and these people acted differently and they brought their drinking habits with them in a lot of cases that violated what the temperance movement thought what it meant to be to be a good american. in this country or we don't drink. bread middle-class properties to people and do catholics coming you need to behave. so a lot of cases here, temperance was really targeted at the catholics to try to reform their ways. prohibition actually went into effect a year after the 18th amendment was passed in photo into an effect in january 16, 1920, so 90 years ago. ..

and of course provision went into effect the next morning but things turned out quite differently than they had expected. >> john barleycorn. >> that was an old nickname for all cahal also known as demon rum. >> when you are doing the tour, when you are done with the calvary baptist church what's next? >> we jump on the subway and go to keller am i where we see the woodrow wilson house. he was the president when prohibition went into effect.

>> this was a portion of a book tv program. you can view the entire program and many other booktv programs on line. go to booktv.org. type the name of the author or booking to the search area in the upper left-hand corner of the page. select the watch link. now you can view the entire program. you might also explore the recently on book tv box were the featured a yo box to find recent and featured figures programs. in his latest book, "from eternity to here" request for the ultimate theory of time, california institute of technology researcher sean carroll shares his time on origins and the universe. bookworks in california is the hosts of this talk. it lasts about an hour. [applause] >> thank you for coming. it's nice to see there are so

many people that think the best night is to be with other people talking about the origins of the universe. it's great. i want to thank sean carroll and his wife, jennifer for coming down from l.a. to talk. some logistics c-span's here tonight so please turn yourself phones off and this is for sean and others who've been here before we have a running a business here so thank you for being here and some might ask for an cappuccino or espresso but [inaudible]

[laughter] i also encourage you to buy a cup of coffee or tea. when we are here [inaudible] please support them. when you have questions to ask the end of the talk, we are going to have a very interesting kind of microphone come over to do so that the c-span people can hear you when this is being broadcast. please hold your question until this big thing is brought to you and you can start. [laughter] >> if you forget we will be sure to cut you off until it is there. we would like to welcome sean carroll to discuss his newest book "from eternity to here. if he would be interested the

theory of relativity. >> what are you saying? [laughter] >> i don't really know about relativity actually. [laughter] but the thing -- if you are interested let me know sean was at harvard graduate school i think and then mit the rest of the next to the physics and now he is at caltech. this great big world of science he's entered he started at [inaudible] i wonder how that happens. >> augustinian is. >> so sean has many research articles published in and he also has other science papers

over scientific america and so on and is the co-founder of a very well-known blog of for a network called passing various which is part of discovers website as well so it is highly regarded and i would recommend that you go there. jennifer by the we is also a scientist and writer and she also has a blog called a cocktail business. i would actively recommend you to go to that one because it is more fun. [laughter] the topic tonight "from eternity to here sean will be talking about the origins of the universe and the origins of the universe in the context time and why isn't that time in our world and the universe moves forward. it's never ochered to me that it would go any other way.

it might have something to do with mabey when the universe was born or before whatever was there before maybe sean can tell us. [laughter] and finally i just want you to know after the talk the questions will be moving over to -- did i say this? to the bookstore for the signing and reception and also you can buy this book. it may look complex to you but sean is willing to explain it and also he is a blog for this book in particular. right now there are chapters six, you can go back to the archives, read chapters of the book and go back to the blog. sean, thank you for being here. [applause]

>> it's great to be here at any independent bookstore in the united states. i'm very happy to have these kind of defense. keep it going. [applause] i'm also happy that i've stopped being surprised to see a whole bunch of people deciding the best way they can spend their thursday evening is thinking that the beginning of the universe and the origin of time but i do need to explain part of why this particular question is the question we are being asked. at one point i mentioned to a student that i was thinking about as lisa said white time runs forward rather than backwards and the response was after that he will tackle the problem of alphabetical order. it [laughter] how else could it ron? you might have heard of feinstein. einstein told us among other things that time is kind of like space. when feinstein's great intuitions is we ordinarily in our everyday lives think it has a space and time which seem

completely different to us or are in fact part of one thing called space time, 14 dimensional thing. space is three-dimensional, space is just where we move and where we live, the world around us and we say that it's three dimensional. three directions we can go, forward and backwards, right and left, up and down. so to pick out a point in space you need to give me three numbers. where is it this way, where is it this way, where is it that way. but if you want to meet somebody for coffee or go to a book reading you need to not only pick out a point in space, you also need to give them a moment in time. so in a very trivial and simple way you live in a four dimensional universe. there's three dimensions of space around us, one dimension of time. but there is something deeper going on jamdat because einstein says that not only are there for dimensions, not only is time a dimension just like space but

the division of the four dimensional space into the three dimensions of space and one dimension of time and it's kind of arbitrary. different people were divided at different ways. different people were moving at different speeds will decide that space is completely different than the simultaneous moment many light years away is different to one person than another person. what i want to do is not talk about that. what i want to talk about is the fact that nevertheless despite the fact einstein made great advances and we think of time and space as different reflections of the same underlying reality nobody ever confuse this time with space. you might be driving of of a neighborhood that you don't understand very well and you might make a left turn when you wanted to make a right turn. no one ever makes a wrong turn into yesterday or they want to go to tomorrow. so time is not exactly the same as space. what is it? what is this difference? why do we never have the danger

of mixing up time and space in our everyday lives? there's many different reasons, different answers depending on how you want to go but the difference is that time unlike space has a deduction that if you are floating out in space far away from the earth or any other object floating in your astronaut space suit you would not be able to tell the difference between up, down, left, right come forward, background, every direction would be equally as good as every other direction. but yesterday and tomorrow would still be different. there is all sorts of ways in which the past is different from the future. space does not have a direction that time has what we call an era. there is an arrow pointing from the past to the future. in fact some people talk about lots of different eras of time and that's a little bit confusing. there is one thing going on that it's manifested in many different ways.

we remember yesterday. we do not remember tomorrow. i hope no one in the room remembers what is going to happen tomorrow. we are boren as young people and we grow older. no matter what you might have seen in the curious case of benjamin britten, in the real world everyone ages in the same direction. so as a scientist we want to understand this uniformity of our experience causes of facts. we start young and grow old. we accumulate memories, we have a feeling that we passed through time from the past into the future. so we would like to explain that scientifically. there is no hero of space. there is no direction that points out in space but there is an arrow of time and why is that? it all comes down to something called entropy and it was sort of put together in the early 19th century the for 150 years ago for fundamentally nationalistic reasons. the reason why scientists invented in trippi is the french

were annoyed the british were building batters dimensions than they were. nineteenth-century they were the industrial revolution was going on. the english with james watt had the best steam engines going around and some of the french scientists were a little bit irked by this so they ask themselves, the one name that comes to mind, he asked himself how could i possibly build the world's most perfect steam engine? very practical. not thinking about the origin of the universe. he wanted to build an engine that would get the most out of a certain amount of fuel but he ended up as you often do in these practical situations you into thinking big, thinking about the most abstract thing you can possibly do and he figured out exactly how you could have the most efficient engine possible. what she realized is there is no such thing as a perfect engine. you can't get all of the energy out of something and put it to useful work.

why not? there's some sort of tendency of things in the universe to wind down. the universe is a windup toy that ticks along and sort of declines and eventually stop. so this could codified into law of nature. the second law of thermodynamics is that energy is conserved, the total energy of the universe doesn't change, that makes sense to read the second says there is a happy entropy and entropy goes up so that is where the arrow of time comes from is that when you compare the past to the future the future has more entropy. what is in trippi? the great thing is that he was able to invent the concept of entropy and tell us that it increases without really knowing what it meant. it was years later that we figured out what in trippi mant but the basic idea of entropy is something to do with a disorder. if you have an office and uniquely stack peepers on your desk, they are organized and

nice and neat, that is low entropy. that's organized. if you wait around people come to your office and a bump into things you don't try to clean things up, that stack of papers is going to scatter and become more disorganized and we say that the entropy has increased. so the entropy is something that measures how messy something is, how disorganized and disorderly. so you know then from your everyday experience in trippi if it's this orderliness is something that goes up left to its own devices. you're not supposed to start with a nice neat stack of papers or books and they become scattered. you would be very surprised a few scattered papers across the desk and as people came into the room they gently nudge them here and there and into a pile like that. that is the air of time. it's easy to go from stocked and organized to messy. it's hard to go from mincy to neatly stacked. the question is can we really need this quantitative?

can we turn this into something scientific? and that was done by a man named lithwick. in the late 19th century in the 1870's and what he did is his advantage over his fellow physicist of the day was that he believed in adams. as late as the 1870's many physicists didn't believe that the atoms existed. the city or inventing disloyal things. i don't see them. i can't tell they, are there, i can observe them. physics shouldn't talk about an observable things. this is a little bit of rhetoric that goes down to the ages and we are still dealing with today. there is tension between people who want to explain things in the simplest possible way and people who are more down-to-earth and say if i can't see it i'm not going to believe that it's there but boltzmann said look if you believe in atoms, and atoms make up everything, atoms are in every single object and we can use the same logic that we use for the pieces of paper neatly stacked and apply them to every object

in the universe. we can see that the entropy, the messiness counts the number of ways that we can free every inch the atoms in something. so for example if you have a glass of water with an ice cube, one manifestation of the aero of time is ice cubes melt. you start with a warm glass of water, put the ice cube go all by itself the ice cube will cool off the water around, ten minutes later you have a cool glass of water. if you put a cold glass of water, wait ten minutes it's not going to form an ice cube all by itself. that never happens. the air with time going this way goes from ice cube to melted, never backwards. so this story i'm telling you holds together entropy increases when the ice cube melts and boltzmann said i have the ice made of molecules we would say that he called them atoms. the water is also made of atoms but when it is an ice cube, the ice cube molecules are different

than the water molecules. they are colder. is there is separation, there is some degree of organization whereas when the ice cube has melted all of the atoms in that glass of water are more less created equal and what that means is there's more ways i can rearrange the atoms so that you wouldn't notice. the atoms are so small i can't tell the exact position of every single atom in the glass of water supply measure things about it. i measure how cold it is, the temperature at different points in the glass of water and there are more ways to rearrange things when the entropy is higher than when the entropy is low and the brilliant thing is this understanding of entropy extends to every single way in which the past is different from the future. this is an astonishing but true fact that is not really controversial. if you sit down and think about

the different ways in which the past is different from the future it is due to the fact that in the past things were organized, things go forward in time. they become more disorganized. so you might as well what about memory? use and i remember yesterday, don't remember tomorrow. what does that have to do with atoms and organization and entropy and things like that? well, consider walking down the street and you find and aid splattered. a broken eight on the sidewalk just sitting there and you can ask yourself what can i tell about the future behavior of that eight of? what is when to happen to that a the next 24 hours in the real world? it might sit there, it might grow moldy, it might rain and washes away, a dog might come by and look up the aid. there's a lot of things that could happen. it's hard to predict the future of the splattered egg on the sidewalk. but now you ask yourself what is the a doing 24 hours ago?

what was it doing in the past? and the answer is it looks like a freshly broken a given 24 hours ago there was an on a broken egg. that's it. that's the only choice. there wasn't a dog that spat out the a. there's only a small number of things that could have happened in the past and so that they went from being low entropy organized, you know there is a real, it like -- ed quite to meeting medium entropy broken on the sidewalk and will increase in entropy toward the future so the point is knowing that in trippi goes up is what allows us to make inferences about what happened in the past. towards the future, given the a lot of things could happen. why? things will become this year. there's a lot of ways that could happen. toward the past, that egg was clean and organized an unbroken. why do we know that? because we assume that from the beginning of time entropy was

very, very low weight here is where the great assumption comes the evin physicists haven't quite internalized, they haven't quite accepted it but yes it's one of those things that's not able to be argued with. it is a true statement that not a lot of people have thought about carefully enough to really body into the state is that ideas like boltzmann, his definition of entropy, the ways i can rearrange a constituent of resistance of that you don't notice. that is a recovery helpful if you want to tell why the entropy will be higher tomorrow with and it is today. given the universe today there are more ways to be high in trippi than flow entropy so there's more ways to be messy so if we take the universe, a egg might model the universe it's easy to break the egg and scramble the egg. it's hard to make it organized so what if the universe is doing today it will become messy.

that makes sense to us. boltzmann to arrive to questions that should starting from today you can predict how the entropy of the universe will increase as a function of time. however, the underlining law of adams, the underlining rules of physics better handled down by isaac newton or as they are changed and quantum mechanics or pherae or whatever you want, they don't have in a row of time. if you don't think about men see things like eggs and water and memory or anything like that if you think about to particles at a time, to billiard balls bouncing into each other, the billiard balls bouncing to each other and scatter off and go in a direction and that whole process is absolutely irreversible. there is nothing that could tell the difference between the poles that have been scattered and now the bulls have scattered. let me put it this way. if there's to billiard balls on a table we ignore fiction and noise and all those things. and i make a movie, the balls to

each other and scattered. i played the movie backwards. you would not know. if life of the moon orbiting around the earth or the earth moving around the sun, if i make a movie of that and play it for you backwards you would not know. if i have a egg braking and turning into scrambled eggs and make a movie of it and play it backwards, yes, you would know. you can tell. so this era of time that exists in our macroscopic world, if i played in the feedback course of a person growing older you could tell, it doesn't exist at the microscopic level. it doesn't exist at the level of individual atoms or two or three atoms. it only exists when you have billions and billions of atoms together. so we need to be able to do is to derive the behavior of entropy which has an air of time, entropy increases, from these underlining laws. that is what physicists like to do. they like to start with the basics. they can the right things if you

say the air in this room is made up of atoms with certain properties i can derive the pressure, temperature, what would happen if i add more air to the room and so forth. i can derive the fact that starting with an ice cube in the glass forward in time the ice cube will melt. why? there's more things to be melted. what i can t live is given a glass of cold water, ten minutes ago was there an ice cube or not? there is no way starting from the rules of adams which work equally well backwards and forwards to deprive the fact that the entropy was lower yesterday, i can derive that the entropy of the universe will be higher tomorrow, that is the arrow of time, that makes sense but we don't think just that entry will increase starting out into the future. we think it was smaller yesterday. and there is no way to get that out of the fundamental laws of physics. an boltzmann kind of knew this.

he tried to deny it. he tried to prove theorems. he wrote papers say mike initio entropy must increase to were the future and his friends said what do you mean the future? the fundamental laws of the future work will forward and backwards in time. you are cheating putting some ingredient in there if you try to devise an era of time from rules that don't have any such aero. he eventually admitted this was true and so what is the answer? we know what the answer is to read the answer is so we know that starting today with the entropy we have the will be bigger tomorrow. that makes sense. the question is why was it smaller yesterday? why was the universe more orderly yesterday than it is today? why was the entropy were? the answer is the entropy was even lower the day before yesterday. i hope you find that very satisfying. [laughter] some of you might say well, why was the entropy even lower the day before yesterday but i have an answer for that, too. it was even lower the day before

the day before yesterday. the point is that number one, this is the best answer we have. i'm not going to be able to tell you we can do better than that. that is the right answer. why was the entropy lubber because it was lower the day before that. number two, this line of reasoning keeps coming throughout the history of the observable universe. so, boltzmann in the 1870's didn't know about something called the big bang. now we know we live in the universe we look outside and see other galaxies. we live in a galaxy with about 100 billion stars. and our observable universe there's about 100 billion galaxies in the whole thing is expanding from something called the big bank about 14 billion years ago. you need to know what numbers you want to think about how big the universe is to read the numbers 100 billion. 100 billion stars and galaxies, 100 billion galaxies in the universe, 100 billion dog years is the age of the universe, $7

year's persian in years, do the math. [laughter] therefore we have the beginning. 14 billion years ago of the stuff we see in the universe was sitting on top of each other. everything was smashed together in incredibly high stake, dense, pact, high curvature of space time as einstein would put it. so, that is where the story begins or ends, however you want to say. boltzmann can explain why entropy is increasing, but only if you start in a universe that is very, very low entropy. so, again every manifestation of the arrow of time, everything that happens in the future from the past is because entropy is increasing to read it is a measure of the disorder leanness of the universe and it's been increasing because it started low. so this is an amazing and remarkable fact about our universe. that the big bang 14 billion years ago wasn't messy and chaotic. was incredibly orderly.

the universe started in a very, very specific unlikely configuration atoms and photons and all those things. so as cosmologists, people like me who study the universe we have a question. why did the year early universe start in such an exquisitely or orderly arrangement? once that starts we can explain everything. for example, here on earth, you might have talked to creationists, if you were in life business you have to talk to creationists sometimes. people who say evolution, you know, we think your started in a fairly chaotic state and now we have all this complicated stuff. the biosphere, human beings, kaput of organisms, processing information. does that violate the second law of thermodynamics? is that increasing order in the universe? and that is an absolutely fair question. at first glance we should be able to explain that. but the point is that we have a tremendous amount of entropy

that we are increasing the whole universe by. it's just that we lose entropy here on earth, we make things more organized by increasing the entropy of the rest of the earth. what happens is we get light from the summit and radiate light back into the universe. we get back to the universe the same amount of energy we get from the sun, global warming which will keep a little bit of the energy we get from the sun. but for every one photon, for every one particle of light we get from the sun we've 8820 photon's backing to the universe. each photon has won 28 of the energy. so we give the same amount of energy as we get back. but along the way we increase the entropy of the flight by a tremendous amount by a factor of 20. so we are a tiny decrease that represents us here on earth. nothing compared to the increase of entropy that we've created in the universe. and it all goes back to the big

bang. so everything i've said so far is true. you are not allowed to disagree. but now we don't know what we are talking about. now we have reached the questions to which we don't know the answer. the early universe, 14 million years ago have low entropy. that's true. why did it have low entropy? why was it like that? remember the entropy as telling the number of ways we can rearrange things without telling the difference. so if the entropy is very, very low, that means that you are in a very exquisitely ordered, delicate, precisely chosin configuration of stuff. that was our early universe. you could say was just like that. that's absolutely possible. a lot of cosmologists will go around telling you the big bang was the beginning of everything, right? that there is no such thing before the day before this big bang. what happened before the big bang is like this north of the north pole? that just doesn't make sense. all of that might be true. but it is not something that i

can guarantee is true on the basis of things we'll understand. it is just a guess. .. >> but nevertheless we open the refrigerator we are

surprised to find an egg. why not? because the egg is not all by itself isolated in the universe. it cannot of a chicken. that chicken helped it is not the entire system it is not isolated. self if you ask the same question about the universe why did it start to or found at such a low entropy states when possible answer is it came out of a universal chicken. [laughter] which we call the most diverse. here is the following idea. imagine there was a space and time before a university came into existence. but unlike hour universes' -- universe with hot dance fiery big bang, this was just empty space. quiet, nothing going on. the thing is recent discoveries of cosmology convince us even of the space is not completely

quiet to. because we have recently discovered the universe is not only expanding but accelerating. 1998 switches recent and scientific history terms, if you look at a galaxy, they move away from us a velocity moving away and what we guest in the nineties when i was a kid doing cosmology we were taught they are pulling on each other all of these hundred billion galaxies are exerting a gravitational pull on others. even though they move apart it should be ever more slowly so there should be a deceleration. in fact, we have been looking for this. there were two teams that decided to go measure the deceleration. one named to the collaboration the high register if super noverco teams registering the

deceleration but imagine their embarrassment when they are accelerating. if you look at a galaxy moving away and measure velocity and come back 1 billion years he later and it is moving away from you faster not only moving away but accelerating away. misses most important discovery since the 1960's at the very least. we're still trying to make sense of it but still have a favorite idea is that in the space itself has energy. if you have energy and you curve space and time an empty space of it has energy if it does not go away and intrinsic and in space itself every cubic centimeter you empty out there is nothing there, no radiation you can still ask

yourself how much energy is an empty cubic centimeter of space? >> according to einstein it is not necessarily zero a measure some parameter or lot of physics. if the answer is not a o if there is positive energy that's as part of a perpetual impulse to the expansion of the universe. the reason why we see a galaxy accelerating away from us because as it moves away there are more and more centimeters between us and the galaxy and more push on space itself so we see it fly away from us faster and faster. that helps explain a lot of the observations we make about the universe but might also help explain where her universe came from and provide an explanation for the arrow of time. here is the sketch this is totally speculation and so

don't just completely believe this but this is the direction we need to go to explain how the universe should be like. if we just had pre-existing space and no big bang even in the space as energy. even one of the things stephen hawking figure out if empty space has energy and has a temperature if you put a thermometer an empty space it would occasionally detect radiation very, very cold you can calculate 10 negative 30 times the universe today it is only 1% of the temperature if you went into empty space it is cold out there and nobody can hear you scream per copy wait long enough it will be much much colder but not absolute zero it will never become absolutely quiet keep

that in mind. add to that the adl of quantum mechanics. that says if you have a subatomic particle like an electron the question is not the question question is where is electron there is no such thing but if i look for the electron what is a chance i will see it here versus there? the probability, no absolute answer where would be only different chances you will see in different places you can pin down the elementary particle 21 absolutely precise location in the universe. that is quantum mechanics so applied b.a.t it to the universe you cannot pin down the universe to one absolute configuration of space and time itself. there is a fluctuation and things happen. very rarely but you might

wait a long time and we assume nothing is happening days happening and you have infinitely long to wait and the idea is in the empty space with a little bit of energy with fluctuations going on everyone's allow one of the fluctuations will make a new universe. in a little region it will be put into a teardrop shape that pinches off what is called abb universe brokerages easier to make small universes' ban bigger ones. you can imagine it requires less of a fluctuation band billion light-years of across berkeley make this bubble of space time and it expands. the best way to make it expanded seven has energy and it that does not go away the dark energy that makes it expand more and more. if you wait long enough that decays just like the ice

cube belts that dark energy can go from being dark energy to matter and radiation. there's a lot of energy and it is really, really hot. this sounds like our universe like the big bang. in other words, putting it all together we have mts space fluctuations because of quantum mechanics that we cannot get rid of for vocationally these fluctuations make a new universe that starts hot and dance and the smoothes and grows up and cools off and becomes empty space itself and glass that way forever but it does not happen once but again and again. in other words, the universe which we started off into space nothing going on can set their fervor quietly. there is no way to keep the universe well-behaved all by

itself it is the implication of quantum mechanics. keeps making new universe is. the way is to start them all hot and dense like ours stood. the idea that we are a baby universe of some quiet and unassuming universe that came before. too really put this into perspective, that is what happens if you start with and the space and pro universe and that it move forward in time. what if you want to move backward in time? where did it come from? because the underlying laws of physics are symmetric he doesn't understand the difference between faster future it is the exactly the same story you make more universes' eshoo go to the infinitely far past. but those new verses have the arrow of time pointing in the opposite direction so if time runs this way you start with a nice quiet

universe and pilaf that have arrow of time pointing this way but you also have bubble off that go that way the shebang is completely symmetric there is no overall direction of time that you put in by hand in the rises naturally from the loss of 66 -- physics. that is cool and addressing to think about. why should we care? they are legitimate questions and i know if you ask any will think i am hiding it. why should we care? i don't know so what i am proposing is most of the universe this empty space nothing going on the tiny fluctuations every now and then you make 10 new baby universe that expands and cools but how we know there was not a preexisting how to reno there are not universes' that are siblings? we have no way right now. i don't know how to tell you that we would no but two

things. it is possible that without observing other universes' directly we will nevertheless put together the laws of physics well enough that we can absolute confidence say they must be there. for understand the laws of physics well enough based on experiments we can do and they predict the existence of other universes' we should take that seriously. we are not there yet but we can imagine getting there. second, we might be able to make a prediction about our universe based on a scenario like this. sunday we might improve the state of the art so much that we can say there is a slight run into in the sky of things we can observe of the arrow before the big bang and their hands. it is probably nothing but when we look at the real cited does not look exactly like we think it should. the big kent that maybe it

is from the era before that we think we understand. however we are not there yet. science does not know everything that other wise is it would stop. we have worked but what amazes me is putting this story together starts with the ice cube and a glass of water we want to understand why skew smelts and do not and melts and how can you take aches and make scrambled eggs but cannot take scramble a system make an egg. that leads us to believe in a most diverse. be very, very happy to come up with a better explanation that is more tangible but we are not there yet. right now this is the best explanation that we have and it is a great lesson that we are part of the universe and not separate from the laws of nature and all of the stuff around us but the features we and joy of being in this room with our

everyday lives depend on things that happen 14 billion years ago so i hope once we understand it better give us two or three years. [laughter] we can put the entire story together and make more predictions and learn about the laws of nature. thank you. [applause] i will take a few questions we cannot take too long then we will start signing books. please wait for the giant gizmo. >> bear with me. we have entropy and time that you can measure. as a reno the experiment with the atomic clock that affects time. >> yes. >> is entropy affected to measure the increase soared decrease entropy because of

speed? >> that is a great question if i have five hours to talk instead of 45 and it's one thing i would have told you about time violations forgetting about the arrow of time, we measure time by using clocks the real reason that einstein went to rigmarole is because clocks that move in different ways and end up reading is stationery and another clock that is synchronize i send out to the speed of light and bring it back it will come back having experienced less time than the time that stayed behind. what does that say about entropy? the short answer is nothing because the second the law that governs the evolution of entropy says entropy never goes down. if the entropy of a close system isolated from the rest of the world goes up or

remains constant but does absolutely nothing about the race -- at the rate of which entropy changes. it can remain very constant then go up suddenly there is no simple rule to tell you how fast entropy changes so i cannot related to how the clocks tick. >> instead of the acceleration there is a big crunch what happens to entropy of the point* where the crunch comes a symbol point*? >> back in my day again it was very, very common that the expansion of the universe was just temporary and it might be possible there were not dogmatic but it would expand and greek contract for yunus as we observe it today universe

gets bigger and entropy goes up cylinder is that a necessary connection? if it would collapse would entropy go down? and no. there is no reason for it to go down again no reason for it to smooth out just because you never star's to contract does not mean, start turning into eggs. however we might not know everything however we do have this weird thing that with big bang entropy was low maybe for whatever unknown explanation implies if there was a big crunch it would also have a low entropy. stephen hawking wrote a paper that if university station reversers to collapse entropy would go down but it was his greatest blunder because einsteins greatest blunder was not predicting an expansion of the universe but hawking said he realized it was a mistake. we don't think the universe

will recall laps but if it did the reason to think entropy would go down. >> how urgent or how much time pressure due fill to figure out what is going on with a faint glow of distant past? when will that information be lost to civilizations like ours? >> that is a great question. the universe is changing so the evidence we have going on in the past in some sense becomes less successful. personally i am worried about nuclear proliferation or global radiation radiation -- global warming and radiation disappearing from the telescope but what will play out? we live in a galaxy with 100 billion stars those burn fuel they start low entropy then increase then they burn

out teeeleven galaxy were the center of the galaxy has a black hole the million times of the mass of the sun but if you wait long enough every star wilt spiral in and become part of that black hole then it will evaporate and there will be nothing left. how many years between now? one googled good old fashioned. not if the search engine. 10 to 100 years from now that is the of the space after that it is hard to make sense. it is only 10 to the 10 year old right now also don't go change your investment portfolio on the basis of this information. [laughter] >> it is about explanatory methodology. i was pretty cool with the aerodynamic explanation and the low entropy stay distribution and a beautiful

explanation but then i wonder if the explanatory it should you want to scratch after that is worth the price? with a speculum is that are happening it occurs that every theory has primitives and you can wonder why is the speed of light exactly what it is an any different number and all explanations have to stop. what is moving new in syncing why the initial state is the if you have got to scratch than to say it is just the initial condition? >> another very good question. you are well prepped i alluded to the existence of that question who said that i have to cope with an explanation to the fact 14 million years ago it was at a entropy state media should just accept it. it is possible burger right now with the current state of our knowledge say that

might not be true. however there is no reason why the universe had to be like that for our existence for example. we live in the universe with a 100 billion galaxies. you could have had a much smaller detriment of entropy in the universe and we would still be here. not only is the universe saturday times a very finely tuned stay to a much more than it is any reason to be. that might be just a fact or a clue. until we know we should spend some fraction of our intellectual effort acting like it is a clue to come up with a better explanation if we fail hang cannot find anything then we will say that is one of the facts of the universe.

>> what do you think about people who are psychic? where they genuinely have psychic experiences and i am one of them who has had them >> i am skeptical about anyone's psychic experiences i am a hard-core err material was that believes in materials and particles but within the paradigm i can show within those rules there can't be psychic experiences. logically speaking is that possible there are things that are incomplete? that is true but i don't see any reason based on the evidence that i have access to to make that leap i think there are easier ways to understand that.

>> thank you for your wisdom perot wished i have lectures like you when i was in college. [laughter] here is my a conundrum we measure lot of things with respect to time. so i always think of time as the independent variable in your cosmological theory is it? >> isn't time just a label the variable that goes from the starting point* to the ending point*? vs something that depends on other things? most physicist is the authors call each journalist it is able four dimensional universe that is just as real injustice actual as every other events. we existed so we have a psychological impression of the passage of time but even

though i don't know what the future is it is just as real as the past. that is traditional even day ago little like to talk about philosophy the simplest way is with the whole thing is there i don't have access so both space and time labeled with the different points. in the universe. it can be thought of as save independent variable. that is the short answer. [laughter] one more question from the back. >> nine no you said you did not want to make them big deal of its but i was not sure that i understood. use saying we can see into the skies the pair universe? is that it? >> my as blacks it instructions to the contrary i did not want to make a big deal of this but in what we

see in the universe that could be traced to the preexisting phase? there seems to be hands. yes the big bang happened 14 million years ago it is not only dense but hot and giving off radiation and it was opaque it was like a fog you cannot see your hand in front of your face but then 400,000 years later it cooled off enough that the university became transparent and no light can move point* and that troubles unimpeded and we see it today. it is microwaves of the wavelength and recede this and the cosmic background radiation we look all over the sky it is there in every direction looking more less the same in every direction reflecting that the universe is basically uniform but not perfect. despite the differences in temperature in the background point to point*.

what do you see in those deviations? they are random with a good approximation a brokaw little fluctuation here or there but there are hints that the fluctuations in temperature from place to place far bigger in that direction than that direction it seems to be the asymmetry in the sky higher density in one direction than the other direction of space. is this real? statistical fluctuation in? doesn't represent something we can explain and me and my colleagues have said maybe the slope in the universe then gradient from place to place is a remnant of what happened before the age of the universe that we can observe. the amazing thing about the hypothesis is it is hard to make it work rethink it is so big it must be possible to write that equation but

once he put this low been universal shows up elsewhere and you can start to roll it out. so right now i don't think this difference between the one side of the sky or the other is telling us something concrete what happened before the observable part but it is possible and we're still looking for more anomalies trying to find which are flukes which are mistakes or which are crucial clues to lead us to something better. hopefully better experiments, smarter theori, rd-wking graduate students, we will figure it out. thank you very much. [laughter] [applause]

>> host: we are here at the 2010 conservative political action conference talking to radio host jerry doyle. tell us about your book. >> guest: it is from two standpoints "have you seen my country lately?" have you? because of you have people would like to go back there. when i was writing and it was hard to keep up with everything as fast as it was changing. we hear about change but at a certain point* people say slow down. the book and a lot of talk radio and what we do here is we are like the speed bumps to get government to slow down. i don't care democrats or republicans. just slow down and tell us why you're doing it and figure out the unintended consequences. >> host: did you write it for your ought radio audience or a different audience you are trying to reach with a book?

>> guest: the radio audience is the book audience or it is radio and what we do, we're in the business of reformation have the luxury of spending our day reading and going through the trivia and tidbits. most people are stuck on a freeway or packing the kids is lunch. we have the opportunity to take this and permit -- information to compress it into a three hour radio show or a book or what you do on c-span and our job is to give it to them. here is what i saw. what do you think? not how to think but when i wrote the book it was like a catharsis in. you look at the mosh pit of political insanity and say where's the middle? what it is the way for people to take a look at what we do every day and 240 pages and get an idea of what is