scary stuff and that gave me a terrible feeling in my stomach that such prison might be a safer place for some. >> host: that's a bad thought but it's a good book. thank you very much for talking to me about it. >> guest: thank you. ..

>> bill mckibben warned about the impact of the destructive practices that could have led to global warming.

12 books of the past 20 years has continued his witness to the earth's declining health and the atmosphere and swelling pollution and now bill mckibben new book "eaarth" and will speak this evening by as the idiosyncratic spelling will explain the passionate indictment of our activities as long as practical vision for the resources we have left. bed you will find across the front of the book, a wonderful statement from barbara who has been here many times you said read it. please. straight through to the end. whatever else you are planning to do next to nothing could be more important. here is bill mckibben. [applause]

>> thank you so much it is a great pleasure to be here. just wondering around the country to talk about this book the main problem doing tv and radio hard you pronounced this? this titled "eaarth"? what i finally hit on you have to channel your inner schwarzenegger. [laughter] it gets across with the attitude the title is pretty simple. 20 years ago by teeing the first book about climate change it was full of warnings about what would happen if we did not make

changes very fast. and much more quickly than we thought 20 years ago what we put into the atmosphere has become clear. it is not all of like of that we were born on to. has temperatures begin to rise and push it up about 1 degree backed we'll kick off early large-scale changes larger than we would have guessed. the atmosphere holds about 5% more moisture than it did. that is an enormous change of one of the most basic fiscal parameters of the planned and explains why we see around the world record rainfall or snowfall after another. and you got a slight taste

of that this winter when you have snow like you had never seen before and that is what happens. this week was rio de janeiro with the greatest dreams they have never experienced and hundreds of people died in the resulting mudslides. >> our inability to imagine we are incapable to change things on that scale is one of the reasons we are so bad at taking any real action. it seems impossible to us that we could have run large enough to be changing the world. i will not burden you with too much from the first chapter of this book because it is dark and hard and

interesting to see what we have managed to make of this world. but much of the book is devoted to the question on a new planet how do we live? what new habits are appropriate for this planet that we have created? and the answers to that are kind of interesting and dramatic. one happen most thoroughly ingrained in our political lives and individual lives of consumer society is that growth is the answers to almost every question that we face. of we have a tough chase make my choice we can avoid it to grow our way out but it that is the option that is not going to be possible in the future.

when in 1970 that team at m.i.t. published the book of limits to growth that cause so much angst, the prediction was some time in the next 100 years, we would reach the point* where continued growth of this sort three were used to would be possible. not able to say exactly what would happen but i think they would be of surprised at some level to see the arctic melting and as a day of touche occurring place after place after place to see the very metaphor that turned a 630% more acidic by the effort to drive the car been out of the atmosphere. if we are not going to grow

our way out, then we have to think about other possibilities and i thought we just might read from the third chapter rare to meet it makes the beginning of the argument of where we need to head in stead and it starts with words with metaphors and the idea if we ever get about this business to transition to something else. we lack big vocabulary and metaphors we need of for life on a different scale we're so used to growth we cannot imagine alternatives we embrace the sustainable so here are my candidates words of my help us think about the future durable sturdy stable hearty robust

these are squawked solid stopped words that conjure a world where we hundred down and dig in and associate with maturity and a steady this they are comforting fink has been to not boyfriend. [laughter] here's a better metaphor the economy is like a racehorse ever bred force breed with there tapered legs and accelerates down the backstretch but don't put it on the track where the rain has turned it might be only a small bob will break the stroke -- stride and break a leg. the thoroughbred has been optimized for one thing only, a pure burning swiftness. what we need to do even while in the saddle is transformed our resources and rework kors into something dependable and long-lasting appear want to go faster along and we will

carry the day. times have been marked by ever increasing speed to locomotive and for real one and can you imagine slower? of our time has been marked by great ups and downs. can you imagine steadiness? most of all is bigness and the amazing ever steepening upward curve for things grew some more and the economy is and houses inflating until entire subdivisions with starter castles for entry-level monarchs. [laughter] stock merricks and ... cars debts bonuses can we imagine smaller? this is a test of our time both practical and psychological how can we adjust to a factor not getting bigger the wind is blowing harder so we need to

lower the oil resistance before the oil runs out and everything is larger than it should be. it is not easy. slow food is one thing but shrinking is another in the pain of recession literally means getting smaller has been real because our economy is geared to work only with growing. to give real insight into scale it is easier to think subversive thoughts but there is a phrase that sticks of the minded in the craw is too big to fail parker giants like aig you're citibank work to collapse to bring down the entire financial system and loosely translated meant to lead government must bail us out of this effort we debated should we prop them

up but a simpler meaning meant to they were too big. anything too big to fail by definition is too big. we thought we had spun a magic that would suspend the laws of gravity percents reagan the libertarian economist self-interest alone was enough to pay the collapse that is why the retail space doubled between 19 and 38 square feet with 2005. did not make rational sense as long as the magic held but the spell broke late 2008 and after that only poor alan greenspan looking less like the master magician and more like that tired tiny wizard behind the curtain. his system turned out to be flawed he testified for it by mistake presuming the self or interest for cassations they were capable of protecting their own shareholders. he almost -- you almost felt

sorry for him we lost our money but he lost an entire believe system. [laughter] the whole intellectual edifice collapsed in the summer of the last year because the risk-management models cover the last two decades point* of euphoria that is worth three reading. on a larger scale our whole civilization stance on the edge of collapse because the data input to from the model comes from the last couple hundred years when we were high on oil field. not just the banks have gotten too big to fail bowl of the arrangements of modern life. our time has embarked gritted dizzying explosion of the size of the human enterprise. for almost all of human history of our society was small and nature large and that ratio has been reversed. most of the time it happened a little too slowly to feel

it but every wants in awhile there is a flash the first was oppenheimer watching the first nuclear explosion he quoted we have become as god's destroyers of worlds. that is easy for us to imagine especially after nagasaki and hiroshima. but we have done a we have good. it is harder for us to imagine if the explosion of a billion pistons every minute can do damage to the same kind of scale but that is us, a big. that question of how we have become that is the most interesting question the one that will define the one that washington has yet to successfully grapple with if we will have some kind of future.

the clear transition to get the world to wise up to put a price on carbon for the damage that it causes to the environment and when that happens when the united nations get it together in a serious way then we may begin to see real work that we already see around the edges, the beginning and things like the local food movement, though last agricultural sense showed for the first time in 150 years the number of farmers in america actually increase but not to decline this but that is good news is a demand for good food grown

by our neighbors but that means to expand dramatically in only expands when the economic signals we're sending by putting your real price of fossil fuel begin to trickle down into the system. trying to figure how to make that happen is a difficult job and i will talk for just a minute about this work we have been doing at 350.org. when i wrote to the end of nature i was 27 i had a very simple theory i would write a book and people would read it and that was going to accomplish the job. [laughter] but that turned out not to be how political change happens. at some point* in the last week i became convinced that one of the reasons we were making no progress is we had no movement demanding

change. we have the superstructure, al gore, economists and scientists and engineers and policy people but they had nothing behind them to give that movement any power on capitol hill or anyplace else. slowly since i had no idea what i was doing, with a few young friends of mine retried to build this movement and started in the u.s. and 2007 organized simultaneous rallies in april that was enough to convince barack obama and hillary clinton to adopt our goal of 80 percent cut some of curbing emissions member you will still hear the president using the six weeks after that the arctic started to melt him by the time it was over it was

obvious they were out of date in we had to work much more quickly finally rid got the one thing we have been lacking the specific number to tell us how much was too much. jim hansen and his team at nasa put out a paper that said any value for carbon in the atmosphere great then 350 parts per million is not compatible for what life on earth is adapted. that is strong language and stronger still when we're well beyond it already this year is 390 parts per million and that is why the oceans have acidified and moisture and water vapor is collecting in the atmosphere and on and on. we decided to see if we could organize around the

number around the world. we will have to deal with this globally to make a difference and not to says if those cry because the numbers extract not like i have a dream but on the other hand, global organizing has won greater advantage and transit and across linguistic countries so with no money in particular we set out to try to organize a winter 2008 there were seven me and 724 year-old's. each one took a one continent. [laughter] the guy who have the antarctic got the internet. [laughter] and we decided we'd make october 24th last year the

pinnacle of the campaign and see if we could figure out a way to drive the number from the middle of the debate. we did not know how well it would work. we gathered in new york a few days before hand to watch the returns because we told people to upload pictures. and it turned down it worked out pretty darn well on the october 24 as we had 5200 to for rallies and demonstrations in 181 countries and cnn said it was the most widespread day of political action in the nation's history and zero largest coordinated global route if any caned days kind of any issue ever and all about this scientific data and poured -- a data point* to the truth of the plan it.

and what they show is the old canard is for rich white people most of the people of those pictures of black brown asian and young more some combination because that is what most of the world is. because it was stunning to see that around the world and also stunning to see people with intuitive understanding that politicians had gotten this wrong in many ways that our constant interpretation as a debate between republicans and democrats and americans and chinese is the most superficial understanding. of this is a much much much

more important to debate them back. it is a debate to human beings and physics and chemistry on the other. that is a tough debate because physics and chemistry don't bend. i'm sorry your economy is in a tough pay at -- tough patch. that will not happen. they told us the bottom line 350 parts per million. we had that great day and a lot of the momentum and went on to copenhagen and the big climate conference was pretty green and with church service in the middle at the cathedral and desmond tutu and bring the cathedral 350 church taste times in the churches did the same thing. it was her workable 117 of the world's nations signed

on to the 350 target. but it was the wrong 117 nations the most probable nations not the most addictive. the most affected pretty much led by our own have been unable to come to terms with the real size of the problem to propose things commensurate. so the fight continues. >> i hope some of you will help us on october 10 comment 10/10/10 a global work party all across the world thousands of places people will put up solar panels or digging community gardens were laying out by paths not because we think we will solve the problem one project at a time. we will not. we will not come close until repress serious legislation

but our hope is to make a very pointed political comment on that day in october which is if we can get to work it is time for our punitive leaders to get to work if i can climb up on the roof of the school with a hammer in my hand and put in a solar panel then you can climb above the floor of the senate and hammer out legislation. 20 years in this country is a perfect bipartisan record but nothing is enough. it is time to get to work and we hope we can get that message across. it is too late to solve the problem and stop it from happening. that is no longer on the list of options. if we raise it to 1 degree and another degree in the pipeline there will be a lot of damage done even if we do

everything right. but everything is relative and we can keep a form getting more out of control if we act so what the employee or quickly we will have to live on a new planet and adapted and also have to do what we can and to make that adaptation impossible and two of us have a chance that is what my life's work is about for crime extraordinarily grateful for you for coming out tonight perhaps seen people around this room who have helped us a lot of the past and i hope a lot of you will join in the future. thank you very much. [applause]

>> it seems that we're not really addictive like people say that we just want to drive around. i think it is the military projects the way we use we subsidize products like food then dump them on the markets around the world and disrupt the economies of other countries. slow to put a price on carbon, you're actually saying if we have to do a change of a military strategy that we have been using for decades do have some way to do with that basically we have to stop trying to dominate the world militarily if we do what you say and i think people need to realize that is what is

stopping it. >> you can look at that from different directions but among other things it is becoming clear that the greatest threat 22 security vellis theoretically engaged has now shifted to be precisely the kind of thing i have described in the book in there is a lot about how just how chaotic and unsettled the world we are creating as we can change the one thing we always take for granted the physical disability of the planet but you are right to the change in the price of carbon will have incredibly deep effects of almost every realm of our life is not the overstatement to say that the things that is under rating maternity is cheap fossil fuel that is why our

society's look the way they do in who we are and the fact at our disposal we have several hundred slaves for a couple hundred years has everything to do with that you can have the sense how dominant the fact with some go to western europe and understand that the biggest reason that feel so different from our country is they put a heavy price for cathay did not develop the complete independent habits that we did a and they retained a much stronger sense of community and connection the and we have prepared her biggest economic project for the last 50 or six years has been digging builder house is further apart from each

other and the erosion is easy to measure and seems to be the biggest explanation why americans self express satisfaction with their quality of life having gone steadily downhill even as the standard of living has increased. >> thank you for your work with 350. i appreciate if you're going to say about how easy it is to translate is a difficult to make into a political slogan. at least in america i took inspiration from perhaps the only campaign slogan that i remember from history class and i have been pitching it to everyone what do you think we ought to clean it up by 2080? >> that is not bad. we find numbers are useful the fact is pretty good.

one of the things that people have told us when we started with 350 that it was too complicated and people would not get it or understand it. but it turns out because we have easy analogies close at hand for a review go to the doctor and the doctor says the cholesterol is higher than it should be where people have heart attacks, it gets your attention you do not immediately say to the doctor give me a long lecture how the lipid system works and so on. you say what do i do? this makes sense. what bill deloitte takeover what food john diapies tours weir door by my running shoes? that same sort of thing happens when you could put a

concrete definition on what we talk about. also it makes abundantly clear the thing that is so difficult in dealing with this problem which is this kind of gross inequity of wealth in our world which has always been a system is a great impediment to action because if you are in china or india and nation with hundreds of millions of poor peasants whose easiest way is to burn cheap coal just the way we did, it rankles due to look at the numbers you see there is no margin left for you to do the obvious and easy thing. that is one of the reasons that negotiations at copenhagen broke down that

it is very difficult to make an grasp on both thence the fact we will have to transfer resources and the reality dictates they will have to find a different matt but in many ways the chinese are doing a better job of grappling with that reality at the moment they and we are. they clearly decided they would invest a lot of money in green energy and green technology and make the best of a bad situation to own at that industry if it emerges. that is a smarter respond stand the stick your head in this and see if we can get to another election cycle out before we have to do with it and i am afraid that is where we are right now. >> thank you so much i have already finished your buck and by any measure is the best material i have read to

eliminate the impact of climate change on the world that we live in right now and how it is affecting our life although we may not be aware of the causes. i don't know if you will send a copy to sarah palin or mitch mcconnell. [laughter] i don't know if it will do any good but a quick question. something that has always puzzled me on the fuel consumption i have never seen a figure for how much fuel is burned by the nascar races i would guess that must we zillions of gallons in has anybody compiled that figure? it is the number one spectator sport and all of the rest of us try to get the hybrid car. >> unless i am wrong i think all of those nascar guys are

going on ethanol or alcohol for acquittal think they are pumping on leaded. but of course, it illustrates the point* is a real feel? 200,000 people that are showing up in the rv to watch. that is the problem with this problem. there is no easy way to get added because it is so deeply ingrained in all of our actions and the lives. think of the way which we nonchalant get on board the jet airplane to go someplace when we want to buy it right now seems normal but it is not the amount of energy that takes is so astonishing that one trip on a jet to is more than most people in the

world what they use it under the course of one year or a decade. those mundane things not the exceptional ones are the ones that drives the damage there is enough room in the atmosphere if all we did is have nascar go around and everybody sat and watched on tv we would be okay. [laughter] >> coming with another aspect, october 31st, 31st, 2006, i was in london and the sterling report was released and many economists agree if we continue down now were pleasant -- present course it would be disaster comparable to the great depression. it made the front page headlines. the next day i flew back to

washington and it had him page three. i was $0.5 per car wonder if you have the same reaction? >> that was very important and thinking through the economics is extremely important. our assumption has spent and i am afraid this is one of the tougher parts of the book, it has been we will eventually some day make the decision to go to something called green energy and switch out what we're doing for something else. we may have passed the point* of that easy substitution is possible. there is a lot of economic fiction and dragovic comes with the new planet we are creating. the notion relive all on a

flat earth is no longer true we live on the uphill planet because the cost associated with the deteriorating physical stability israel and a large and the inability of people to get insurance in coastal areas already begins to operate as a brake on economic developments where they need that kind of economic development if you think we have problems of the infrastructure of the moment and we do, think what happens when it becomes as more common the 100 years storm that occurs every five or six years? those costs mount up and huge waves and economists are never very good at subtracting and we need to figure out howled dangerous and expensive it will be to not take action so we can

curassows up to take the action. >> but the argument it is too expensive? >> it will be very expensive the only thing more expensive is not doing anything about it. >> i think we have four people in new-line. the fourth person will be the last question. five perk up the man in the blue shirt is the last person in line. >> i have been running in energy conversation funded by the defense department and we got it going in is the single largest buyer of fuel in the world and the whole idea was to get them to pay attention. i started reading a book to date called court heard so

what worries me is the whole question of values and how you start shifting the values? because the fall of this merger and acquisition to get everything together creates a superstructure that we can fight, what is interesting about the book there is talk about wal-mart's but in the beginning it seems like they were one of the leaders on addressing the green issues. >> it is so important that is why we read the books set the thing we have been searching for for a very long time in the environmental world is not the next great engine but the next great metaphor to allow us to understand how we might live the lives that we want to live bait require

the destruction of the plan it along the way. i live towards that's in here. the world that we're going to come it is a world that looks different because in the fuel source dictates fossil fuel is concentrated and easy to transport and highly rich so it made sense to centralize a lot of functions. solar energy or grinned energy for most of the other things are almost exactly the opposite and omnipresence but dispersed we have an energy system that looks not like network television but the internet that everybody puts in and everybody takes out. i have solar panel for my

roof on a sunny day i am a utility firing electrons down the grid and that is good in all kinds of ways. it gets around to the endemic to big to fail problem and even the most extreme case. if a terrorist ones to go after my utility, you can't. he can climb up on the roof with a hammer but if he negative is that does not matter to anybody else does not cripple the grid your spew particles out into the atmosphere. we have gotten around some of these problems. thank you. >> i have a question and when you talk about it being 1 degree warmer are you talking in centigrade or fahrenheit? i think in this country that is a big stumbling block.

for me and i tried to work on this all the time and i am just a layperson i don't relate to centigrade. >> this is a bigger problem than you would think the technical answers 0.8 centigrade one point* three fahrenheit. the debate in the copenhagen and the run up to it was all about the question of people kept talking about the target of the mainstream environmental groups now in knowledge there were too generous and we tried to hold the temperature increases that 22 degrees centigrade we don't speak that whenever was translated it said the 3.6 degrees fahrenheit. completed the meaningless and an arbitrary figure that is one of the reasons we

were so insistent to say 350 parts per million it is a better measurement in the way but also means the same thing everywhere around the world. that is not a trivial problem pearl and it is one of the things that make it possible for people to shrug their shoulders and look the other way and getting past as those barriers are important. we were able to do it for one day, 36 hours we owned google news it was the most written about story in the world partly because of the images. look at the website because every one of those all managed to get to the 350 in there somehow and push it into the people's faces and that is good and that is

what we need. >> when you say 1 degree thinking of your book speed loving can you say both numbers 1 degrees centigrade we have already warmed 4 degrees fahrenheit or another four decrease. >> the difference is not that much. they're not that far apart. >> by second question is speaking of members going from the 390 back at 350 obviously working really hard on this so at some level you must believe that we can do something but also think you don't have a choice. what is your state of mind of optimistic nor pessimistic? >> that is a fair question and the god's honest truth at some point* in the last 20 years i gave up thinking about whether was optimistic or pessimistic i get up in

the morning and do what i can to change the odds. scientifically the picture is very dark the science has gotten very bad very fast and politically we have not done match but for the last year i have woken up every day with the mails from yen people around the world organizing their hearts out to make things happen and that is incredibly encouraging the first picture that came in from the thing last october came in two days early two sisters in quote ethiopia retrained for a little added training camp from south africa and sent them back and somehow they managed to get 15,000 people amount in the street in the poorest capital of the world and to

be to see those first pictures come across followed 10 minutes later by a picture from afghanistan of u.s. troops who made of big 350 with sand bags and send a note saying we're parking our home be used for the weekend. [laughter] it is not that it is impossible but we have not faced it yet to were built the kind of movement we need to make it happen for quite enough we can in time that we will do our best but some truth level depends on how many people help. >> i heard one of the callers on the radio earlier today mentioned something about the sunburnt tomatoes did using a sunscreen of the tomatoes and it reminded me of some of the things that i think about with the absurdities that i see the

momentum with in the terms of the graduate i noticed plastics i was going to include the bottled water but one of the things i see advertised beyond a surge is the outdoor air gas patio warmer self it is not warm enough and you refuse to put on a sweater you will gum up the environment more to be on the patio to bar-b-q and i notice what drives me up a wall is people idling stock air-conditioning or 48 and asking you too new joining me in the only trend i have the only days ever started

my life i say no petroleum bag rather than plastic is the young people are astonished with the connection. what i am most worried about even though i agree legislation is the top priority, i am most concerned about the complete clueless this of the people i work with everywhere. not just here. >> this is a very good point* and it is why in a sense one of the things we have to do is political action. there it just isn't time for the cultural change necessary to make your pretty in the world ecologically conscious to do the right thing. given a generation hurt to we can do that but that is not the time limit the planet is giving us we have to work more quickly. the few percentage of us

that are very worried are enough to affect political change to put that price on and when that happens people's behavior will change quickly. look at what happened summer 2008 when the price of gasoline went $4 per gallon for six weeks and then all of a sudden it was as if the scales fell and actually i don't need a military vehicle to go to the grocers are. [laughter] and it was as if a bold had come down from heaven but it was not from heaven but the price spending on the pump we need to leverage political action to get our economic structural change that sends a message that will result in behavioral change and that is the son of levers that we have to pull at this point*.

>> thank you very much for all that you do and certainly i remember when the however first came out i remember i had to not give these people the finger cut but i thought i might known them from work and it would not have helped pry know that. and actually i have better morale abhor and working on a movie did moller i am surprised there has not been more fabulous exciting films i guess it is hard to do that to attract people because i think that opened a lot of people's eyes. but the question i have there are many different issues of extinction global

warming i feel there are many specialists where is the family doctor? i personally am curious. of we'll work really hard but if nothing were done and things went on as they are. i have gone into its days i have got kids just the educated guess 30 years? >> the first chapter the book is devoted to that. >> is? [laughter] >> most of the news is not good because of our civilization is in the throes of this momentum climatic stability and disrupting that and one of the things that always makes me crazy is to have people this car themselves as conservative oppose action

on the climate change. abbie hoffman on his most of the bidet never thought of anything half as radical as doubling the carbon concentration the atmosphere just to see what happens. that is a radical plan but if it was done by the communist we would be bombing the hell out of them to keep them from doing it. it is crazy to describe that as as conservative opposition to action and it is crazy to let this become the partisan and a theological debate that it has. that is why we like working with members 350 is what we have to do. sometimes i'm glad i don't live and washington's what

have to think all the time about exactly what it is that goes on hear. [laughter] >> this is the last question. >> thank you for your patience. i teach eighth grade environmental science year. at the moment we are looking at global climate change and one of the things we like to do is show the skeptics side so i know you have seen the dvd called unstoppable solar cycles it has been distributed 150,000 copies free of charge to schools across the country by the heartland foundation. they present the alternative side and our kids do a pretty good job of dismantling it. but we have another one called the greeting of planet earth that i think he may have seen. these films they tried on a

couple of scientist who we think they should know a lot better supporting these skeptics sides and a question it shows up the kids ask this and i am tongue tied what might be a motivating these guys? patti bumped into them and could give me a clue that i can tell the kids? >> it is mou lists to speculate on motivation of particular people but it is not hard to figure out the motivation behind the western fuel association deciding to distribute. [laughter] think about how hard it was to get action on tobacco

regulation in this country. there was something that is a trivial. our economy employing a small number of people but the link could not be clearer and in this case we're talking about the most profitable enterprise human beings have ever engaged in extracting appeals and exxonmobil made more money each of the last three years than any corporation in the history of money. and our political system that buys and amounts -- immense amount of influence and the only goal is to delay as we all know for watching political life that is accomplished relatively easy and action is difficult the only answer to all of this i wish there is better political minds here than mine but i don't

think there's a shortcut or any way other than building a real political movement to demand action to accomplish this. we have a great number of noble environmental groups lobbying up on the hill that every senator and congressman they go to knows they don't have that much behind them and there is not enough of a movement to inflict pain or give every word to those who do right or wrong and until we build that movement it is a naked pilaf that the lobbyists have to work with. we have to build the movement we can and we hope that you will help us with 350.org. thank you very much. [applause]

>> tonight's program is one more a great opportunity to feature a new o story that we share at this site to 46 years later we still provide powerful context for our guests to learn and remained inspired of president john f. kennedy. the 64 museum is dedicated to providing strong and

relative weekly pass especially as they gaze upon the new in denver generation coming before us and realize they knew where they were when they heard the news of the assassination coming across national television. younger generations could not fathom being shot but that ricocheted around the world will still resonate so strongly with those who remember what happened here in dallas and it is important to redo not forget there is more to share we have this time and the stocks that our priorities that the sixth floor museum. we welcome ellen fitzpatrick tonight the author of "letters to jackie" it is an extraordinary collection of condolence letters after the

assassination of her husband in 1963 but before i introduce ellen fitzpatrick the program is being recorded so pleased to announce yourself phones and pagers photography and recording of a kind is strictly be prohibitive and police still out the questionnaires to ensure we continue to offer high quality programs. it is my great pleasure to introduce ellen fitzpatrick was professor of history at the university hampshire and recognized for excellence of public service san specializes in modern intellectual political history and the author and editor of this book and appears record of the on pbs newshour with jim lehrer and she received her ph.d. from brandeis university and is an expert commentator for "the new york times" quote street journal "washington