population was catholic, no more than that. but start anything the 1840s with the potato famine in ireland where you get a big influx of irish-catholics. they settle in the big cities. they vote as a bloc. people resent that. you also have a big influx of germans in the late 1840s because of the failed revolutions in central europe. and about half the germans are catholic. the germans tend to scatter. they tend to go out to the midwest. they have some capital, they buy land, so they're a little less visible. but the irish are very visible, they take over certain neighborhoods, they vote as a bloc, they listen to what the bishops have to say about things. and the native protestant-americans come to resent them. there are also prejudices against catholics in general, um, that go back in european history. so secret organizations start to

be formed. one of them is called the order of the star-spangled banner. they hold their secret meetings, and they have secret handshakes, and people ask them, well, what do you do in these meetings, and they say, i know nothing. so they get to be called the know-nothings. that term was coined by horace greeley, the editor of the new york tribune. ..

president with zachary taylor in in 1940. zachary taylor died after about a year in office and millard fillmore becomes president. he is like a celebrity. that ask him to head the ticket. the interesting thing is millard fillmore is not anti-immigrant or anti capitalist. while they are holding the convention in philadelphia, the so-called city of brotherly love, millard fillmore is in the vatican meeting the pope. nobody knew that. it was not a problem. he comes back. the campaign runs. they do very well. they get 22% of the vote. one of the highest percentages in american history.

what they wanted was their platform was to extend the citizenship for 25 years. at that point it was five years and if you intend to become a citizen you could vote. they want to extend this period to 25 years and take a franchise away from these immigrants. they don't become the major second party because in 1854-1855 the republican party is formed. they run for the first time in eighteen 66. john fremont is their candidate. he gets 35% of the vote. republicans in that election become the second party and the american party, skyrockets them. they fade away because the issue becomes slavery. war is approaching. there's tension between the north and south and they feel they didn't accomplish anything. how is it relevant to today? we have issues with muslims and

mexicans and the 18th-century, and europeans came and jews and greeks and the door was shut on them in the 1920s because the american party, there were earlier issues with immigrants. you wonder now the first english settlers came, the indians wanted a thrill so any group that came to the united states there were problems on the rival that were here and the ironic thing was the only group that did not face this resistance for the african slaves. they were welcomed with open arms and open pocketbooks. >> up next shirin ebadi, author of the golden cage, talks about three brothers brought up during the reign of the shah of iran. one was a soldier in the shah's army and another was a member of the leading socialist party in iran and the third was a

supporter of the revolution. this is an hour and 10 minutes. [applause] [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: good evening, ladies and gentlemen. i want to thank you for having come to listen to me. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: i also want to thank the organizers of this meeting. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: i am glad this is the second time i am speaking at

his institute. first time was to introduce my first -- [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: through my life story i wanted to introduce iran to the people of the world. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: i am glad to introduce my second book entitled "the golden cage". [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: part of the last 32 years of the history of iran

is narrated in this story through the true story of a family. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: my motive in this book was a phrase i put at the beginning of the book from an iranian sociologists is says you cannot eliminate injustice, at least talk about it. [speaking in native tongue]

>> translator: those parts of the last 32 years history of iran that are depicted and narrated in this book will help you understand what the people of iran want today and what their demands are. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: ended what situation is here and today? [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: in brief i am going to use a few statistics to tell you about the situation in iran. >> translator: [speaking in native tongue] [speaking in native tongue]

>> translator: pursuant to a report of reporters without borders over 40 journalists and web log at writers are in prison now. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: and iran is among 173 countries when it comes to respect for freedom of speech. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: pursuant to a report of amnesty during the past 12 months, over 300 people have been executed in iran. some of them were political

prisoners. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: when political prisoners are executed, their bodies are not even given to their families. they are buried without knowing where in hiding. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: after china iran has the most number of executions in the world. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: iran has the most number of underage criminals in world, the most number of

executions of underage criminals in the world. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: pursuant to a law passed in 1979 the age of criminal responsibility has been reduced. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: this is nine years for a girl and 15 years for boys. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: if a 10-year-old girl or 16-year-old boy commits a crime the law will punish them as if a 40-year-old committed the crime. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: this is why it

execution of underage -- under the age of 18 criminals exist in iran. and 8 [speaking in native tongue] [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: pursuant to a report from the international monetary fund the economic growth of iran has been zero and the rate of inflation has been 22%. abbas eight [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: the rate of unemployment in iran is very high pursuant to the report of economic experts over 30%. [speaking in native tongue]

>> translator: these statistics prove the situation in iran is deteriorating. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: in addition to that the continuous violation of human rights held as well. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: for example in iran we have discrimination on the basis of gender. [speaking in native tongue]

>> translator: pursuant to a law passed before the revolution the life of a woman is worth half of that of a man. by me and myself and my brother go on the street and are attacked by someone and something happens on the street the compensation to my brother would be twice as much as the compensation to me. the light is right in my eye. may be right here. [talking over each other] [inaudible conversations] [speaking in native tongue]

>> translator: pursuant to the laws and testimony of two women in court = testimony of one man. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: a man can marry four wives, divorce his wife on no ground but divorce can be very difficult for women. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: under the law the discrimination on the basis of religion. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: pursuant to the law that officials relayed over the country of islam, other

religions such as judaism, christianity trigger is also recognized. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: approximately 300,000 live in iran from all civil rights. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: from the beginning of the revolution they were not able to attend university. [speaking in native tongue]

>> translator: there is discrimination between the muslims and those religions that have been recognized according to the constitution. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: i will give you one example. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: pursuant to the law among the areas of the dissidents, it inherited all the property and others will be deprived. [speaking in native tongue]

>> translator: for example if an iranian dies and has two daughters and one son, whereas his nephew converted to islam, all his inheritance will go to the nephew and his own children will be deprived of the inheritance. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: there's a difference between shia and sunni. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: in tehran where the population is twelve

million, not even one permit for the construction of a sunni mosque has been issued. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: the situation of the shia is not that good either in iran. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: one example was the attack monday pillage group. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: they were attacked brutally and a number of them have been arrested. three of the attorneys who defended them were arrested as well. [speaking in native tongue]

>> translator: the government claimed these laws are islamic. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: we can't have another law because we are muslim. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: what we can say is the same as other religions with different interpretations islam can have different interpretations too. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: look at the united states, one church does not accept abortion and the other church does. they are both christian churches. [speaking in native tongue]

>> translator: or the marriage of homosexuals at one church may agree and one church may not whereas they are both against christian -- islam is different interpretations too. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: the issue is democracy. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: in nondemocratic governments the government only accepts its own interpretation of religion or ideology and does not pay attention to other interpretations. [speaking in native tongue]

>> translator: a number of well-known clergy say that they can change them. this is not islamic law. abbas 8 >> translator: since they are not in political power, no one listens to them and they have not succeeded yet. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: the pioneer was the ayatollah who said this government is neither islamic nor republic. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: what was the reaction of the defenders of human rights to all these

violations of human rights? [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: fortunately there are numerous human rights defenders in iran who worked for the advancement of human rights. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: in the last few years two resolutions have been passed by the united nations for condemning iran of violations of human rights. [speaking in native tongue]

>> translator: the last of which was the resolution of the human rights council of the united nations and due to the deterioration of the situation of human rights as special envoy was designated for iran. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: we have three countries in the world that are in such bad condition that they retire -- burma, north korea and iran. [speaking in native tongue]

[speaking in native tongue] >> translator: a few months ago, a few weeks ago the european union announced the names of 32 iranians. they have been banned from entering europe. if they have any property in europe their property will be confiscated even if -- these people have participated in the killings of the people. [speaking in native tongue]

>> translator: violators of human rights are smarter than that. they have moved their property and transferred to other countries where they can later use it and live a good life. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: the important point is the world has become smaller for mysteries -- violators of human rights. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: they understand that they can be held accountable for the killing and repression of people somewhere

somewhat. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: they participated in the killings of others, the decision was made in america. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: the united states has come up with a list of eight persons who participated in the killing and repression of the people. their property would be confiscated and and from entering this country.

eight names among 32 on the european union. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: these are smart sanctions, all of the people of one country, those who committed the crimes. >> translator: -- [speaking in native tongue]

>> translator: the issue of the american -- if america leads the countries in the middle east that faced the uprising of the people will hear and replace america in those countries? [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: the uprising of the people will result in the influence of iran in the region. [speaking in native tongue]

>> translator: i have to say government should have relationships with each other. they should have trade relations and political relations. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: i don't see a problem the government like iran has relations with other countries. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: problem is one country is influenced by the other country to the extent that it becomes a puppet for the other country. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: what i want to

talk about now is whether iran can add to the uprising of the people in the region or not. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: indonesia this won't happen. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: in to nietzsche the civil society is strong even since the area -- it has been secular. laws have been passed, the strength of the civil society and that country will not permit it to become a puppet of iran.

[speaking in native tongue] >> translator: tunisia will have democracy after getting rid of ben ali. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: in a democratic government, national interests are always an issue. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: in egypt it is a little different. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: islamic radical groups are strong.

specifically the islamic brotherhood. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: the probability of one dictator leaving and replacing it is high like what happened in iran in 1979. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: in 1979, it was a nondemocratic government, we wanted independence and freedom but up to now we have not achieved that. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: we have to pay attention that getting rid of

the dictator is not enough. we have to replace it with democracy. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: look at egypt. will we have democracy there? [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: it may be too ready to judge now. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: even if a religious dictator comes into power egypt will not become a puppet of iran. on the basis of four. abbas a >> translator: there are achieved. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: unfortunately there have always been

differences and conflicts between cities and gm. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: there are no immediate mutual interests to unify. [speaking in native tongue] [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: egypt has presented itself a big brother of islamic countries and african countries where on the other side the iranian government

considers itself a leader of the whole islamic world. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: the government of iran and the other party both embraced its sentiments. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: on the basis of the four regions there will be

relations and political relations between iran and egypt but it is the normal relations like the relations of iran and italy. egypt is not going to become the puppet of iran. [speaking in native tongue] [laughter] >> translator: hosni mubarak and bent ali found power so sweet that they attacked artifacts. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: i don't know when but maybe in the near future

gaddafi will have a heart attack. [speaking in native tongue] [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: when gaddafi had his heart attack and left the country certainly do to the fact that the west helped the people when libya is not going to become a puppet of iran and they won't forget what they have done. [speaking in native tongue]

>> translator: syria has a nondemocratic government. even the president says syria has become hereditary. [speaking in native tongue] [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: you may find it interesting to note that the people -- the majority of the people of syria are sunni, and

for the last 50 years of the minority, the passat family ruling over the people. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: they are tired of the dictatorship of the facade family. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: unfortunately the government of iran sends forces to the government of syria to reprint this. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: the people of syria are going to. [speaking in native tongue]

>> translator: he has proven no government, no nondemocratic government will be there forever. it is certain the family will have to leave. it is only time that we can't tell. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: in two months he may want to have a heart attack too. [speaking in native tongue]

>> translator: the relationship that exists today will change. if there is a relation it will be a healthy relations and political relations. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: the government of iran will lose its unhealthy influence in syria. >> translator: >> translator: the import issue regards yemen and bahrain. [speaking in native tongue]

>> translator: in these two countries the she at are the minority. they are in the front line of the uprising and being killed and depressed badly. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: saudi arabia send forces to bahrain to help kill more people. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: the world has closed its eyes on the killings of shia in bahrain and yemen. [speaking in native tongue]

>> translator: the only country that supports them and i want to repeat here the only country that supports them is here and. financial support, iran provides arms and even iran has brought a complaint to the united nations in this regard. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: on the day that people win and i am sure they will be brazil you know how many people exist there who would appreciate iran? [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: at the same time let's not forget that both countries, yemen and bahrain,

are small countries. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: i remember at the time i went to school bahrain, we were taught that bahrain was one of the problemss of iran. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: it gained its independence later. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: they are both small countries and with regard to the power of iran, with regard to the largeness of the country of iran and the population of iran, both of

these countries can become puppets of the politics of iran. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: we have to be aware that these two countries do not fall in the trap of iran and iraq and's unhealthy violence should not go there. how? [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: through protest of the killings in bahrain and yemen. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: helping them. [speaking in native tongue]

[speaking in native tongue] >> translator: twice as many people as were killed in tunisia and egypt have been killed in bahrain and yemen. however when it came to tunisia and egypt the white house said ben ali had to leave and hosni mubarak had to listen to the people but it looks like they have closed their eyes and ears when it comes to be shi'ah being killed in bahrain and yemen. [speaking in native tongue]

>> translator: what kind of behavior should we have toward nondemocratic governments? [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: i am not talking about yemen, bahrain and iran. i am talking in general. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: the worst solution is a military attack. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: remember that democracy is not merchandize to be exported. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: democracy cannot be purchased and sent to another

country. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: war and military attacks are nondemocratic countries should be forgotten. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: the dictators like to be attacked by foreigners so on the excuse of national security they can put away their opposition. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: economic sanctions are not correct either because they will hurt the people. [speaking in native tongue]

>> translator: notwithstanding the ten years of economic sanctions against iraq saddam hussein was still there whereas numbers of people died as a result of being deprived of food and medication. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: i recommend political sanctions instead of economic sanctions. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: what is a political sanction? [speaking in native tongue]

>> translator: it is measures taken against violators of human rights that do not hurt the people. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: fortunately, though 32 people that we spoke about are on the list of the european union, have been politically sanctioned. this is the first time in history that this has happened. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: smart sanctions

of the dictators are one of the political sanctions. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: the other measure would be to reduce the level of political ambassadors from the ambassador to a lower level but nondemocratic countries. from countries that believe in democracy and human rights. [speaking in native tongue]

[speaking in native tongue] >> translator: for example i want to talk about the european union after the terrors of iran and europe. original one was to make a threat where they have a tribunal and the other one was the assassination of dr. bast r bastia bastiard. they lowered the level at the embassy levelland most of the

ambassadors left tehran. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: what they said was you have in secure europe which is why we want to recall our ambassador. and for approximately six months no european ambassadors were in iran. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: this resulted in the assassinations in europe being reduced. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: the most important thing and political sanctions is the international criminal court. >> translator: -- [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: violators of human rights should be referred

to the international court. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: in order to be able to try and violators of human rights in this court we have to strengthen the court. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: all the european countries have ratified the international criminal court conventions. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: approximately 90 countries have ratified up to now. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: the international criminal court has a few serious enemies that stop its progress.

[speaking in native tongue] >> translator: israel, america, china and russia. [speaking in native tongue] [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: i want to ask you, the progressive citizens of the united states, to put pressure on your government to ratify the international criminal court convention. the ratification of the united states will strengthen this court. [speaking in native tongue]

>> translator: america is a superpower and it can play an important role in the expansion of the icc and acceptance of its jurisdiction. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: we are in the globalization era. we see that trade has become globalized but justice has become globalized as well. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: in non democratic countries where the dictator's devilish shadow is on this, how can we expect to adjust?

[speaking in native tongue] >> translator: there is no other solution except for the international criminal court to try them. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: in the globalization era, they go all together, are and they will. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: any event in any country can impact events in other countries. we should be indifferent to the fate of the people. what we want for ourselves we should want for others.

[speaking in native tongue] >> translator: let's forgive like the scotky. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: let's spread friendship like the sun. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: let's cooperate and plant the seed of cooperation like the earth. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: and spread the love for humanity like the wind. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: let as the kind to each other. thank you. [applause]

>> shirin ebadi has agreed to take a few questions. i will call on you one at a time. i ask you to keep your questions very brief. introduce yourselves and make it an actual question rather than a statement. >> do you think that the united states, other countries are in a way playing into the hands of the islamic republic of iran which would like to be the protectors of bahrain's protestors? so by ignoring the events in bahrain, like ignoring tunisia and egypt are we actually helping -- actually losing legitimacy and helping them sort

of take the role of the protectors--the ones who will rescue them from the sheik? .. >> [inaudible] i'm from chicago. i'd like to ask my question in persian. [speaking in persian]

[speaking in persian] [speaking in persian] >> translator: regarding the international criminal court, i think there are practical problems for example when it came to omar even though the court summoned him, they have not been able to try him. what are your recommendations in this regard? [speaking in native tongue] >>

translator: yes, it is true he is not been arrested, but had he not been summoned to the international criminal court, he would have killed at 100,000 more orn that. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: it was the icc had, or the international criminal court created that he agreed, and now the south of sudan is becoming a different country. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: he can want sleep proper -- he cannot sleep properly because he cannot go anywhere. [speaking in native tongue] [speaking in native tongue]

>> translator: of course the court could have been stronger and this is why i say help it to become stronger, as for the united states to make it stronger. >> sir, in the green. >> thank you. i'm john burke, a student at the school. do you believe that iraq right now is in a similar position to bahrain where it is susceptible to iranian influence in the wake of the arab spring? thank you. >> translator: the present government of iraq, yes. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: but not the

kurds. [speaking in native tongue] speaking -- [speaking in native tongue] [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: i'll give you an example of the government, the mek, who are in the base in iraq revealed the fact that there is a plant in iran that is building nuclear equipment, 36 hours later, they were attacked by the iraqi forces and a number

of key people were killed. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: is that not questionable to you, the two incidents being this close? [speaking in native tongue] [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: therefore iraq has close relationships with iran, but the situation is different with syria. [speaking in native tongue] [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: because in syria, you can only hear the voice of asyaf, where in iraq

it's sort of a democracy where other voices can be heard too. [speaking in native tongue] [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: and i repeat by saying that it is all right, totally all right for two countries to have mutual political relationships. what the problem is is when one country influences the other, and the other country becomes a puppet of that country. >> [inaudible] >> [speaking in native tongue] [speaking in native tongue]

[speaking in native tongue] in english? [laughter] okay. my first question regards the green movement, and if really the people were behind it, and if their activities are going to help overthrow the government, and my second question was about as iranians living outside of iran and what we can do to help our people who are fighting for our freedom and justice? [speaking in native tongue]

one of the benefits of having the spotlight is it can drive you blind. [laughter] [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: the green movement is a green movement, not an ideological one. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: the green movement does not have the construct of a political party meaning that a few people at the top do not make orders and the rest implement. its expansion is horizontal, and it works on a network basis. [speaking in native tongue]

>> translator: they are not leaders of the movement, but they walk along with the movement, and the president, their presence has strengthened the movement. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: within this movement, people are different, different ideologies exist. there's different groups. some believe we have to throw the constitution out. [speaking in native tongue] [speaking in native tongue]

>> translator: but some others think that this will not be possible without bloodshedding so the best thing to do is to use the present constitution. there are articles in the constitution that guarantee people's rights, but have never been implemented. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: for example, like the right of association, like the rights of political parties, like the rights of ethnic groups teaching their mother tongue to their children. [speaking in native tongue]

>> translator: i can't tell which group is going to win. let's wait and see what the future calls for. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: but up to this moment, the government does not show any flexibility or listen to the people. [speaking in native tongue] [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: with regard to the degree of the unhappiness of the people and the bad economic situation, i see iran as fire under the ashes, but when the ashes are going to be blown away, i don't know, i can't tell you. [speaking in native tongue]

>> translator: but what can the iranians outside of iran do for iran? [speaking in native tongue] [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: it depends on the person depending what one can do. not everyone has defend political prisoners. there are other things people can do. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: for example, if one is a doctor, one can send medication, aids medication, or other medications that are

scarce in iran. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: create doctors without border for iran are all use and recruits young doctors who exist in iran. there's a number of them. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: if you're an engineer, teach the people of iran how to get rid of the filtering of the internet. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: therefore there's not one single prescription i can write for all people. it depends on what people can do

for