bombs, and talked about some of the serious issues but also some of the amazing kind of cops and robbers stories that came out oe inspecting iraq after the first gulf war. but ultimately what i talkedt about was this very seriousf question of can we get rid of nuclear weapons.abou and i think the questions, thero was the usual question today, what about iran? as if the a country that has non figureed out how to build a bomu as as much a threat to the worlw as a major power like the unites states which has maybe 5,000 bombs still in our arsenal. you know, we tend to think we're the good guys, and that makes iw okay.good but it's a basic imbalance in the world that we maintain large nuclear arsenal but say other countries can't. so that was the kind of issue i discussed in the talking about how we get to zero. >> the book, "the twilight of the bombs: recent challenges, new dangers and the prospects for a world without nuclear

weapons," its author, richard rhodes. ..

>> and i know there's some really dynamite reporters in the room so i hope you dig into that and falsify it and i get lots of publicity from it. it sounds absurd to say that. the last veteran of the great war died, the english veteran died recently, and he was commemorated. but if this were a time of war right now and we were thinking 100 years into the future from the war we are having now, we wouldn't be talking yet about the last veteran. because over the last century the human lifespan has expanded by two and half years every single decade. so they would be lots of 100 year-old veterans around. and if you think about it in terms of the amount of time you're going to spend with me this evening, that means for every minute you listen to me your gaming 15 seconds to your

life. i hope it doesn't feel like that. [laughter] but next time you're having your dilbert moment sitting in a meeting that seems endless and boring, just think, i'm living longer. this is helping me. this is vitamins, baby. [laughter] and that should also give you a sense of one of the reasons we have arrived where we have as a society, it really has a lot of good news. so there are some great things in my book. i won't deny it. there are things we are to wrestle. they are think we to apply, our intelligence to in order to solve, but we are here because of our own brilliance as a species. because we have doubled at the lifespan. since james watson steam engine people are living twice as long as they were. if we live much longer index entry as we've added in the last

century, we will be adding hundreds of billions of human life years for the people who are on the planet today. that's amazing if you have a different view of intergalactic travel. this is one of the miracles of the modern era is that since the first people started talking to spirits or mixing herbs they have wanted nothing more than to live longer and healthier. and we are lucky enough to live in the moment, and it's a brief moment when you think about human history, where this has been achieved. we get to enjoy this great gift. my cousin sent me a letter, newsflash, ted fishman in favor of longer life. and yes, i am. longer, healthier engage to life. the reason i wrote the book is because we are at this moment right now, we've applied our best intelligence for millennia to get here, but still the moment surprises us.

we are in crisis mode about it. we have to apply the same intelligence to negotiating, to navigating coming to creating the society we want and the lives we want for ourselves. that's what "shock of gray" is about. it's together with all the lands and the goggles to look at disney world so we see the dynamics where our eyes to land, to see it in our families come to see it in our workplace, to see it in our communities, in our country, and even as you see from the book, geopolitically. i will go through some of these things. so why are we getting older as a society? there's a difference between the way people age and the way places age. so you all age day by day with every day, year by year with average or. societies don't age that way. societies agent different ways. when we say japan is the only society in the world, it's not because it existed the longest gum is because the mean age has

been pushed up, the groups of older people are disproportionately large compared to what they have been historically. anyway you can measure an aged society, japan is it and most of the world is going that way. why does that happen? one reason is you are living longer. when we lived longer we push up the average. it's not the big reason. to our other big reasons why society has aged. the number one reason is that we're having smaller families. this relates to longevity, relates to increased health. it relates to all the reasons that give us increased health, but families are smaller nearly everywhere in the world except for a handful of places. families are about half or less as big as they were a generation or two ago. nowhere in the developing world except for a few exceptions, very small countries most of them is the fertility rate above the population rate, and many

quite far below that. so japan for instance, will be back to his world war i population of around 55 million people at the end of this century. if nothing radically changes there. that's quite stunning. europe very soon will cross the threshold from when its population is growing, now growing marginally doing o.b. shrinking, barring some vast change in number of children people have more in its immigration picture. i don't think those changes will happen and that's something we can discuss, to. then there's another reason why the age demographic of the place can change. that's immigration. you know, in "shock of gray" i talk about why the age change the world informs the way many moves, the way people move and the way goods move. and one of the very startling things is the way an aging

society encourages young people to move in and fill in the gaps that are missing. we know that. if you have a family that has caregivers you may have an immigrant caregiver who has come in the prime of life to make his or her way here to this country. one of the countries our profile is this thing. spain is very interesting in this regard. for most of the 20th century spain was the sending country where it had a surplus of young people and they left to serve families in germany, factories in germany, or elsewhere in western europe. but then around 2000 its profile changed dramatically. it went from having virtually no immigration into the country, very few foreign-born people, to a period in which its age demographic started tipping and started getting older and older, and any young people to fill in the workforce. south spain in very short order became a receiving country for immigrants from south america and from north africa. sometimes these changes are so

dramatic that they changed the demographics of the country that people were sent from. here we are in new york. new york is a sin for ecuadorians to move. there's two places in the world were ecuadorians move. they move between the ages of 18 and 35, and generally they have two places where they go. one is new york and the other happens to be the area around barcelona. new york and barcelona both have around a half a million ecuadorians. they have come rather recently but had come suddenly, and right now at google is the country that had the most people of its own working outside its country of any country in the world. one out of a abroad. this has changed the demographics of ecuador which is gone from a young country to a country that is exported so many young people it is now one of the world's rapidly aging countries. in very short order mexico will be a rapidly aging country, and

if all goes as according to the trainer, mexico would be an older country than the united states. pretty amazing. we have those three things. longer life, we have smaller families, and we have immigration. i will go through some of these. one of the people in the audience here is my dear editor, colin harrison your we have been exploring global issues together for a long time. first at harper's magazine and that scribner books. call it has to ago journeys all over the world to explore and bring it back interesting tidbits. and one of the big projects i did for colin was trying to think my last book. one of the fascinating things about china for both of us was when you arrived in that country you see a fascinating place that seems to you to be the youngest place in all the world. you go to shanghai and neon

wonderland where there are young people on the make, crisscrossing the street. literally crisscrossing the streets often against the light. usually against the light. or one dog or shanghai for example. shanghai is a city that adds about a million people a year every single year virtually all of the additional population between the ages of 18-25. then you go to factories in china and factories in china seem to be collections of young people. enormous collections of young people. i think two factors whether at 20,000 people under 25. there's a company that we all buy products from. if you ipad or an iphone or hewlett-packard computer or dell computer you buy products of this country. they have 960,000 employees, most of them under 25. this year they will add 400,000 more employees. so they will have 1.3 million

employees, virtually all of them under the age of 25. that is enough to fill six out of 10 jobs in manhattan. just one firm. so you walk into these places and you think what is the most important fact about this workplace? is a low wages? probably it's important. is it where it is in china? also important. but what is the one thing that get you through the door in the factories? it's the fact that you are a young person. you know, we all know it's hard to pass a camel through the eye of a needle, but it's pretty easy compared to passing a 45 year-old through the human relations departmedepartment of the chinese company. you just don't see them. i'm from chicago, from the southside of chicago, and when i see separations of populations in big ways i start thinking that is something structural here.

there's a reason for this. there's maybe an economic reason or social reason. and then because colin had asked me to look more deeply at the issues around age, i started thinking about how this was affecting the global commerce between the ages world in europe, and america and elsewhere in east asia and china. and if you look at the industrial workplace in japan, in europe, and the united states, the effective retirement rate, the rates at which workers are leaving those places is going down. at the very same time hundred million or 200 million new workers, all of them under the age of 25, are being acquired in china. so i started wondering, maybe globalization itself is a creature of the aging of the world. and our fortunes are all determined by whether we live and economic environment that if

someone is defined deeply by the costs of an aging world. the most expensive employees as you all know are the ones you pay the highest salary to because they have acquired knowledge into firms, and they have from specific knowledge so they get paid more as any company more. a flexible work environment, arbitraged away that firms specific knowledge. when you outsource the job you don't need that from specific knowledge anymore. health care for older workers is expected. so it's not just expensive for those workers but if you older workers in your mix all your health care is more expensive. benefit packages are more expensive. so when the effective retirement age goes down at the very same time by the way that the official retirement ages are going up, there's a reason why these jobs are being shed. and as a reason why they're being acquired in china. china doesn't have an effect of pension plan.

it does not have a health care plan. people said, travel, it's all about the low wages in china. it's not about discriminating against the old. if it's about the low wages, what about the parents of these workers? they are the lowest paid people in the world. they are completely out of the monetary compared the are the hardest working people in the world. they break the soil into the calvinist a hoe anymore. it's not about that. it's about creating a low-cost environment that can be pitted against a high-cost environment goes of age related expenses. and so that was one of the genesis of this book. once you start seeing the world in that way then you can start seeing a dynamic in which the aging of the world propels globalization and then globalization propels the aging of the world and you can see why we are in this feedback group which makes societies older and older and older. there's some challenges today. we all know that.

in france today, in spain today, increased to become even around the united states we are hearing and seeing people hit the streets because they don't want attention is taken away. they don't want their pensions reduced i should say, not taken away but reduced. they don't want to retirement age to change which is in effect renegotiation of the benefits. but what are the sectors in which these are dominating lex these are the sectors, the public employees whose jobs cannot be outsourced abroad. industries solve the problem but in the public sector we haven't solved that problem. we haven't renegotiated society in a way that handles the economic burden of the public sector. we have to be very careful as to go about doing that. i think that's one thing that is overlooked and much of the coverage. so i told you i traveled around and i bring good news from spain. it's sunny, wonderful.

they make the most of what god gives him, for sure. my editor in spain, a guy who i will call markets, gave the idea that spain was the place to reporting and he did over a ledge in which he was smoking, they do have a pack of cigarettes. three glasses of wine, plates of appetizers followed by enormous dinners, lots of ham. and while he was smoking and chugging and eating his hand and drink his wine, he says, ted, i think you are onto something. because here in spain our damned mediterranean diet just won't let us die. [laughter] >> of course i want him to live forever. and then i was looking at his plate and his ashtray and his wine glass, and i thought that's a good way to live forever. and it turns out that this mediterranean diet, although we

all think of it as a certain thing, lots of vegetables, no animal fat, like portions can eating moderately throughout the day, that that, that life-prolonging. but if you look closely at the spanish diet, the fat content is huge. the spanish eat more ham than anyone else in the world by far except with one exception of the danes who are also very long lived. and yet they still live in this very long life. and i was wondering about this. but if you look at the way spaniards eat, not the things that eat, it's markedly different than the way we often need, which is social. if you eat alone in spain you haven't eaten. it's your time to be with her family and your friends, and it's a very convivial express around the family table, round tables with your work colleagues, much is there take

forever. this is something i would really recommend to my colleagues at scribner books. the to power, three drink, ham laden lunch. authors really like that. and it seems like they're getting nothing done, but there's a lot happening. they are trading information. they're making emotional connections. they are investing in a long, happy life. and there's good research around is about what a social life can do for your long-term health. if this is the mediterranean diet. there's another feature of the mediterranean life which i think he is surprising, and that is what happens to a family in a country which is so adamantly self identified as profamily? so i traveled to china, travel to japan, travel throughout southern europe. these are places where people are so quick to tell you we are not like you americans. we don't put our old people and

old people so. we value our old people. grandmothers are always around. so, what are the places in the world that have the fewest children? they are the places that are self identified as being the most profamily. why is this? it's because they put the most burdens on the women in those cultures. and as soon as the women haven't out where they can pursue their own aspirations or education, they take the time to do that. they went to that window. there's an interesting section in the book that was fascinating for me to report, which is how the eugenics laws of japan that were enacted so that japanese women would not have the soldiers of gis limited the japanese baby-boom to four years because as soon as they were given access to birth control, they took it because the demand to be a japanese woman is so severe. that is one reason why japanese birth rates are so low. because without those children, without expectations, japanese women have a better chance of achieving their aspirations. this is one of the miracles.

it is one thing that keeps families small around the world. and it creates burdensome a lot of time. so you have this idea of families as the bulwark against the ravages of old age. your children will take care of you when you're old but actually and the countries that hold this idea there is and loudest, they don't have the children to take care of them when they are old. and also along that if their children were taking care of them when they were old, you would be having 90-year-olds being taken care of by 70-year-olds. and when you talk to families around the world, one of the things that they tell you is the one thing i don't want is my children taking care of me. this is not something parents tend to want in places where they've struggled hard to give their kids in education, struggled hard to give them a

foothold in the world of work. and so with the exception of japan, what you get is an environment that is right for immigration. and that's why when societies age, they often have high care burdens for the members of the family, but often those burdens are shared with somebody who was hired and somebody was coming to the country to talk about that, and that also has an effect not only on the family which allows the adult children to stay in the workforce to be productive, to help the economy overall, but it also has a huge effect on the country from which these immigrants come from. so the families that leave ecuador, that leaves the philippines or central europe, they are sending money back to educate their children. and now we are starting to see how aging propels globalization. and now we can turn the

globalization propels aging. so when you have a newly industrial country, and young people have come to the city and women can achieve their aspirations, stay in the workforce, you also get a population, an urban population which will have smaller children. i mean, smaller numbers of children. but what do they do with their fault -- their small families no? they invest within. if you five of six children you can only provide them with so many calories, with so much education. but if you have one or two, you can pump lots of calories into that one or two child. they will be fortified five inches taliban your children would be otherwise. and you can see this. you can measure rural families against urban families. you can pump educational resources to that child, not only as the parents but the grand children's.

you start to get the dynamic of a developing world, a prosperous world. so with all of the premise we think of as engaging world you also get this rejuvenation of the world and where families can provide the children that they do have with more and more resources, and you get a far more urban world. so not only did the workers stay in your cities, not onto the children they have stay in the cities, but their parents come in from the countryside in order to take care of the children so that the adults who have the children can stay in the workforce longer and stay productive. so, this is the global view, but there's nothing i want to talk to you about, and that is have the aging of the world changes places that we live in and changes your lives and my life here in the united states.

i think we all owe it to ourselves to see the dynamics of global aging because that puts you, your children, your parents in a global context that is very real in defining the fate of where you live, with defining your own professional life, and defining the fate of our country. but it's done, it's had another effect that interests me quite a lot on the book, and that is it encourages people to rethink where they live, how they live there, and what is the nature of the places that they live. so anyway an aging world makes people redefine the place they have committed their life to end it makes the place is redefine themselves so that people stay there. so older workers have been the most easily discarded in a globalizing economy, especially older and osha workers.

so if you look around the country many of our older communities are aging anti-for communities. in the northeast come in the midwest. these are places where the older people that have stayed there, younger educated people leave and the democratic should set so that near very close to retirement commuters. one of these places was rockford, illinois. rockford, illinois, his nose west of chicago. for most of the toy century as one of the richest 25 towns in the united states. one prosperous family company after another, and many of employed hundreds or thousands of people are the clusters of industry that exists in rockford have been decimated by the migration of manufacturing out. the workers that exist in the companies that are still there are much reduced in number because one of the responses to globalization by some companies is to automate. if they can't find lower cost workers who are effective in the workplace, they will find robots and machines that will do it. all in an attempt to shed the

cost of an aging workforce. so if you live in rockford and you are a skilled worker working in one of the many factories that was there or is still there, around 52, 53, 54, you start hearing the singers from your bosses about it's time to move on. we have a package for you. an early retirement package. you really are detected. maybe we will throw in something. maybe we will pay for your insurance a while, usually they are misled on the insurance. and when you walk around rockford you see lots of these workers who were once very happily employed at companies they were at for a long time, and now they are in retail environments or they went cleaning services or their caregivers for older people. and there's something in the air that makes you feel very old at age 50. if you're a rock filled -- rocker.

you feel you under cohort our past your use by date. and the young people do leave. when you talk to families in rockford, one of the things they complain about very, very is it is impossible to keep the well educated young people in rockford. mostly they go to chicago. some commute to new york. all of the country. it's one of those places where ever you go you start asking anyone here from rockford and you'll find somebody who has left a rockford. and so the town faces this situation, how will they deal with this? they elected a young man. the young mayor ran on a single platform, a single issue platform. it was to rejuvenate the town, bring young people back, get the young rock 40 years to come back. get new young professionals to come back. we are going to improve our museums, create a riverwalk, improve our parks, have cultural events which they will like. my first weekend in rockford

there was a huge thanksgiving, postfix getting bashed in order to talk to the people who their to coming back to town. some places have success with this. rockford hasn't. although i was a really great restaurant the recently where they did have a whole young staff into doing things that were specific to rockford. locally raised farm goods, locally prepared and cheeses and so on. to me this was a great example of how a place can take advantage of this unique aspects. but where to rockford really succeed, it succeeded in ways it can expect, because was rockford's aging population there is an edge in a carpet it's the health care niche. so if you go downtown, the cafés and restaurants are struggling. at the people around the hospitals there's cafés and restaurants and young professionals. because this aging population as great a vibrant business in the health care sector.

and it turns out the health care sector acts as a kind of manufacturing industry for your town, because you get export income from health care sector. because you get to import money that the federal government raises nationally and it's all paid locally. and so the companies in rockford went for this your the rockford healthy, to make health care system in rockford sent to the philippines to find 100 nurses to come be part of this new niche in rockford. and no when you go to rockford you see a younger population coming and. offered their immigrants from central europe or from the philippines or from mexico, and they are filling the churches that were once empty. they are fully the stores that meet customers. and they found and strengthen the aging population. so i started thinking, is the same old 40 from any future?

can you build your economy, can you build your sense of place because your population is aging? and in order to do this reporting i had to call on all of my skills as an investigative reporter gained over the years often under the stick of some people in this room, and figure out how i was going to report this but i did what i do whenever i face an important story that i don't know how to begin attacking. i asked my mother. and i said mom, she's 83. she was 80 when i started about. what i do to dig into this issue. she said, ted, go to sarasota, florida. [laughter] >> so i went to sarasota, florida. and what did i find? it's the oldest large metropolis into the united states, demographically. it's quite a bit older than just about any other place you can name. interestingly enough the

demographic at their son is just about the same as the demographic of white rockford. and they had that wholeheartedly on what rockford can provide. if in rockford you feel old at age 50, and sarasota you feel young at age 65. it as you get there, you're the new arrival, you are the acted out of. you've got a budget 85 year olds telling you to calm down, turn down that rock music. that's enough, mick jagger already. and so most likely places i visited in sarasota were not the wealthier enclaves in sarasota but the ones on the edge, the trade him, the manufactured homes where life was even more social than it was elsewhere in sarasota. and it was a tapas place. for the first time in my life i started thinking don't want to live in a trailer home? [laughter] >> maybe i will meet tonya harding.

and aged tonya harding, there's something to ponder. [laughter] >> so, sarasota is not organized as a kind of silicon valley for aging whether someone innovative companies that have come together and figured out how they can export the models that are developed in this crucible of competition in an aging society, the people themselves organized so sarasota is not highest per capita number of not-for-profit organization in america because when people get their they want to reinvent themselves. reinvention becomes part of their journey. and now they have to be social just like the spaniards because if they are social they will add to their years. and in a nutshell i think this is kind of the challenge we all face. there are people who have grasped the reality of there being. know what kind of community they are in, made economic virtue out of necessity, and have really

led the way for the world enough so sarasota is now not only attracted to people from the united states, but it's become an international center for people to retire. because competition has made it so and because the people who live there have made it so. so, what's the "shock of gray"? the "shock of gray" is it's a profile of the world population is averting. we used to lots of young people and a few older people at the top. think your thanksgiving table. when i was a kid there was a bunch of kids firing spit balls at one another and a few old people in your 50s off to decide. now with a bunch of old people in the '50s firing spit balls and a bunch of kids telling the older people that they are embarrassing them. and is really how do we take this world so that we protect ourselves from the impulse of strong economic forces that want to be valuable to people and reduce their wages and moved

jobs to our younger people be employed, and get ourselves and all of the people who are filling the upper regions so that they are the most valuable, most active, most happy in the period where we might dismiss them. with that i would love to hear your questions. thank you very much. [applause] >> so there's a mic we can pass around. me something hard. there is one. >> question, i may be medical prism, and we are not as any people overseas for medical treatment both elderly people and even people who retire and

go into nursing homes. how do you think that will affect the population of the world and how it's going to shift around demographics? >> great question. nice to see you by the way. you know, medical tourism is quite a phenomenon in the world. spain in addition having an older population is also a favor. it's kind of the sarasota of europe. but if you're a scandinavian or health care is expensive your government will pay you to be a medical tourist in spain. and in japan there are whole medical expeditions that go to the philippines for things that require long-term recuperation or something like that, and you can get transplants and other countries. if you're a refugee from socialized medicine come a system of socialized medicine that you get isn't serving you, and i think that this is an interesting export. so i don't know that it will ever compare to the kind of

medical complexes that will grow up in our communities where people are aging, but for certain procedures that require longer care where it pays to have a patient lower cost health care environment, i think you'll see that americans may be less prone to do that than europeans. >> high, ted. what do you say about cities like new york? i mean, they're almost their own country in a way. but cities like london and paris and new york that have an identity, how do you see them fitting in? >> cities are great topic and a great world come and talk about about because it's fascinating to i believe that the aging of the world will propel the urbanization of the world far faster than any of the mainstream estimates of it.

and the reason for that is, is cities are good places to h. a good city is a great place to age. think about new york where we are. new york has actually lived pretty long compared to the west -- to the rest of the american population. maybe you drive the weaker people out, they're coming to northern industrial illinois. to buy vacated homes. but you walk if you're in a city. public transportation is available to you. new york is a great place to h. i happen to think the best place in the city for its older people is tokyo japan. you can't sneeze and not hit a train in tokyo but you have to walk downstairs to get it. our upstairs to get it. that diet is very good. there's an lot of isolation in

tokyo but enjoy the lifestyle that is great. it's also the fact that cities are cognitively challenging. so we've all heard that sudoku or crossword puzzle or whatever that you're going to be cognitively fit, i don't put much stock in net. i think maybe do crossword puzzles you join a community of crossword puzzle do worse an and you feel like you're making a connection. that might be a benefit. if you give somebody at age 60, i mean, age 70 or 75 or 80 a math -- a map book of the subway system they will study the map and learn how to do it, or they were going to adapt some fabulous piece of japanese technology that tells them how to do it and stay current that way. and indices are cognitively cognitively challenging they also lead to cognitively healthy. and i think they are excellent places to age.

>> curious, this theory that made a lot of presence in germany a few years ago called the asset meltdown take a more less explored how certain points the aging process of the number of people who are suddenly sort of caching and investments, started to pull down the investment universe of that particular country, you know, you put out a great spin on the individual challenges of some of the successes that account our city might have, but what happens when you have an entire society, a country that really is going to start seeing that kind of beating of its own feed corn where you might have a brazil or indonesia or turkey with populations at age 25, 26,

27 to serve as the sweet spot of immigration. how do you see it as a much larger geopolitical from that point? >> well, that is "shock of gray." that's what the book is about and that's a great question. actually i first learned about this topic from the editor, something we wrote about. this is of course an issue, but it does also relate to help people can se stay by her in thr lives. so when this is a drawing to a seedcorn happen. what i propose in the final remarks of my talk in a couch way, maybe i will elaborate on that right now. so i think one thing we need in order to avoid the scenario that you said, which you just described in which people start spending down their lifetime savings in order to survive into old age, we might think of an accumulation of intellectual capital in addition to the accumulation of your real

capital. and by this i mean what can we do for us and for our neighbors so that when they arrive at age 62 or 65 they are the most viable they have ever been in the worklife because they have a team related knowledge, maybe technology helps them with the things that are challenging to them, their memory or whatever. but they have acquired skills, acquired knowledge to acquire judgment and wisdom over their careers so that when you get to that late stage in your career you can't be devalued and you can already see this in the service economy taking place. so the people come with very high workforce participaparticipation among older people now historically. half of the population has been reduced to bad jobs. minimum-wage jobs, temporary jobs, self employment of some lousy kind or another. but a large proportion of them are knowledge workers, lawyers, inventors, engineers, who actually need to spend their whole life getting smart. and they want to work deep into

the '70s or '80s or even '90s. and if we can facilitate that then we will avoid the scenario altogether. [inaudible] >> and i wish you were. >> what would i do differently or think about differently? >> you know, i have learned a bitter lesson from writing "china, inc.," which is when you write a really scary book about the difficult realities comic is people excuses to act in absolutely the ways that you hope that they don't. because you say okay, globalization is happening, outsource is happening, i better get on board. my competitors are doing it. and, you know, my goal with this book really is to lay out what i think is the situation empirically, describe it, and i think once people see the landscape and the way that i am

proposing then you will get this networking reaction of solutions that are all around. and as the ceo sees it and the people who work for him see it, or networks of suppliers to see it, the whole world will be reconfigured around the state but i think in the short term what i see happening at a forward thinking ceos who think that demographics in some importantly have changed their thinking radically because of the recession. so before 2007, what heard on this book was so contrary to my instincts that it wanted whether it was so calm and that baby boomers are getting old, they're so rich they want to be the workforce early. what is corporate america going to do hundreds of millions of years of experts are watching -- walking off the floors. will never get them back. and in the