in spite of my growing christian ties, red markers printed with the slogan, don't buy from jews, were glued to the windows of my business on the day of the boycott. when i protested to they explained to us that we were half jews. in spite of our birth certificates and the fact we've been members of the protestant church for decades. dear pastor, those of us audio mac became doubly hard hit because we now belong to no one. the jews are recognized by the state as christians. so dear pastor, what are we? am i a jew or a christian? am i a member of the fault line out past? is my certificate and inviolable document or not? >> these appeals fell largely on

ears. many people have commented on the fact that in 1933 the first year of nazi rule, well over 30,000 german jews immigrated, but in the following years, the numbers dropped to around just 20,000 a year. they only taught the 1933 viable in 1938, the year of chris,. with melancholy hindsight, this reduced flow of immigrants at a time when the still a lot immigration seemed evident to german jews misguided refusal to see that the era of german jewry had come to an end. but the following contemporary letter from where fault to the jewish refugee in amsterdam and thousands other like it was a different on events. in 1933, unlike following years, a great many of those german jews who left, did so by illegally crossing the borders

of foreign countries, mainly france and the netherlands. there they were in a foreign country with no right to no opportunity to work. the jewish press, including the zionist press, the most was those two immigration was full of horror stories of german jews stranded penniless abroad and full of warnings against leaving without the liquor right to live somewhere else. many of the early immigrants were in fact assisted to return to germany so they might at least earn a living by the left to her by a local agency and therefore the letter is read by jill poly. >> i've been in holland since june of this year. i was forced to come here because my parents and siblings at key from germany. my father had been employed at the sister community in berlin as a show hand. the prohibition of rituals for he lost his job on may 1. as a result he had no

possibility for income. our income is dispersed in all directions. my father is in holland. pia stay with a family we know and enter. my father is for a small so links are in poland with relatives. a brother with a comment here in paris and the sisters and a brother in berlin. currently i'm in amsterdam where i've been offered a job in a home. it is a supervisory position in a strictly religious orphanages, plantagenet land, 80. that is especially interested in hiring me to make sure they have a person responsible for rituals in the house. i would personally benefit immensely from this job as it would offer me at least a place to stay. i am completely without means and don't know what to do. >> after 1933, immigration will be limited by the legal opportunities to resign abroad

through the days of wild order pressing largely over. how should one read the future? again, blinded by hindsight, we forget that for a while to nazis continue to give very contradictory signals. here come a senior figure from the central [inaudible] reports on his winning in november 1933 with a senior civil servant inside one of the most nazi of german ministries. he had asked for the meeting following the issuing of the editors thought the previous month batting on air and from writing for the german press. according to the official at this meeting, germany's long-established jews just needed to show patience and restraint and the report on the meeting by hirschbeck for the association is read by peter savoie. >> the conversation with mr. counsel was very satisfied

are you. it shows even in the ministry there is clear understanding and recognition of the extraordinarily [inaudible] situation in which chairman jews now find themselves. the point is made they repeatedly however that the biggest problem for german jews is caused by those who every time the government makes an accommodating suggestion, loudly announce they are showing signs of weakness or anxiety. grand claims of the kind found strength in radical elements within the body and thus make the job difficult for the steadier forces. i am quoting [inaudible] the propaganda ministry or obese dissection also holds the view that the regime measures against the jews for necessary to create a clear position at the outset in which the german element is the regime defines it as the sole power in charge. once this position has been

reached, then it will be possible to talk about integrating long-established, settled jewish elements. and at the local level two, german jewish leader still found time for sympathy and understanding. head of the mundane brush of the central association of german jews report here on what happens when he complains [inaudible] about schoolboys singing a bloodthirsty for this report is read by jill pauly. >> last friday i encountered a unit of roughly 30 upperclassman who sang the lovely song about jewish blood spurting from the knife. yesterday i visited the headmaster and discussed the occurrence within. amanda was very uncomfortable for him and i really had that before the man. he's unfortunately powerless and could not hold up the prospect of any success from the complaint since he has already

expired up a hornets master himself. i believe it would not be banal and welcome to him if we were to take the matter into our own hands. perhaps the headmaster will respond accurately to increase by his superiors. >> and indeed committee documents show you remember this after word of the central association of german jews made what seemed like a major breakthrough in march 1935 when the police president of not berg is an instruction to the not the storm troopers at the songs derogatory to the jews should no longer be sung. taken in conjunction with other achievements in 1934, the association may well have briefly hoped to be winning back public spaces for germany's jews. so a number of the documents in the volume show how contradictory with the picture facing german jews in the early 1930's. but even allowing for that, others are so hard to

understand. the diary of elizabeth block all born in 1923, who lived with her parents and two siblings in world meet in burgess remarkable for its omelette completely lack of reference to run jewish situation. some jewish children in this period may have indeed imagined the new people's community included them to some degree. but it's hard not to feel the block was not in some way and denial in this extract from the diary is read by margie. >> we had a very nice party celebrating the end of the school year. as branch of the classroom on this day, we saw before us an amazing site. the teacher's desk was straight with a white and blue cloth of varying colors and decorated with fragrant primroses. beautiful green garments but the flags hung around the picture of

hitler and the picture of hindenburg which found on the two blackboards. the handicrafts that we have made laid out on the school benches at the windows. little by little, more and more people came in and our celebration soon begin. there is first a speech delivered by three boys from the sixth grade. a look back on the year of the german turnaround. then, we sang a song in praise of germany. sent to students in the seventh grade, recited a poem, rising up. after this, red teacher giving a speech followed by [inaudible] citing rising up. after this our head teacher giving a speech [inaudible] reciting the german spring. i was also in this group along with many girls and we all were flower breathes on our hds a

held staffs in our hands. this also sang the song, longing for the spring. but in three girls from the continuing education school recited the poem aloud. the song i gave myself to the cause followed, [inaudible] to head teacher then gave a speech. finally, the songs raised the flag and deutsche land to which land were song. and this is how the school year of 1933, night and this is how the school year of 1933, night period >> sometimes than contemporary documents hinder psychological states but offer only a cladograms of the outside world. elizabeth would lady be murdered with her family by the nazis and eight at camp in german occupied poland. by 1935, try as the adult world might to protect them, many jewish schoolchildren were

acutely sensitive to the stresses of the times. the following report stems from a frankfurt jewish community newspaper in 1935 and is read by susan ward singer. >> one can continuously observe these changes in all age groups, beginning with six and seven euros and primary school and extending onto students and the highest grades. they are particularly visible in the younger children. have they no longer saying as innocently happy and full of spirit as they should be at their age and is used to be in the case in years past. this does not in fact need for instant that they have entirely stopped laughing and romping around and doing nutty things, but they're also aware of the events unfolding in the world of

adults and curing some of this burden on their own soldiers. at age six, pretty understand that there are many things which they no longer feel. the fearful among them have grown more fearful and those who are particularly spirited constantly run up against conflicts. their faces become serious thinning shears when one of them begins to talk and the others also cannot hold back their stories. they recount what they've heard from their parents and siblings. what they decipher from the newspapers, what they have seen on the street or experience themselves. on days when some new alarm or where he hits the community as a whole, the behavior of schoolchildren between ages six and eight, serves as a very good indicator for the situation at home.

and the adults who was privy to all of these developments is appalled to discover how many manifestations of fear and in purity complex have already taken hold of these youngest children. >> just around the time of the central association achieved a little coup with the mac number prohibition. in fact, a new way of anti-semitic and local campaigns was just beginning to crash down on the jewish community. it will last through spring and summer 1935. it was caused because the nazi party wanted to push the authorities to ban marriages between jews and non-jews. unmarried partners where one partner was jewish in one area now found themselves subject to demeaning and brutal race disgraced rituals in city streets. in this report is read by susan

warsinger. >> we received a report from garda lake and lake and considering the following incidents. seabird marquez, a jewish businessman in garda blake and married ms. sharma caldera. she is the aryan ancestry. the two have already been engaged for four years. these circumstances led to an incident on the night of saturday going into sunday the 10th of march, during which the graffiti. i am a race to file or and i continue to defile appeared in big letters on to display windows of the room on which seibert marcus is a co-owner. the same paint was used for graffiti declaring the jews for live theater on the house of his perspective father in mound, the

master locksmith all sharper now for the bride also presides. apart from this display, the display windows were defaced over series of several nights with slogans calling for a boycott. master locksmith short canal was only a very modest income has lost one contract because the nazi party member bloc. at the same time, warnings were sent from various quarters yesterday. some were also sent to some of our friends indicating that mr. short canal would be driven into and being prevented from receiving and one further single commission. [inaudible] as already got in touch with the mayor and his capacity [inaudible] and one hopes that this will hinder any further excesses in this affair.

[inaudible] because of the fundamental importance of this matter and because the newspaper that little bleacher has issued defamatory statements for a boycott on this page is i'm a wee have decided to approach you, president of the regional government with a respectful request that you take measure to restore a lawful state of affairs. >> and this letter was sent by the central association to the regional president. in one form or another, courageous jews would continue to seek redress from the authorities. the central association at this stage evidently so thought a letter to the regional governor would make a difference. they would be disappointed in this case. increasingly, even the most influential jews found it hard to gain a hearing. now the violet race shame campaign ad once the newton berg

laws were announced in september 1935, terminating jewish citizenship and banning new marriages between jews and non-jews. for well-informed jewish observers, the loss came as no surprise and committed zionists like the lot teacher, historian billy cohen, could even see something positive in the clear statement that assimilation was not possible, much as worried where things are headed. and this abstract for billy cohen's director spread by peter laude. >> we are the fears should open but thought around 9:00 on september 15. it centered completely around the fight against a jury in marxism, laws against jews were also envious or read following the speech. however the broadcasters into rep did [inaudible] sit here writing, i don't yet know what they say. in any event he didn't really against us to the extreme by his underlings usually do.

although he said the jewish people had caused other problems plaguing the german people, he believed the government had taken measures that would lead to a tolerable relationship between the jewish and german people. on the whole, much was left unclear but the papers were clueless and by later this morning. he certainly won't be disappointed if you're expecting things to get worse. in the meantime, i read the new laws. for the most part, they are things we are denoted as pretty prohibition on mixed marriages, no aryan female domestic servants under 45 years, so the right on the rise and illegal subjects. this one had watched the national socialist movement closely, one has to assume these things coming. they're quite consistent in this respect. coming from a jewish point of view, i welcome the ban on mixed

marriages. it appears that the laws announced last sunday have had a colony, searching common effect on german jewish relations. on an uplifting note, jews are recognized as the people and with this, any future for a civilization that's in germany has definitely disappeared. hopefully they'll get the message from these developments. >> it's often been argued that german jews were diluted by the legal codification of their stators into believing that a stable future albeit were limited now possible. colin's words even had this much. assistant the 15th of the sources of the time, we found more evidence of clear eyed observers who knew the history of the german jewish community was now over. the new organization of german jews noted with remarkable openness in its guidelines for the future but the vast majority of jewish youngsters would have

to seek their professional futures abroad. in the former parliamentary deputy [inaudible] was already matching a german jury [inaudible] in the memory of future generations abroad and this is from a letter sent by moses in berlin to his son of the most is aviv read by jill pauly. >> berlin rosh hashanah 1935. there is so much i still want to do. for now i want to carry on writing down my many memories. my grandsons out until sitting together in brotherly fashion 50 years from now on the evening of rosh hashanah, already retired, respected and established contributors to the building of air trussell surrounded by the run children and grandchildren. and i am a conversation

[inaudible] and one of the brothers going into the next room and quietly returning with the memoirs. and god would begin to recount allowed to his grandsons the story told in these pages are most as though it was the night of passover. yes he would tell the stories in these pages allowed, for his grandsons are unlikely to be familiar with the german language and won't be able to read the memoirs themselves to guess, it is thought such as these that give me a search and inner feeling of [inaudible] , well-being. i begin to adult in them, embrace them. if a picture had somewhat quiet and calm, go with temperamental like his father and grandfather and grandkids how they were still born in berlin, why and how their parents immigrated and also give their grandchildren a picture of the bygone century through the memoirs.

and i can picture how the grandkids will set with their hot faces, hearing battles and works [inaudible] by their forebears, their grandfathers, god and gale and the great-grandfather, erwin. in their great great grandfathers who these memoirs. and to which the writings of their great-grandfather erwin, their own grandfather then added and expanded upon and to which the family archive assembled by their own father in turn added and supplemented. and then they will see for themselves to stories that their forebears did not fight and suffer and battle in vain. and he was saying they had fought and suffered. and if they compare the earliest story with what has been achieved, what they will see that the world's march forward and how about half end at how

girl for baird had apart bringing this about, bringing about this progress. and that will center for my great, great, great grandchildren. i mean come of the grants of god and killed to seize the opportunity and the spirit of their forebears and also to contribute a great project of promoting progress in the world. and through that they will also contribute to the building of heiresses throughout. this switch will at that point around the year 2000 or so look quite different from today, a free people on a free soil. >> julius moses was deported one day after 743 day and died there in [inaudible] in the mid-1930's sound even had a chance to step the free air overseas combat diarists, billy

cohen, who adjustment wento palestine with his wife to visit assigned. tragically despite being entranced when he -- by what he saw despite its openness to choose from different backgrounds, coincide no professional opportunities for himself there and returned to germany. and this extract from his diary is red by suzanne taube. >> march 31, 1937, the most beautiful thing here you can get into it over and over again for the young people who have built up everything. we slept very well last night and attend. it was even a little but romantic. i have not slept that way since the war. april 14 [inaudible] the holy city, emerged in your glory, under the roof of the synagogue i sat and talked to --

a lot of people here survived in the jewish something so that they can conduct their pious lifestyle. and then we went to the failing world. soon we were secured by police again on soil pass the police force and i remember him always in my life to set in front of this for rich and comfortable idea seven chad. by the stones speak of our history and we said the son and they explained some of [inaudible] it was hard for me to say goodbye. april 24, 1937, by accident we ended up in the eastern synagogue. tony was the woman. polished shoes played with the accident. very dignified figures.

you have the impression that people are really brave, even so far as the background noises disturbing. hardly any connections could be established between easterling western jews delivering completely separate cycles. one could only hope that the next generation will find their way to one another. this is the only way we can become a unified people. [inaudible] pastors and civilization here. [inaudible] any jewish values. their mutual social support is also disappointing. they have not learned anything but forgotten a lot. for the eastern jews, of course to reach a certain level of civilization. but they are sticking together and they're extraordinarily martyrs. on without any need to feel a certain love for eastern jews since they are closer to judaism

than we are. if they position themselves against german jews, this is because they've never been treated with as much compassion than german jews. april 28, 1937, the lasting air societal begins and it is a melancholy feeling for a person who would like to say, but there's nothing to be done about it. one is allowed to return. the last days are among the worst in my life despite enormous difficulties that i had to overcome. i am allowed to return soon and able to participate in the cause fletch. >> because of our documents are written with hindsight, we can see that even in 1937 and commit very few were writing that the presenter to murder, though he returned to germany in 1937 with a heavy heart, the decorated first world war were one that drove silicon would've found the idea unimaginable. but just four years later,

german policeman would murder him, his wife and young daughter at the end of a brutal training journey to lithuania. it was clear the 1930's nonetheless the possibilities for ordinary life were shrinking, contractions within the captured by the poet, yaakov pequod who has read here by jill pauly. >> and each morning by jake opry card you buy your boots and quietly go about sure daily tasks. and rain rushes against your window pane. you are not choice and you know nothing will be left of yesterday and nothing of tomorrow now approaching you. an hour by hour the clock moves out. the moods change silent gods name, perhaps one day your seat will bring forth new life. perhaps none of your steps will leave a trace. a small window already makes you

shiver. a little rain cast you into daylong grand and every night you feel fatigued from work. your lonely companions are the moths and before you know it, all this is gone like a song sung somewhere. post a comment in the clouds and be patient, feel your grace to deeper your guilt as everyone who was called upon like you to listen to the great wind of state, to wake up one from none sleep the other samoans start by a dream. >> public spaces felt increasingly hostile. many jews were contras that having to behave with [inaudible] and inspection. ..