged the consumer princess go. this went up in smoke and fire destroyed all of his warehouse is. of creditors hounding once again he became a ferry operator in the wilderness and caught up in schemes of a ventures in mexico and

sailed for france in costa rica on mysterious message and wound up in new york a wealthy man again. he plans right back into speculating and surprise his friends swindled was left of midora affection. this time on a diplomatic mission to pare away managed to convince the american delegation and the paraguay president he was responsible for the happy resolution of all issues. sam sales home and in his pocket a secret agreement sealed with 1,000 pounds sterling to lobby in washington on para graybar haq -- behalf 1959 sam headed to washington to begin a new career. when sam arrived 1859 the original capital had been removed to make room for the dome that we see today. you can see construction under way courtesy of the

architect of the capital. the nation's capital was a tinderbox washington sat squarely between north and south as a nation threatened to split into two. only a thin veneer of civility remained in a private dinner party hostess found it difficult to keep political enemies apart sam was a democrat and held-- believed and cons of eight -- compensation and friends and family members in the south but there's no question he would remain loyal to the union. he put his house up for sale. ms. stanislaw girardi began to be noted provided the perfect cover for northern and seven years to needed neutral ground on which to me. sam traveled through the confederacy through the early days of the war with his friend russell secretly

sending back letters to seward for which he would have been a painter shot of discovered. from the southern stronghold in a hotel he sent letters about gossip from the south that he could claim to swords desk. by the time it was over he wrote to do the all bank accounts are drawn i have to go back to washington to get some money. sam's timing was perfect after all the new force is guaranteeing a man with sam's unusual schools and you sure you get money and posed for washington but the selective toward the betterment of society with the federal gourmet could abolish slavery surely it could write down the wrong

spark a spokesman for the poor and the sick and criminals and education civil service reform and abolition end and justice for american indians come up votes for women and fair treatment of labor converged on the capital to plead their cases before the new agency's committees and apartments. the potential to make millionaires by exploiting the lucrative new areas coming under the federal government's purview was the date that lured a more cynical crown to the capital. if there is a series special interest and the corruption seemed to lose a lot of every government office. in fact, there is not anything new about the elements that gave rise to these unseemly years all existed before the war but so many factors then scale and audacity these revenue.

the kohl's are hot and ready for the unprecedented meeting frenzy with the great barbecue. the most sought after by eager new arrivals had patent rights hungrily two per gutters coveted mail routes mining and timber rights and military contracts and with these people were sam and we have friends in high places and anecdotes and recipes and talents poor diplomacy all that work well for success. the johns administration and who faced a colossal task of financial reconstruction. convincing congress to support the plan than you would not be easy but sam could talk the talk of finance and more important debris together men of

opposing views to talk over their differences. and sam was happy to oblige. from their headquarters chinese st. thomas sam's about two win a victory with the treasury paying the bills for about with the secretary of the treasury secured $12,000. the key senators and representatives on both sides were sitting down to dinner at sam's table. although he was disappointed he denied all he wanted he was not disappointed in say and who claimed credit for the partial victory. >> saddam's star was rising. julia boasted he was a figaro everybody calls me, everybody wants me. and what did i do for the sec called my name. sam's friend as low as one

of his most important clients about what he was doing for him in washington and sam roach it took me a week to draw congressional elephants favorably touching all projects i can get the furniture bill passed in a day but how did sam carell those elephants? new eight days she knew any recipe for success showing promise before the war he used and means to the end. one of them wanted to see that one of his dinners. call me at 10:00 a.m. we'll find me at breakfast and i will unfold my plan. end off tin begin with pat day and champagne with someone else to attain the bill. when a new york he favored delmonico but in washington

he rotated the larger lobbying dinners for more than a dozen guest among hotels and metropolitan clubs and occasionally john chamberlain's new club. when he came to special dinners for only seven or eight to test all made the rest on 15th street olden days shown by a belgian would do. arguing for paraguay before the war he gave his most select vendors in the privacy of his home. he had a two-man staff and a loyal secretary and the second sets of eyes and ears around town. inventing cullinet rules and recipes and lives because there would split them up the back embroil them. in consultation sam took great care and composing every meal from the lobby

dinners to the grand bank board's he orchestrated. dependent upon the numbers of the enemy that would be reduced to capitulation by the projected bank with come each course must be exclusive but small. sam word manage his guests should never be satiated. the oyster paddies were so perfect and so small that the next course would be anxiously awaited this is for the banquet sam planned in the 1870's and write-in in the scrawling hand of the back of a business card. while sam chose the menu he deferred to the plate days glance european financiers before interest were financial mining and mineral rights and would be another set of players. which members were alone in

washington and lonely? who was most persuasive and who most easily persuaded and who was leaning one way and another? who might like to sit next to home? all of these factors went into the next two selecting guest. once we determine the table mates same concentrated on orchestrating the talk around a table. good conversation was as essential as good food and wine to the success of his evenings. you stories from his life like condiments at his table and consult dinner conversations with all sorts of details. nothing was ever sorted on the table that was half as delicious as himself. the result of saddam's great carrying to conduct his dinners? and as i noted when i began another guest induce an evening at sam's was the climax of civilization. but how did the is a

delightful evenings serve sam and his clients and? suddenly and is slowly and congenial the in their lives what sets him apart as a lobbyist. he claims he never talked directly of a project over dinner he was probably because of the excellent wine but the guest also left with the impression he never outright ask any of them for anything. while sam probably never found his job quite this easy one reporter claimed that sambora never ask demand about a measure in which he was interested at his dinner table but treated friends so well they were always anxious to do something initially asked as they were leaving how they could help. saddam broadcast together around his table and what could could conversation convince educated locals how to overcome obstacles.

and careful steered of the conversation his guests to were all chosen with a purpose might find it to their surprise they came in interest or much to learn from each other. client might find themselves sitting next to a congressmen do is wavering on an issue of importance to him or have a talk chance to talk casually away from the office. extenders or not the only means to his then he spent many days visiting members offices and cabinet departments clustered around the white house. access was critical to a lobbyist success and sam vermette enjoyed remarkable access to offices around town. of these are men he had known since childhood and matched a boarding school in columbia and danced with his sisters and whose sisters he had danced with. men who had dined at his table and he adds and there's. like other lobbyists, and sam also traded in permission to provide facts and figures to anyone he

could buttonhole to bolster a client's case. then he commented on saddam's memory with the facts e stored away about mining or steel travel coupled with the news saying anecdotes from the trove of trivia he told the listener's attention about persuasively listening for deborah measures he was being played to pledge. nowhere, not an contemporary newspaper accounts obituaries or congressional testimony or and saddam's all letters of his clients was any hint that sam took a bribe were offered a bribe or engaged a black man of or used any other means to win his aunts and sam was very proud of that. in 1875 he was called to testify before a congressional committee looking for the wording of contracts. of the hearings went badly for some but not force him whose defense of lobbying and candid explanation of his part in the affair

spread his fame a further progress after saddam told the committee of parable the cartoon of sand appeared in the new york daily graphic. this is not to say stand -- sam stallone and all other work erupt among the fellow lobbyists, a summer blatant and some were gross and would stoop a very low to blackmail and bribery but many for none of these things. it is to say that sam stood out from the rest because or used some webmethods in the obvious by the church he alone employed entertaining so deftly and often to win the end brett it is true that rich philadelphia had wined and dined members averted congress in the late 1700's in hopes of influencing their votes. men had brought there share of food and drink for congressmen in the 1850's.

salmon this to the combination of delicious food, wine and sparkling conversation in his lobbying efforts in a systematic and central way that set him apart. his style of logging required patients to call off. he gave dinners seemingly for no reason at all but to bring together of men and women for mutual enjoyment but at these evenings he cast sees that might not bear fruit for several years. old ones french chips cemented and new ones were started. , these are the hallmarks of what reporters were called the social lobby. by the late 1860's sam was written in newspapers across the country as the king. this is a picture of him looking quite too regal in a caricature from 1880.

from the first secret agreement to lobby for paraguay the list of sam's clients expanded to include insurance companies, telegraph railroad lines come as team show appliance manufacturers investors and business individuals with claims of all sorts. the number of them he pledges dinners in knowledge in friendships with key players of both parties and divining of official preferences together to slide bills through congress and sidetrack others coming guide claims through government bureaus. by the late 1870's when sam was approaching 70 and had reigned over the lobby for more than a decade he was slowing down. the dinner still sparkle the letters reveal he was getting tired and the deaths of his daughter then son and all leading 10 grandchildren or fined his brother-in-law had left him shaken.

although julianna and saddam's friends urged him to slow down although the trip was he could not retire. he was famous but not rich. he lives well but on other men's money. a personal savings he had nine and worked hard but when it came to being providence he was the grasshopper spending money on presents for family and friends while the more the smaller bobby amassed small fortunes then just as it had many times before his fortune changed dramatically. 1878 out of the blue a very, very wealthy californian showed up on the east coast to return a favor. he was a teenager barely off the boat from ireland in the california gold fields wins a.m. and found him down on his luck and desperately ill. nursing him back to health and king never forgot his

kind is. he was manipulating a block of rhodes stock was a man in my den but it was good time to welcome this meriden. with two 1/5 thousand dollars bracket with a dramatic change washington would see less of sam although he was a frequent passenger posting guess the king of the lobby was abdicating his ground pulling up stakes leaving for new york 20 years after he blew into town. now he had his stationery with the compass pointing to southwest with boston gold rather than the royal purple you see here in the 1872 letter. my dear thomas from the collection here at the library. with money to spend a gift-giving took on staggering dimensions. he had always sin cast of all of oil and bottles of

tabasco sauce to family and friends and strangers he met on the street but now for his sister he was on the california ranch and juliet, a widow struggling financially there was a house as well. in 1880 sam bought her a handsome town house in boston. there were bookcases for wendy's, a pearl necklace for another and a sapphire pendant, boxes of cigars comic rates of box and bottles of wine is for everyone. the implicit instructions sending in 1881. in december 1880 saddam's letters were filled with enthusiastic reports of a grand money-making scheme and backing to developers after only recently meeting them sure they were trustworthy to push a grand resort on long island.

you can probably guess for this is going. within one year to no one's surprise the project was requiring more cash were little seem to be getting belzberg by the fall of 1882 sam was in over his head. when he finally admitted the situation to friends they found that not only was his fortune gone be he had foolishly signed papers making him liable for millions more. when he had hit bottom in 1849 he left new york and sales last to california this time he slipped out of town by catching a ship bound for english and throwing creditors off his ascent. his goodbye letter caused his mother and aunt as it sank in he was on the lam again. the sisters envisioned sam not all leading a quiet life in exile. but instead he popped up in london unrepentant and was

straightaway entertained but anyone who was anyone. soon he was writing letters back to julienne who received them sorely telling of weekends at country houses and chatting with the prince of wales. he did take time to have this better taken in 1883 i think the photo is still in family hands. he moved too italy to join family and climbed mount vesuvius and swam and list lapse out from shore and during lead to became by mentally ill from tainted seafood possibly then he'd dictated one last lightheaded -- light hard and butter and diaper obituaries appeared in more than one dozen newspapers in london and american after he died. the "times of london", london sadr review comment in your commercial advertiser come in your kero plus newspapers and

washington boston and chicago rest stories that headlines that read a famous lobbyist said. -- said. and sam ward career the adventures of a speculator and lover. then you're times obituary filled to entire columns with more than 4,000 words. after mentioning his twinkling eyes and his great bald head and the sapphire ring most of the victories focused on several aspects of his life. sedan is the genial host of a friend to the world, and "king of the lobby" was the puzzle was the universal favor it concluded that tribune obituary could not find it in his heart to dislike in the boldest lobby agent can see he lived by the arch with nobody really would respect was so much

refinement. while the attribute tried without success to solve the puzzle it did put of finger on the most significant contribution to the lobby and correctly concluded that seems greatest achievement was establishing himself a washington up ahead of the profession from which of the lowest depths knows almost to the dignity of a gentlemanly business. he never resorted to bribery, excelled in composing the entities and cementing their rickety friendships which place a large part in political affairs and he attempted men not by the purse but with banquets, graced by vivacious company and a conversation of people of the world. his recipes lived on for decades. for years bar patrons ordered a drinking invented of crack dice and a thin appeal of a 11 and chartreuse. the somerset club carried

one of his signature check-in dishes check-in saute sam ward. it would have pleased him. the social lobby lives on and still. then the lobbies confirm the social lobby was alive and well in washington. so well, important dinners and entertaining were specifically singled out for roles in the 1995 lobbying disclosure act that were tightened further in 2007. one could almost hear seems better with indignation that neither members or their aides can except free meals from registered lobbyists. despite closer scrutiny the social lobby endures because of loopholes. the toothpick rule food

served on toothpicks does not constitute a meal and members may still attend the events were at least 25 people who are not members of congress are present. but the social lobby lives on primarily because as say am sure the recognize when he arrived in washington, bringing people together over good food and wine and conversation remains in a fruitful way to break down i animosity and make a point* and conduct business. with a sure-fire plan is also a successful strategy still. coming together even though they are more circumscribed, sam is there. but the continuing power of the social lobby is understood clear in the great cartoon from april 2009. the woman he manages is

anything more smoothly than you has a handle and creating bipartisanship price series of intimate dinner parties should do the trick i have compiled a list a powerful republicans and their favorite foods and invited yo-yo ma. everybody loves him not like barbra streisand. [laughter] and each gaskets and adorable puppies. no one can resist a puppy. soon democrats and republicans will exchange dog training tips. he could slip into morale appointed office at one of washington's top pr firms on k street. in the well cut sue armed with statistics and blackberry make the rounds by day and dress in a dinner jacket with a diamond studs and sapphire ring and lobby at receptions, dinners and benefits by night. to be happy to see the social lobby while just one of many avenues leading to influence in washington is still going strong and entertaining still provides

one among many opportunities for communication in the capital. as arthur schlesinger, jr. another keen observer noted 100 years after his death in saturating just a bit as sam was want to do, every student of washington knows the business of governing is transacted in the evening where the purpose lurks under the highest frivolity. saddam's part was to guarantee the men and women who enjoyed the night never focused on the purpose that linked been eighth. thank you. [applause]>> you mentioned a grt convergence of public causes in the postwar period when you listed a great number of private interest the

represented in washington ended the ever take an interest january elaborate on him and mr. butler? >> the question was could i elaborate on the entity between sam and mr. butler? usa senator from massachusetts he vacillated between being a democrat or republican but well known mostly for the buckles during the civil war. he was known as the spoon butler and the military administrator for new orleans after it was captured by the union. he issued come i cannot remember the name of the order but also other men who does respected at union and

the soldiers should be treated as prostitutes. he had a ready stole but the silver and his nablus on the chamber pots throughout the south park of that is not why sam did not like him but they really hated one another part of the because of dollars vacillation from democrat to republican. sam was a supporter of andrew johnson and did not feel he should be impeached and aided that every way he could and then the other miscounting on in johnson being impeached. the two of them traded barbs they're entire lives. >> he mentioned -- but i also wonder if you had any encounters with either you ec's as grand or twain? >> he was very good friends

friends, could i talk grow sales relationships and other point*? brand and twain and kerr feel? garfield was one of his best friends he always had a copy of homer and his pocket. her field was a professor at college in ohio. garfield also have a family back in ohio. she was in washington and lonely he was one of sales most frequent dinner kasten in his diary he requires -- talks with eating dinner at saddam's three or four times a week also a prominent member of important house committees. he is not the pianos why he is invited but he is okay with that. they were very good friends. sam has little regard for grant. he did not like radical

republicans and disagreed with the way we construction was being handled in the south and really didn't look like the scandals that were just swamping the white house prick of it seemed to the nation that the union that had been redeemed by 600,000 soldiers and the corruption was going to overcome the recently redeemed union. he blamed a lot of that on grand but did not think he was personally corrupt but he blamed the them for having a very corrupt people around him and did not have any evidence of his connection with twain. they were in town at the same time. certainly. if you have not read mark twain the gilded age, it is the zero most wonderful novel and it is fish six this characterization of lobbyists. and it had wonderful

caricatures and of how much it cost to get a bill through congress of their pictures of congressmen and senators and how much it cost to buy them underneath. it is wonderful. they are great part by high the recommended. >> [inaudible] the lobbyist put it in your book he mentioned there are lobbyists even at that time. of course, the collections on women lobbyists. >> i wish there were part of the question is about women lobbyist of this point*. there definitely brandon lobbying known as the law b.s. that is a harvard to get your mouth around but they were definitely on the scene and mentioned

lobbyesses. we know there were real live women lobbying for their own claims known to many reporters as the poor things. civil war widows. daughters, or fined by the war, daughters the only child left of the family the form was taken by the war or lost livestock. they would come to washington and said outside members' offices trying to get a moment of their time and rear of a successful. there would often spend what few resources they have left to do this. there of the richmond to than middle tier of lobbyesses that would come as claims agents and be hired as male lobbyist to present the case mark twain says why a woman lobbyist is so successful. think he says you can brush them off like you can a man.

there is a graveline about why he thinks they were successful. a lot of times they were would plead decade sang get a percentage of the claim once it was one then there is a third tier which as far as i know, really only exist in the reporters' imaginations. they aren't the seductress, one of them calls a luscious melting peach. [laughter] that tend to men to their doom, there always in the descriptions, a very, very beautiful, a beautifully dressed, wonderful jewels jewels, and they meet with men privately and use the feminine wiles to get what they want. these are talked about over and over again with the reporter accounts from washington but i really think this was a fear rather than something that happened

frequently. there is one woman, the wife of attorney general george williams, about whom scandalous things were written and things i cannot even repeat here at the library of congress. she does seem to have lobbied for her husband, taking favors khamenei, presents to push things before the justice department. she is the only person with a real name that i can identify. i cannot find any other lobbyesses that left a written record. >> where does this term lobby come from? >> is very old and the united states and used as early as the early 1820s. there is one legend it comes from the lobbies of the

willard hotel and exist further back in american history and that but a term used in england before it is used here but you find it as early as the 1820 sparc a lobbying is as old as the government from the minute it opened, there were individuals pressing for claims asking for compensation for pensions for the revolutionary war service protected by the first amendment and that is something of a lot of people don't understand so in the 1870's when reporters are calling for the abolition of the lobby, hello? you just cannot do that. the lobby for the abolition of the lobby is an interesting exercise pointed out by many advocates sam was one of them. he was an impassioned testimony before the house

ways and may days when it ways and means committee and its regard in london there were lobby agents that had a time and place to lobby before members of parliament. it is very old. >> if you look at different political dictionaries you find a different definition in each one but it seems as though it is older and used in england before it is used here. [inaudible] >> sam had two kinds of engineers. one that really had a targeted purpose. there was a bill before the finance committee or ways and means committee, one of sam's cleamons the two do a certain way, here is a

wonderful correspondence that says one of the most candid letter i have ever seen in marlo would say i want this approach past and sample right back and say it will cost two per gram proposing for dinners at $500 each in here are the people i am suggesting behoove you want me to have? those tenders were pretty much all male and more purposeful but he often had dinners where he would just invite people he thought would be congenial. foreign-born ministers and american-born wireless and people from different aspects of his life. they were cultivating tenders for the women would be president -- president i had no proof they withdrew but then the men smoked cigars. sam was very respectful of women's opinions at these

dinners. everybody who had dinners they wrote tome about them that is why reno so much about them and talk about he listened to me. mr. board asked me about my opinion of this. it did not go unnoticed of the women that wrote home mentioned it. >> thank you very much. please join me in thinking kathryn jacob. [applause] it is a pleasure to have your knowledge and your research experience explain to us so well and you really have a contemporary or a historical look at a contemporary situation which everybody has enjoyed. she will sit here to sign books. they are for sale outside the door and at the library of congress discount for cory encourage you to buy them and continue the

conversation and g the books wind. as conclude the overtime with a think you. [applause]

>> host: welcome to c-span2 booktv "after words" program. i am christopher his chin and i am in the unaccustomed role of questioner and producer of my friend and colleague george packer who has produced two volumes of george orwell and commented on and so today or well is our subjects so i wish we had more time. but i am guessing you have read tj book? >> i have not. >> what a shame. what i want to say from his book is that something i have a feeling you will agree with taylor writes in, i keep thinking this is mind marked you ever get the feeling? >> i do.