school of government and the harvard law center and graduated cum laude in 1982. at law school he was the senior editor and then later editor ind chief of the harvard environmental law review.va after graduation he moved tostar washington d.c. and joined the international lawgt firm.in thel for years -- for three years ine the late 80's he was in the wor nsrm's hong kong office workinga mainly on transnational litigation. in the early 90's he worked for the u.s. securities and fo exchanger commission serving asg principal speechwriter toeeh inairman richard breeden. in the late 90's starwort for fidelity investments in hong kong handling legal issues for wasentire asian operation. it was actually during his timeo in hong kong that started him to write a series of works in am american history. after considering several he projects he settled because of lackbe of decent current biogray information on the topic. when he returned to washingtonp.

in early 1999 he joined emergini markets partnership hasp, startd to spend time at the library ofr congress. columbia university and other research facilities including the national archives.rchive. many of his sources which wouldm he worked rains from familyacco letters to newspaper accounts tu church records, public documents did not exist or were not used i in previous works. his the results of this research ar currently available as the booke we are here tonight to discuss. john if you will join me now in f >> thming waltera stahr. >> thank you for that kind gretp introduction. her it is a great pleasure to be here atr the archives.hn he was in some respects ourt, first national archivist. as the summer of 1787 s. washington and madison and the ne work in philadelphia on the new constitution jay was upk in new york working as ourour

nation's secretary for foreign yffairs. man he had many disadvantages aswo jecretary, but he had two keywa advantages. his men in london was john adams, and his men in paris was thomas jefferson.that s he found some time that summersh to organize the files, and he tache to adams saying that loose and detached papers often becom. rost or misplaced.e ppe it is to the papers in thisians office that future historiansuro must return for accurate information about many aspectsvo of the recent revolution.s a re gams throwback say he thought it was a great idea to get the papers but he was a little iistressed at the thought of hih of letters being read by e historians. he feared that he would appear p beforeo posterity in a very negligent dress and disordered air. at those papers which jay gathered and organize the summer are nowt

here in the national archives as part of record group 360. ma w who was this man who in the7 wa summer of 1787 was effectivelyl dead of our national government. why is a that we know his name's jeffer but not the names of histed life colleagues? in j. started life as a lawyer in y new york city.e by 1774 he was one of the leaders of the new york bar.cted in that year in new york elected him as one of the five delegates to represent him at the condoh nawas os in philadelphia. pr buas one of the youngest, the second-biggest mant present. he was not at all shy. we know that on the very first day of debate he luxor's withwih patrick henry over the question of how the votes would be counted in the congress.ess. he served in the condo congress was not next twofo years, but he was not there in 1776 when the congress approved and thenhen

signed the declaration of independence which is upstairs.e jay was back in new york at thag time working in the provincial congress and helping to defendit new york against the arrival of wars the 100 british warships.sh ro more than 10,000 british troopsf he viewed that defense effort ac more iemportant than any piece s paper that was to be debated ort signed in philadelphia. philact when his cousin philip livingston left new york to gon down tod philadelphia and become a signer of the declaration ofaf independence jay wrote a lettery complaining saying that thee, waves of some men like solomons serpent on the rock are beyonden alderstanding.riip cotitutithe principal author of new york's first constitution. heef was the first chief justict of new york's state supreme orurt. n y in late 78, however, new york sent him back down toanted philadelphia.thee o

new york wanted him to work ve ehere on the problem of vermontv new york you vermont as being ha part of new york. had always been.dentsf the residents of vermont saidewr ihat if new york can secede fror the british empire certainly wea fedents oe from new york. as we know the presidents of nea york in the end won that a argument.hilelphia jay arrived in philadelphia andd within a few days was elected the president of the carnivalprt congress. it was a prestigious addition, but not a particularly powerfulo one. the president basically preside ever the sessions of theeson ofh congress. he did not have the ability to dictate the agenda the way aittr congressional committee chairma could today. he did not have the ability tofh enforce his party members to toe the line.to he really didn't have political parties at the time.ime. a year later congress has to jap to go toa spain. the ambassador to spain today iy

not a particularly importantspa person. at this time spain was one ofe the three major powers in the an world, and spain had recently declared war on britain.st the united states hoped thatpeds unain would ally itself with the united states and provide inancial and other assistance. asain did provide a certain modest amount of financial assistance, but an alliance wasa out ofs the question. the spanish king was not thed st world's smartest man.with h he spent most of his time outdid with his dog something. oul he did understand that you couln not recognize a bunch oftting american revolutionaries withou putting your own american colonies of risk. from spain jay went to france where along with john adams and benjamin franklin he negotiatedn the treaty that ended the revolutionary war that defines nte boundaries of the unitedra hinges and guaranteed our fishing and other rights. some frenchmen at a dinner party

complemented john adams calling him. [inaudible] of the negotiation. getting home that night and recording the event in his diar, adams said that it was, indeed,r o.j. who reserve this title for drafngle that he had played in drafting and negotiating theterf terms of the treaty. arriving back in new york in thl summer of 1784j learned thatm congress had appointed him as secretary for foreign affairs. he served in that position for the next five years. it was a difficult positionly partly because he had to answer to a constantly changing congress and partly because he aument military might to back up the arguments that he and adams and jefferson were making to various foreign governments. var it was in part because of theset difficulties that he became they leading advocate of a strongerrt federal constitution. he is mentioned in the history books because he along with hisd

friend hamilton and madison wrote the federalist letters. that was not in my view his most important contribution to the constitution which is upstairs. co i would cite above those firste his constant advocacy for a newo he w in dion in new york where he was in daily contact with tha members of the con men of congress and other opinion leaders. second he and his work in getting toward george washington to the convention.writing ampai, jake conducted a costa letter-writing campaign to, to p persuade him out of retirementsp his mere presence was worthotesi thousands of votes in favor of the constitution.en te i and third when the issue of whether new york would vote for or against the constitution was up for decision at thethe poughkeepsie convention in the summer of 1788 it was o.j. whodf persuaded a handful of reluctance by -- skeptic's and r

opponents to vote yes by amomising that he and the other federalist worked forecame amendments, some of which became our bill of rights. jay lpeople assume at this time that jay would continue tonation handle our nation's foreigne ene affairs.f in the end hei became our first chief justice of the united states.it was it was from washington'sngton's perspective a very useful choice because it allowed him to name alanderlosest political friend alexander hamilton as aetary secretary of treasury. was also a useful choice from thisal perspective because he expected the supreme court to handle important issues including some of which he hadh been handling as secretary for foreign affairs such as the noncompliance bync many states with the twherms of the british peace treaty jay served as chiec eustice of the course of theivey o794 peve years. ta in 1794 as people were exultingd there re onluld succeed washington as president there were only three names that are dommonly mentioned.a

jay, jefferson, or atoms.as in the end jay was not a seriou contender because between 17947n and the election in 1796 he wen, to england at washington's request and negotiated what we now know as jay's treaty. most historians view that as a good treaty, one that avoidedgo, what would have been a disastrous war with britain, aos treaty that finally got thetr british out of the forts at detroit and elsewhere that they had been occupying since the end of the revolution, and a treatyi thatt opened up british ports te american trade to some extent.th when the terms of the treaty pu were madeb public here in thethf united states in the summer of 1795 jefferson and the otherblie oepublicans denounced the treath and denounced its author, john j. in no uncertain terms.n jay joke that he could go from one end of the states to the otherw at night time by the light of his own image burning an

effigy. thus the federalists were casting around late in '75 and early 76 for a presidential no candidate. jay did not seeml like the best choice.e teir adams became their choice for an president and he indeed did succeed washington in a narrow electionja. on jay meanwhile had won anotherthe election before the terms of the were wi eleaty were widelyd known. heect was elected governor of nw york. he served in that capacity for six years until early 1801, a time of very rapid change.wi the population was growing quite correctly.al transportation revolution, the industrial revolution were ke shape. to ta ley as governor worked closely with the legislature ingi deali. with these issues. he retires in 1801 to his farmn in bedford where he lives ofe hl very quiet retired life, the remainder of his years.f

so much for a brief sketch ofo b the public life. a word or two about the privateh man. in the same year that he became a delegate to the conduct of congress he married sally or sarah livingston.ed, an they were often separated. their separations from a biographers' perspective are ahy wonderful thing because theyledt brought frequent detailed another. cosi sally was, i think, considered something of a -- maybe not thea world's most intellectual young, woman when she married, but shee proved her metal during the revolution when she decided in husban hisshe would accompany her husband of his wartime mission to spain.oce becoming in the process f america's first diplomaticspous. thells. me danas not a decision without some danger. merely indeed she nearly pay for herwir decision with her life and thehi

north atlantic when their ship was dismasted and all of them fear for their lives.ficuye after two difficult years in s spain she had to somewhat more pleasant years in paris. returned to new york, and in nea york city the recognized centerr for the next two years for social and political new york. had five children, six if you count the little girl who gr was born in spain and died within a month. she was a maternal father, perhaps someone strict.dy sun started the study at columbia college after the war. study hard and read from letter. sally tragically died in 1802 just as jay was starting hisis retirement years. in a sense jay never really recovered his equilibrium. he relied upon her for the

lighter side of his life.re he became much more serious and religious in his retirement years.t theme in h e oigion, though, was an boportant theme in his life from the outset. both his father and grandfathern h fore him had been members oftc the vestry at trinity church in new york.mself jay himself ventura served on ev the vestry in the time from 1784 through heas a ly 1790's. he was a leader in the effort te figure out how the episcopal church in the united states would be related to the church of england after the revolution. and late in life he served as, a president of ther american bibl and sty, a charity founded by his son and some friends, to print and distribute very cheap -- cheaply bibles. influenced and as part of hisore politics the had a gift fore using religious imagery in political papers. influenced his views on a note

good advocate of the pearly butn let mel end of slavery in america.brifly let me return briefly to that t question i posed at the outset,i but did not answer. .. -- not as well known today as he was in 1800's? >> i think it comes back in part to perhaps absence of letters and books. during his lifetime, jay was cautious about what he wrote down, and destroyed some letters during his lifetime, so that, for example, for john adams, period of the first continental congress, we have half a dozen fascinating letters back home to abigail. there are no surviving letters from john to sarah, i know there were such letters at one time. the story of letters and books, though, has a 20th century aspect to it as well. in the late part of the 20th

century, people were starting projects, to find and publish every letter to and from thomas defferson and bnjn ranklin thomas jefferson and benjamin franklin and alexander hamilton. the leadingon expert on jayf tr. decided that jay didn't need m that kind of treatment or perhaps more precisely decided he didn't want to spend the rest of his life doing that. soh he suggested an accepted ths the previously unpublished letters would be published.tth wnd even that was not completed it only got 31784. n so that today, if you want to write a new biography of alexander hamilton, your firstss step is to buy the 27 volumes f the collected papers ofve alexander hamilton that have been announced with systems fron people you're at theal national archives. if you want to write a back seag of johon jay, you go back and from the 19th century stuff in c

20th century stuff and spent a lot of time in tquhe archives. and the question is also partly one of personality.ust jay is just not as colorful as exander his friends what alexander hamilton who died in a dual or thomas jefferson who we know police look with one of his slaves. and so, he doesn't grab people as the likely subject for a biography the way some of his contemporaries do. i could go on all night talkinge about jay, but i know that a lo of you here have comet with questions and i'd like to pause there to start to take them. >> if you're just joining us from home tonight, we are at the theater at the archives in washington d.c. with william hai stahr, author of "john jay:s one founding father." if you are in the theater withd me, we have microphones on either side. so if you have a question, if

you could perceive to either one on your left or right will take several questions. we've got plenty of time for that and stahr will be here to answer them. let me -- there we go. >> of course you have the fortune of perceiving chief justice marshall. was wondering if you could say some words about his achievements as chief justice. o >> yes. i think ifk you're a should tak a poll and ask people to nameune the first chief justice of the united states, that more people would name john marshall and wa, named john jay. and indeed i've actually seen is asserted in books at john marshall was the first chief justice of the united states.ing j. doesn't have bringing mshal lpinions that can be quoted int the way that john marshall does. but if you actually look at whaa

the jay court did come and help to lay the foundations for what the marshall court and later courts did.te clear in particular, the justices wero quite clear that part of their goal was to review both federal, and state statutes against theor constitution and not in force or declare unconstitutional those which were contrary to theo constitution here at the justices also established several precedents that area indeedr cited today on questions of -- the supreme court will not answer abstract questions.l it will make the site concretes cases and controversy that the, supreme court and other federal. courts will, if at all possible, avoid political questions. much of the work of jay and hiss colleagues was not in the supreme courct as such. it was writing from place to ri place ad circuit justices. the three levels that we know today in the federal court coure system, supreme court were thero

from the outside.se there was no separate staff for thera circuit court.y a they were to be staffed by aist combination of the supreme cours justices and the district courtn judges.onth and this required jay and his colleagues to spend five months -- six months of the year on the road riding the circuitms from connecticut tos massachusetts to new hampshire, to vermont, to upstate new yorko back to new york city. it wasn't impossible of course given the transit of the day to get to and from in the course of the day. j. believed that was important t work, but he found it tiresome and that's part of why he agree to be a candidate for the governora of new york, both in 1792 and again in 1795. we haveuestions? we have an audience filled with lawyers, so i know there are questions out there.a littl >> could you tell if a littlef h

bit more about the background for jay's treaty and the o controversy? we've heard a lot about objections by jefferson and whatnot.aty exactly what were their problem? of the treaty as negotiated byr j.?tha >> i'll get into their particular concern, but i think t their main say tha concern was that it was a treat with the king of great britain,. that detested monarch and the enemy of republican friends.tacg and deep, the article attacking the treaty started to appear inm theo newspapers months before te fores of the treaty were no. before jon jay had arrived backe before the copy of the treaty had to rise back.siv al when all thalt was known was tt some form of treaty had been negotiated and designed.vi sithe particular provisions that were most intense lee designed, ofth those which limited the

ability of american merchant ships to do trade ands the british west indies and which b arguably ratified the british views of what was and wasn'tn't contraband that could be seizedh is timy believe that it was being treated with france. you have to remember that at this time what might be called a preliminary world war was underway between britain and gtn france and american ships were getting caught up by both french and british ships all the time and hauled up for carrying contraband and american seamen were in cases being impressed at the british navy because they gave british to the press. the treaty didn't do it that issue at all. that was another of theicular ce particular charges that were laid against it.y but i would say that nine tenthn at least to those who ran out to readest and burn john jay either haven't read the treaty or othet

top line by line through it.y i they just hated the idea that we were signing any kind of treaty with written. >> it has become my impression that in the time of thee o revolution could be there was a colony that was a hotbed of royal listen, it was new york.oi and the question i'd like to address is how did john jay,id coming from new york, deal with this? he obviously somehow made his peace with the people of new affect york. how did that affect him? how did he affect new york after the revolution?lls t

>> okay, unfortunately we don't have any opinion polls for the 18th century. so it's a little difficult to or quantify, you know, revolutionary sentiment orny ori loyalist sentiment colony by colony or city by city. but most folks who have studieds it feels that new york was if not the most, one of the most fl loyal: he. whone and people in britain felt thatj that's why one of their most -- their first object was to recapture new york city and they indeed kept new york city throughout the revolution and revo into the 1780s. the decision to become a revolutionary was not an easy oneo for john jay. and as i mentioned, both his father and grandfather before him had worshiped at trinity church, the church of england. attended and yet attended king's college, which was the church of england school and the alumni, his fellow alums of king's college almost universally became it

loyalist.s so it was not at all an easy thing for him. but having spent several years in the continental congress and in new york, arguing for a relatively expansive definitiona of american rights. --h ehe was not about when it actually came time in 1776 to gw one way or the other.th he was not about to go back as he thought to a more limitedan definition of american liberty. after the war, he wrote that britain gave americans no choice if they wanted to preserve their british liberties, they had to fight against the british king. so he described it as if he had no choice, but in fact he did have a choice. the others became loyalist and only some of them remained in america and wound up living the rest of their lives in england.

>> i just wondered if you had a few of whether j. woodhouse -- how would j. use a strict construction and judicial temperament that we see today and whether they had any foresight into the?te ab >> yeah, how jv at the currentn debate about whether the constitution should be construet strictly. it's hard to transport jay forward 225 yearst to ask himrtu what he thinks of thatlar particular question. the iues, but i find it interesting thatop on some of the issues, not sos much in supreme court opinions, but in letters to washington ane others on some of the pending legal issues, jay advocated whan i would consider a relatively open view of the constitution. for example, while writing from place to place as circuit courta

justice, ht e wrote a letter to washington saying in his superpowers would establish post offices in the constitution, clearly implied the power tothe repair the postal roads. and here is a man who has been r breaking his back writing from placeo to place. and in his view, the tome constitution has to mean that the federal government hased thr a ivr to repair or build roads. well, at erthat time, that was t a universallyv held view. another example is not perhaps govent truction, but a relatively weakv government viey that jay had.ghout he was very strongly in favor throughout his life of a strong federa federal military. it was the jefferson and thee, democrats and republicans that they were known at the time,ote that were in favor of a much more limited militaryyi establishment. jay wrote passionate letters particularly from the governorng

of new york in the hour of danger at the time france was threatening to invade is not thw time to go seeking for weapons. we need to build up our defenses immediately. >> what significant state statues does jay's court declare as unconstitutional? and what was the nature of thean reaction to the jay course of ction in that regard?nd e >> the two cases that comeand hy immediately to mind, one is in rhode island and one is in virginia. and they both had to do with to depth and in particular debt to british merchants. some of them dated back into the early 1770s.rchas and british merchants had been of course unable to even attemp to enforce them during thehe revelation.ovis but they bargained for and the treaty included a provision that saidion they would face no impediments to the collection of

bona fide debts after theat revolution. while the state courtsgret to s particularly -- i regret to say in my current state of virginia simply t disregarded that. one o patrick henry wrote to one ofe t his friends, if we are not tong? pay the debts, what were we ccuit cg for? and not as a supreme court, but a circuit court justices, jay and his colleagues not g completely, but generally struch down those statutes as inconsistent with the treaty of' peace. we don't have very much by wayhe of reaction. in rhode island, you know, our e entire recording of the decisiop is a mere newspaper article in the federalist newspaper and they thought it was a very sound hocision. n virginia, the issue is moreao hotly contested and i think it's fair to say that virginians disagreed with the opinion jay

no wrote, striking down many, but not quite all of the defenses, which had an advanced.e the virginians had two very abln ckwyers on their side. john marshall and patrick henry r. the case of the virginians against the british creditors.ot and then ultimately what i got up to the level of the supreme, court, the last of the virginia defenses were struck down in 1796, after jay was off the >ourse. >> i have a> question for you actually. nt wa you describe perhaps your research process and the steps he went through and what was tho actually motivated you to choos, john jay specifically has a your subject? hit a and during that process, during your research did you hit a gold mine of materials or was it kind of like scattered around in the. riverbed? firt >> okay, i didn't start with john jay.ths f write afirst had this sort of

flash of light in hong kong but i was going to write a book, it las merely i needed to doy something serious with my life. ansd they started and can actually about some topics in the civild war era. i couldn't find anything inha that. that hadn't been done. i then moved back by governor moore's which looks like it should be announced gouverneur but most people thought it was pronounced governor and fata biographies of some of hisclo friends. his closest friend was jay. i was horrified to discover th the most recent biography of jay was from 1935 a full-lengthtle biography. so another little bite went on said well, it ise nea important interesting, but not anywhere near as important as h jay. let's try him. in terms of research method, ien

started by reading the things that have been written oreviously about jay and thenenp using those to point me to the primary sources at places likete the library of congress. most of his personal letters arm at columbia university, which began the process of gathering them up almost 100mo years ago d had a very extensive collection now available andll might menti, partly come not entirely, but on partly online for its interest.i now, i never encountered something i said this is a gold mine.encounted th but all the weblog, ilt encountered things that i felt were interesting, important and have nlever been used before at least in terms of a biography oo jay.f to mention a couple of them, i knew from other things that he had served on the vestry at chr. trinity church.e o i went to the offices they are and read the minutes and i justa

wanted to see if he was a regular at tender of meetings, which he by and large was sent.l but i found to think about how he made financial contributions to trinity. another example may be ofoi particular interest to bookork readers late in the process i found that the new york society library has the charge records eor the jay family bar are weaned from the new york society library string the 1780s.mysf, i well, it's a great reader myself, i immediately went took look at those and to -- you famy resting. try to get a sense of e jay family reading patterns.l, yes, there were some serious history and classics, but there is a lot of contemporary fiction as well, some of which wasraises lately risqué. with sally reading this? was john soper jay reading thish stuff? so, lots of little things here

and and t there. an not any sort of one gold mine that i came across in ther one m process.o >> we have time for one more question or two. hve >> i have to, but one is quitete short. the first one is especially over time, how did jay's view the relatively greater success of his contemporaries? in the second question is tut simply, is there any truth toart the rumor that i've heard for years that the reason we do not have the j street in washington is because someone disliked joh. jay? >> those are both pretty easy. you know, the pantheon that we have today of the founding fathers really didn't come intoy being until relatively recently. wnd so, i don't think the gas,

washington and franklin were he sorted clearly about him and ja thmself would've accorded themi greater. but i don't think that duringefn his lifetime there was any sense that jefferson or adams weremore coming in now, more famous thanw john jay.t so i don't know that he prsen particularly presented theirersn greater fame. after all, the jefferson monuments are relatively recent creations. the j street. i do not believe that jay -- a dislike of jay contributed to the lack of j street.ren peer lafond, the frenchman whow' laid out washington, didn't actually himself but letters on the map.later. it was done by someone else later. cannot that time, when people were alphabetizing thing is,

they would alphabetize overthini a s. i n. jay, different thingsy in one category. if for example you look at george washington's handwritten index to his own letters, he hah letters relating to ice anduner thomas jefferson under one letter that looks a little bit like an eight and a jay.itt so my belief is whoever did thei lettering simply didn't put both and i and a jay street because he thought it would make a situation. >> just a quickie. why should we read this book? and what i mean by that is, you, know, there was in 1935 iring graffiti -- it's a very interesting story, but where --a what are historians really going to say about your book? whu know, what does it tell us about --at what does it add i guess to history? what is the point of view that

hadn't been taken before the have derived from all this deive research should witches in youre book?35 >> well, the 1935 biography ist iot a bada book.ings, among other things, it does not take much use.hi he has spent almost all of his time in the jay family papers. so he did not spend much timewh dealing with what you might call the public records here at the archives, the library ofke thi congress, the new york state records. did you take just one example, g view one of jay is sort shiny h moments at the convention where he crafts a compromise that allows new york to ratify.o a i belve i pretty much day by day history of the convention. i believe i am the first persone to notice that other people have asserted that the convention teislet jay to draft this side letter.

act, if you look at the original handwritten staff at the new yorkor public library, i rose up one morning and said i think we should send a letter. and so, he in essence organizedt the convention asking him to draft the letter.ngthy but i have a fairly lengthy discussion of that professor 19 monahan, author of the 1935 but has a roughly two-pagen of the rebeeve by of the convention. so i believe by reading this book come you come to a fuller understanding of jay and i believe perhaps biased, but you cannot really understand a revolution in constitutional. without some understanding oferf this man who was at the center of so many aspects. >> thank you very much. thank you all for joining us tonight into mr. stahr for his viewpoint tonight. [applause] thank you also two booktv for r.

coming tonight to record this. e if you are joining us from how come you can learn more about her public programs atd.c. met www.archives.gov. if you're in the washington d.c. metro area code con please visit us to explore our new exhibit ie the documents we hold upstairs,i the charters of freedom. thank you all for coming. th of. stahr will be available in the lobby to sign copies of his book. thank you all. [applause] >> this program first aired in 2005. to see more events from petitti's archives, visit otb.org. >> were here at the national press club talking with marine beasley about her new book, "eleanor roosevelt" transformative first lady. can you tell us what aspect of her life you concentrated on? >> yes, this book concentrates on the way owner roosevelt wrote

the script for first lady. now, every first lady since eleanor has either follow the script or hasn't all described, but at least they had she read the script. they've had to know about it. there are lots of books on oliver roosevelt. but what this book does is tell what she did in the white house to make the job of first lady more than just that of a hostess or somebody who is interested perhaps any pause or two. she really made the first lady shift a potent part of the american presidency. >> so was the script that she wrote giving the first lady role to pay in policy? >> the script showed what a first lady could do. the script showed that the first lady could make the job of the president's wife into one in which she could promote the administration, she could show

the public that the presidency was interested in individual. she was the public face of her husband -- a political program, the new deal. but because she traveled so much and because she really had an innate love of people, she personalized the presidency and she made it a lot more than just passing on. she made it a way of connect you with people. >> did you come upon any facts you hadn't previously known about during your research? >> in doing the research for the book, i was struck by the way her personal life impacted on the way that she developed the role of the first lady. for example, when she first became first lady, she had some reservations about them because she said i don't just want to sit in the white house.

at that time she had an intimate friend, a newspaper reporter, political reporter for "the associated press." and it was marina hickok who introduce eleanor to the life of miners in west virginia who were living in horrible. so one of eleanor's first projects and first lady was to try to do something about these miners and set up a model community called arthur dale, which she probably wouldn't have gotten interested in arthur dale had it not been for lorena hickok. similarly, before the second world war, eleanor had a very warm personal relationship with a young man named joe white you she was a socialist and a leader of the movement. eleanor had always been interested in young people.

because of this very warm relationship with flash, she became officially involved in causes of young people and international student work and ways of trying to get young people as part of the political process. also in doing so, because flash has skirted communism. in fact, i think he was a communist at one point. she learned a lot about communist. and the faction learned so much about communist prepared or later on in the united nations to know how to deal with them. >> thank you verythank you earlr time. >> yours look now at "the new york times" top 10 fiction hardcover books for this week.

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