and still regret i had not given it to him by inoculation. this i mentioned for the sake of parents who emit the operation on the supposition that they should never forgive themselves if a child died under it. by example showing the regret media the same either way and either the safer should be chosen. so well benjamin franklin and his autobiography about his struggles, sadness and regret regarding the decision not to inoculate his young son against smallpox. the intentionally induced in section 4 inoculation, far more

dangerous in the scene supplanted in the late 19th century, offered lifelong immunity from the dreaded pox yet franklin and other americans in the 18th and 19th centuries were beginning to struggle with the issues about vaccination that we still face today and the issues brought to life so lucidly in the distinguished book. today after vaccination sentiment seems to be emanating from concerns about the debunked believes that vaccines, vaccine preservative tamara sold of the overall burden of the vaccines are responsible for a dramatically increased rates of autism and while we can partially understand the rise of antivaccines intimate in the context of the history of the disorder dr. willrich freezes to explain these impulses, one that examines the nature of the antivaccine campaigns and relationship to concerns about the expanding power of government of the police powers of public health, the tensions between individual liberty and community interest, scientific and medical hubris and the

social class mediate these debates. the successive pox is that it did not simply do research and fought for work in the best traditions of the historical profession, but it is an elegantly told story when used together with dr. willrich's primary sources and keen sense of the past to export tensions that are at the core of the values that make us americans. so it gives me great pleasure to introduce michael willrich from brandeis university where he is associate professor in the department of history in the course as you know tonight dr. willrich will be talking about his book, "pox" published by penguin press. dr. willrich's first book city of courts won the distinguished john h. dunning prize by the american historical association for the best book on any aspect of history and the william nelson cromwell price ordered by the american society for legal history to read dr. willrich received his ph.d. from the university of chicago.

before that he worked several years as a journalist in washington, d.c. writing for monthly, city paper, the new republic and other magazines so please give dr. willrich a really warm welcome. [applause] >> thank you for that lovely introduction and thank you all for coming out this evening. it's terrific to be in this place. it's a beautiful building and it's got so many wonderful public programs going on right now bringing the history of medicine and disease important to the national history to people not only in functions like this and to the publications so it's an honor to be here and i want to thank carey for inviting me and being such a gracious host.

everyone in this room knows that seen hailed as modern medicines greatest inventions have become the subject of a bitter public controversy according to the 2010 report from the centers for disease and control and prevention 40% of american parents of young children have refused or delayed one or more shots for their child. that's up from 23% in to those in three so something's going on right now. despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary, one in five american parents believes maxine's cause of his thumb. this disturbing statistic likes the coup seems likely to hold true even after the recent publication in the british medical journal of the report debunking the original 1998 paper that launch the global

vaccine autism scare. we are already witnessing the effect on the decision not to fully vaccinate their children, the return of disease such as measles and whooping cough that has largely disappeared from the united states until recently. last year california witnessed the worst epidemic of whooping cough in over 60 years. more than 9,000 cases of the vaccine preventable disease were reported in the state's and ten instances most of whom were too young to get vaccinated died. still, for all of the sound and fury today's vaccine controversy pales in comparison to the vaccine that took place in the united states of the turn of the 20th century. and this at the height of a nationwide epidemic of smallpox. as small pox spread across the

country between 8098 and 19 a treehouse, the states and federal health officials enforced vaccination aggressively as physical force as the nation's borders, railroad lines and in its public schools, factories, tenement district and camps. the government vaccination campaign to triggered a lot of resistance from the american people, americans formed the antivaccination society and there they were ridiculed by the medical profession of the range and cranks the antivaccination arguments in fact resonated quite deeply with a broad social concerns in the period, concerns about the growing scale and scope of the american state, concerns about medical liberties in the rights of parents. americans also mobilize the state houses banning the

compulsory vaccination. the challenge compulsory vaccination and the courts carrying the vaccination question of a way to the u.s. supreme court in 1905. they rioted in tenement and in the streets. they forced vaccination certificates so there unvaccinated children could attend schools and perhaps most commonly among recent immigrants to the united states and american cities they hid the family members from the authorities in order to prevent them from being called off to the local test house as isolation hospitals and period were called. the scale of this popular opposition is all the more remarkable because smallpox was still the most feared of all the terrible disease that afflicted

humankind. smallpox was the deadliest killer of human history and a typical outbreak of the disease killed roughly one-third of all the people affected smallpox killed 300 million people worldwide in the 20th century alone. that's more than all of the bloody century war combined. the smallpox as you all know enjoys other distinction as the only contagious disease ever eradicated from the human species. vaccination was crucial to that story. with each passing year, fewer and fewer people across the world have ever seen the case of smallpox that goes for doctors and epidemiologists as well. so what was smallpox like? the disease as the scientists have been able to see more

recently under their electronic microscopes which did not texas 110 years ago is caused by a brick shaped virus, a bunch of proteins containing some dna. the disease caused by the virus is highly contagious. it could be spread like a common cold or of the flu by saliva droplets from person-to-person in close contact. they can also be spread by virus particles on blankets and clothes that was far less common than face-to-face contact. once the disease and the virus entered a new post, the division period began, the period lasted for about 12 days this was one of an age of scheme for a italian immigrant traveled from a small village at the coast of

the naval board we travel all the way to the united states passed ellis island and the medical inspection and for training in chicago get off their and then come down with the early sentiment of smallpox very high fever and severe back pain often for letting the to vomiting it was a terrible flu like condition, but then miraculously the fever started to society. and the person felt better. of course might even feel good enough to go to work or off to school. that is when they started to become contingents. they had been relocating rapidly in the throat and the nerves and ultimately it was produced as terrible skin eruption that

ravaged the skin and was the most horrific and a visible sign of small pox but, as all of this was going on the virus was replicated in the internal organs as well and attacking them. so people usually when they died dhaka of acute respiratory failure. it was not a pleasant experience. most survivors meanwhile were left scarred for life usually with deep scars all over their face many of them were blinded so that is smallpox. the turn-of-the-century epidemic brought in medical mystery between 1998 and 1903, hundreds of thousands of americans were infected with smallpox. these are according to the medical reports. i actually think many more than that were affected. but fewer than 10,000 people

died. how could this be? well, we now know, we now understand that this was the first appearance in america with a new form of smallpox and would come to be known as the minor classical smallpox now known as very all major. terri hail minor killed only with that in quotation marks, about 1% from its infected. so ordinary americans seeing this disease spread very rapidly through their communities and spreading rapidly because many people afflicted with it felt just well enough to go to work and earn their daily bread. ordinary americans seeing this disease will not readily accept smallpox at all. there's enormous diagnostic confusion even among the medical profession particularly among the the country doctors who

thought they might have called this breaking out disease. in fact public officials understood this to be smallpox and they believe that any moment a horrific epidemic of the classical smallpox that people knew such an epidemic would break out. and the fear seemed to be confirmed by the fact that in a number of places epidemics of the mild smallpox were formed closely by the epidemics of the various small hawks. so during this epidemic, many of them smiled killing roughly 1% or 2% of the people infected new york lost 730 people to smallpox. 500 people died in boston 270 people died, in philadelphia

there were 2500 reported cases and 400 deaths. that's more on a par with historical smallpox. and yet even after the great wave of epidemics, americans remain in the words of one prominent health official in the period the least vaccinated of any civilized country. well, my book has many pages to understand exactly why this is so. i can give you a short answer right now because the vaccination a century ago was a nasty business far riskier than it is today. and further, the vaccination question posed a real dilemma. the united states was a nation fiercely devoted to the principal of individual liberty. but the public health movement that had emerged here by 1900 is

one of the most violently invasive of the individual rights in all of the world. although public health has come a long way since 1900 the supply lines still resonates today. so, "pox" tells the story of a forgotten american smallpox epidemic that kills relatively few people but left a surprising, surprisingly deep impression upon american society is government and the law. the book is a national story, but as epidemics are inherently local as they are experienced it is a national story made up of many local stories. so to give you a flavor of those local stories come i want to take a few minutes and tell you about one of a local place that's through no fault of its own played a starring role in this americans saga, camden.

smallpox broke out in camden, which was then a prosperous industrial city of 76,000. the trouble started when 8-year-old pearl ludwig took ill with the smallpox followed closely by her father and all seven of her brothers and sisters. somehow her mother was not infected. she must have had smallpox at another time or had been vaccinated, and i can only feel for her. there's nothing in the record but i feel for her being the only one in that house capable of taking care of all the others. in the middle of the night, her father awoke. in his delirium he bought the table which knocked for a kerosene lamp. the blaze burned to the ground but not before the ludwigs' got

out and hundreds of neighbors rushed to the scene. of course exposed to smallpox. with this improbable chain of events that's reminiscent of mrs. o'leary counting of the lanterns are in the chicago fire of 1871, the camden smallpox epidemic of 1901 began. camden city officials jumped into action. the son of a municipal pesthouse in the board of education announced all public-school children must be vaccinated immediately. what did that mean exactly? well, vaccination a century ago was conducted not in the private pediatrician office under the trusted hand of a family physician, but often out of clinics and schools and workplaces and the like.

the process involved taking someone's arm, taking a very sharp needle, scoring this can usually drawing a little bit of blood but not too much, and then taking some vaccine material, which was made up of life cowpox virus that had been literally harvested from infected soars on the belly of a cow. let's take a moment to think about that. taking that into jabbing it into the score in the area and then letting the reaction take place over several days to experience a kind of constitutional disturbance and fever, often very sorry a swollen arm and when always done they were left with a little scar some of you

may have from a different process because the smallpox vaccine will always produce this if it takes. anyway, that was vaccination. the vaccine used in camden came from with a second, philadelphia, just across the delaware river. philadelphia was a major center of the nation's rising vaccine and pharmaceutical industry. philadelphia was the place where the brothers in addition to serve creating some chemical compounds and the like have a couple cows and created their own vaccine. alexander, the last company that was important in the period, and each of those important which was a u.s. forerunner of the marks pharmaceuticals.

the process and i won't go into much knowledge of the process involved a combination of the stables and the laboratory. most have a full on laboratory to process its vaccines, but they were harvested from infected cows. so within a month let's go back to camden, within a month one-third of the city's population and vaccinated including 5,000 of the city's 8,000 schoolchildren. then the news spread in camden that a 16 year old boy named william brouwer had fallen ill with tetanus, another one of those terrible diseases the vaccines have helped bring in a check. most people at the time called tetanus by another name, they

called it lockjaw. the symptoms were a high fever, telltale stiffness in the face followed by excruciating contractions of the jaw and the nec, the spine arched and this was often fatal. after william brouwer, the lockjaw struck 16 durell lillian, than mine-year-old emma cochrane, and 11-year-old thomas hazleton cut in 11-year-old anna warrington and then 6-years-old, a 13-year-old, a seven year old betsy roosevelt, and a list continued to grow. soon, six of the school children were dead. within weeks, three more would die of tetanus. has the appearance served for an explanation, many pointed reflexively to the vaccine and

its manufacturers across the river. the parents charged the vaccine was corrupted which was after the plausible claim since the vaccine was produced in a stable environment crawling with dust and bacteria including tetanus on occasion, but the board itself defended the vaccine makers and its own policy of the compulsory vaccination. and official reports said the children were dirty, they have left their vaccine get filthy and their parents were ignorant having kept those wounds clean. to silvestre to the press, the board of health hired a brilliant and eccentric young scientist who worked for the most implicated of the philadelphia vaccine companies. the scientists name was robert

barnes. [laughter] as i had hoped that ne is well known in these parts. barnes would go want to make a great fortune by inventing an antiseptic and he would spend that fortune building one of the great private collections of french art, the barnes foundation. some new york newspapers bought his story but the parents of camden who did not. in a leader era they may have sued in 1900 the case law was stacked against them. so instead they launched a school strike, hundreds of parents refused to send their children to school. soon half of the public school desks were empty. the camden tetanus outbreak became a national news story to read newspapers across the u.s. spread the story of children dying in terrible agony as

helpless parents and physicians who witnessed. even "the new york times" which was the most outspoken paper in support of compulsory vaccinations reported, quote, vaccination had been far more fatal here to the smallpox. the school's strict kim and were repeated in the communities across the country to rochester new york and berkeley california to make matters worse that same falcon of the fall of 1901 the corner of st. louis announced his verdict in the cases of 13 school children of that city who would buy a tetanus after taking the antitoxin a new life saving measure mostly for children the coroner says the board had used

antitoxin taken from a horse antitoxins made in horses they were taken. [inaudible] camden and st. louis created the public confidence vaccine at the worst moment, the height of the national smallpox epidemic. but here's the point, this crisis pointed out the fundamental contradiction of american public health law at the turn of the 21st century. the government could order the public to get vaccinated, whether they wanted to or not. but they knew absolutely nothing to ensure the vaccine used in the process were saved. the crisis in flint the already widespread compositions of the

compulsory vaccinations during the smallpox epidemics in the period and let us say there are many groups that have their own reason for the compulsory vaccination across-the-board workers worked with their hands were deeply concerned about the effect the vaccine might have on their ability to use their hands if only for a period of a few days. no system of the workers' compensation existed in this period and employers to help them out if they felt ill, they were breadwinners and resistant to the compulsory vaccination. african-americans had no good reason to trust doctors and the white public health profession during this period. white doctors and hospital ignored african-americans or the medical needs. during the epidemic in smallpox and public health officials show

up at their door with sheriff's and copps so african-americans in the deepest compulsory vaccination resisted and large numbers, christian science and others from the period host of these religious objections to the practice and many of the anti-tax and asian societies were read by doctors but doctors who practice the forms of alternative medicine now called alternative medicine shows and chiropractic that his been marginalized with the rise of the public health departments in the 19th century so they used the compulsory vaccinations and another part of the grand conspiracy the cold, the state itself called the state medicine. the camden the tragedy has galvanized the vaccination movement and triggered a national debate on the vaccine

safety. medical societies started to talk seriously about the need for a system of government regulation of vaccines. some even called for turning vaccine production. but this idea was ruled out as socialistic. back in the use the word socialism they have something in mind that sounds like socialism, government controlled production this distinguished philadelphia and dr. joseph mcfarland was quietly investigating the team and similar cases from philadelphia, atlantic city, bristol pennsylvania, cleveland and other parts of the united states. in a paper that he eventually published in the most

prestigious medical journal of the era, mcfarlane suggested tetanus course found their way into the vaccine manufactured by what he called the maker of the product vaccine to amend the company of philadelphia. company of philadelphia. congress acted to try to restore public confidence in vaccines. in the spring of 1902, congress enacted the control act which president roosevelt signed into law. this act which is a pioneering piece in the progressive era legislation set up a system of licensing and inspections for all makers of biological products including such scenes and in toxins. it was the immediate forerunner for the pure food and drug addict passed a few years later.

the passage of this act in the larger point which is we are very on patient with antivaccinations and skeptics and the like today. and understandably but we raised a century ago, a century and ten years ago out of these epidemics in this particular vaccine controversy also very positive legacies including the system of the regulation and control and also the court decisions taken together the court decisions culminated in the case of jacobson versus massachusetts, the decision by the duenas supreme court in 1905, taken together, the cases, the public health authorities on a much more assertive legal footing while also creating some key protections for the civil

liberties of individuals. i'm not going to go into detail by all that right now but i would be happy to talk about that in a few minutes of the q&a. perhaps most importantly, popular resistance during these epidemics taught the government officials that when it comes to public health and education can be far more effective than the group source. well, after 1905, few american community's ever saw another debt of leofric of smallpox. the major became increasingly rare in the united states. but vareola minor and of the country another 45 years. the last u.s. case of smallpox was reported from texas in 1949. it wasn't until 1972 that vaccination for smallpox was discontinued in the united states. what had happened was there hadn't been a case in more than

a quarter century, yet every year from the vaccine there would be seven or eight deaths so there was no longer the same kind of cost-benefit equation in public health terms that there have been when smallpox was around. smallpox was eradicated globally through an amazing international effort to it and declared dead by the world health organization in 1980. while smallpox may be dead, the vaccination question most certainly lives on. in fact it has returned with a vengeance. what major reason for this to be certain is the bottomless archive of information available on the internet. but there are other reasons. in particular, there are many more vaccinations today than i

existed in 1900. the cdc schedule at least the last time i checked it recommended children under six received in separate of vaccines many of them in multiple doses. many of the vaccines have largely disappeared thanks largely to the vaccines. still, vaccines today seem to be the victims of their own success. the effectiveness in preventing disease shift people's perceptions of risk. many parents ask understandably they are always concerned most about the best interest of their children many parents ask why should i subject my child to the rest of the vaccine might count hasn't seen a case of polio in years. it's a tough question and it's

one the public health community must continue to answer i think without condescension. after all, the dilemma of the vaccination and bodies the larger challenge of scientific authority in a democracy. and that is the dialogue but that isn't the vanish anytime soon. thank you. [applause] >> i would be happy to take any questions. >> you were talking about the use of force to enforce vaccinations in that time and the obviously the different conditions in the united states rural areas core urban areas, what kind of -- howarth the

authority's able to use the force to do this, and what was the level of effectiveness and what was the message? >> thank you for the question. a varied from place to place, but new york city which has the most developed and most scientific and powerful public, urban public ought department during this period has a standing on the vaccination squad, and during the epidemic's , the squad grew in numbers. so actually, i got into this whole project by happening upon a bunch of articles from the period including one from the vaccination and italy which is then on the upper east side of new york and harlem and february the public health department, the vision of the contagious

infection disease said the vaccination squad to the neighborhood. there were 125 physicians accompanied by an equal number of police. the corner of this district on a couple blocks within the area where they had people hiding sick children and they entered the battle of the night. they waited until they thought everybody would be asleep, they burst into the place and went from home to home inspecting covers and closets, looking for people with smallpox and also vaccinating everyone and they would inspect the vaccinations car and insist seeing the are, looking at the scar. public health officials claimed they could read someone's score and get a sense of how recent it was and if it was still good and

there were these seems of a man running out back doors, leaping over fences and the light, with men fighting with health officers and police as they took infected children, and they did find infected children, away from their mothers to take them to the isolation hospital which was then on north brother island so it's quite a move from the community. and i understand from my reading of the history of the ottilie and immigrant community during this period there was so much importance placed on family and keeping your family together that this would have been extraordinarily violent. in a more rural area like middlesborough kentucky, which was a sort of want to be industrial town that never worked but the great place at

the corner of tennessee and virginia and kentucky mountainous area the four blocs broke out and in many places blamed an african-american. so to get the black population of this community saxony that -- vaccinated, the local doctors went in with police in the communities and actually in one news story that i have, you know, he essentially tackles people, handcuffs them and assassinates them at the point of a gun. so strong measures were taken usually in places where people were the most sort of powerless. >> following up on that, i'm a lawyer so i fred jacobson pretty closely, but i don't necessarily know all about the facts behind it and one of the things

interesting about that case to me is it's about a vaccination when there's an outbreak coming on, so the idea you could actually vaccinate tested by the supreme court what we think of as vaccines and vaccination and the way they thought about that time, so we don't want to compare how people responded to the smallpox vaccination during an outbreak how we think of whooping cough it seems they are more apt to the modern comparison of how this rose up or not the speaker who had were supposedly had some contagious tv and mobilized so i am wondering if you can say little about the outbreak mania as a factor of the case is played out. >> thank you for that question. one of the results of the litigation during this period, and it comes at the state level cases not so much of the supreme

court though the supreme court would suggest is the idea that compulsory vaccination is, and this is worth thinking through, the compulsory vaccination if carried out by a local health board without a state what that under some circumstances basically doctors ordered vaccination at their own discretion their must be an epidemic. if there was a state of all on the books, in massachusetts actually, then courts were much more differential during the period whether there was an epidemic or not, but that standard became so important it was referred to by one scholar in the period the present danger. this is 20 years before oliver wendell holmes will make that in thinking about free speech i

think it's the other issues during this period the american state is really growing. these issues are quite connected. so, in the supreme court decision which upheld the power of the state to vaccinate people the court knotted at the end of his decision which essentially compares the right to order vaccinations and repel an invasion, the military invasion, the court nodded to the individual liberty of not be so easily invaded. the court said that vaccination measures must be reasonable. they must not be arbitrary and repressive, and as an example but court went on just talking in dicta, talking to the judges

once they've already made their ruling he essentially about the case of someone who could prove to court of law and because of their medical background and history and medical condition that seems opposed to a special harm to them, special danger to them. in such case the supreme court said of course it would be a violation of that person's liberty to vaccinate them to order them to be vaccinated. that's a standard the court didn't need to articulate. i look in other cases the other courts talk about equal protection as a standard the city and some friends as could during the plague epidemic of 1901 has to plan the federal government to require a everybody in china to get vaccinated against the plague as a new and risky vaccine and the

emergence of the chinese that suited and one in federal court because the federal court said the 14th amendment has been called the equal protection clause and certainly that applies with public health, so anyway, it's interesting for the court gave and the court to get away in part of my argument is in this period both the power of government and individual liberties are being defended new strengths by the judicial decisions and other zero some game. we have a state much more powerful at liberty as well. i see my former students. >> great to hear you talk. congratulations on the award he won last month. i know it sounds really believe it for me to be bringing this up now, the last time that i heard you speak was three months ago when you spoke to my class, so i

heard you talk on national public radio in early april coming and one of the things that interested me was your own personal story because you had a vaccine who developed interception after the first rotavirus vaccine, and i really fascinated because there is a holdback story too chollet how that got approved in fact. one of the coinventors sat on the council's then is also part of the history vaccine project. >> is there a question though? >> i just want to know if you are aware he served on the council and voted three times to get that approved on the council which helped open up the market

vaccine and therefore indirectly helped get the own vaccine approved on the market. i'm just curious if you were aware of that or what your reaction is to that if you haven't heard this before or if you had known about it already but your reaction was then. >> de iggulden creation of one of the vaccines out there and i have to say that i understand that for the antivaccination of today it looks like a piece of a larger conspiracy. >> he did have an interest in voting that initial vaccine. >> he had a specific interest. >> he may very well have approved that vaccine. i'm just saying that when he was

in these involvements in the approval process he does have the competing interest. >> i can't speak for him but he was here only recently so maybe we can let somebody else ask questions but i would love to talk to you afterwards. >> to be clear when the data came forward on the shield incidence of the interception he was among the first to say with the council this must be withdrawn and that was not in his interest in the way that it's been portrayed here, and it should be pointed out that when those subsequent vaccine which was developed from his technology when to into the field there were 70,000 children in that trial to prove that there was no access of the deception. i just want to be clear on that. you closed on the note of the

dilemma a young parent faces in balancing the risk of his or her child having a minuscule vaccine reaction versus a minuscule chance of exposure given to a virus. such individuals to make the decision not to vaccinate are often characterized as free riders because indeed the child next door who is less than one year of age is not yet eligible for vaccine is susceptible, the child next door who has an emmy a logic problem is susceptible, and the parents' decision to vaccinate that child is if i may say a humanitarian decision. do you think that public health today based on your research and you're own experience has any prayer of making that appeal to the young parents of the day, and that is doing it because it's good for all of us. [applause]

that's a wonderful question and i think perhaps more of a question for a sociologist than a historian. but i'd like to say i certainly hope so. one thing i can say is the antivaccinations in demand has risen. the of interco's of extraordinary support for vaccinations even mandated vaccinations. the era of polio when this first emerged in the campaign is i think a case in point. so was the moment when smallpox returned briefly to new york city there was i think a single case in 1947 people really lined up to get vaccinated, so i guess i would say let's have a say in

people to be able to learn and let's also take the concerns of people seriously and hear them because i think they are telling and a lot of different ways. some people -- some of the antivaccination literature that i've read sounds like a tea party, sounds like a rejection of government in general, but a lot of it doesn't. i don't think that it's inherently or necessarily a libertarian movement, but again, i may historian. i can tell you about these folks on hundred ten years ago but i haven't figured out the mind of the contemporary antivaccination must. >> thank you for a very interesting and informative lecture on a tour guide soda version is going a day or two from now. my question is both of my

parents were doctors and both of them were immigrants, not so much english spoken so, you know, if you go into a house and say i am here to vaccinate you, no speak english, how do you deal with that kind of situation where the patient is debating and parents don't understand a word that you are saying? >> i would assume that today interpreters played an important role in the public health process or hope so. there was an absence of any interpreters in a lot of these vaccinations at the turn of the 20th century but i think it's crucial. we have to bridge those of us who care about public health have to bridge cultural divides in many forms, and language may be the least of the barriers. there are class barriers, many people are disaffected from

their government or have no reason to really trust people trying to represent the government. there was a whole host of reasons, but i think one of the most unfortunate forms of reach would be through immigrant doctors and in those communities throughout medical's serving in the communities would be an important way to reach out to parents. >> this should be the last question and i would be happy to talk with anyone after. >> i have to kind of stand on my toes to reach the microphone. i am both a union organizer and a public health master student at jefferson. so i have a kind of weird perspectives. but thank you so much for the in for this lecture. it's important to remember where we came from and what we have overcome, and i find myself looking at other public health challenges right now, and seeing

from the very presentable diseases and things that very aggressive public health action to protect against and the same time coming into conflict of our civil liberties and we try to have cow really per la bowerman use in philadelphia and announced this food nazis yen by maundering, and excited about your book and get a couple of copies signed in a minute, but i'm wondering if from a historical perspective if you can give us any sort of thoughts on how we in public health can more productively reach out to people when we are really dealing with an issue where individual choice comes into conflict with what's going to be healthiest in the long term. >> that's the challenge, and i think that it has to occur in

very everyday practice to follow up through attempting to seize the town square to a project for public education. there was an argument recently in an op-ed that this moment of right now seems to be the right moment for talking about the risks such as they are in the benefits of the vaccine and the of bricks have been occurring in the past few years and also in the week of these new reports about the original vaccine autism paper. there's a lot of conversation that needs to continue. i have a lot of respect for people of the front lines trying to increase the health of the public.

benjamin franklin not to bring us back there. did he use that helps mix as well? and mechem of the health of the commonwealth is extremely important and i appreciate the work people do to that end. thank you. [applause] >> this event was hosted by the polish resistance a philadelphia. for more information, visit collphyphil.org. >> yes, i had an interesting and fun of life and i don't owe any of it to the feminists. [laughter] feminism has become a very hot topic. i suppose the reason for that is sarah palin. a feminist cannot resist attacking sarah palin. it's not just because she is a republican and conservative, it's because she is a successful

woman. she has a cool husband, kids, great career making lots of money. she is by any standard a success and they can't stand it in acid in their wombs is achieved. so the feminists don't believe that women can be successful in the united states. they think that they are oppressed by the patriarchy held down by mean men and they need the government to rescue them and give them more advantages and that is unfortunate. but you never hear them talk about successful women, margaret thatcher, condoleezza rice, what about all the women elected last november 2nd, 2010? it turned out they were all republicans in fact they were pro-life and that wasn't what the feminists plant at all. they do not recognize success.

one of the reasons i was able to beat the rights amendment is because they did not believe i was doing what i did. the conjured up conspiracies like the insurance companies were financing me or some other nonsense like fat. now this ideology of telling the young women that you are victims of an oppressive society is so unfortunate if you wake up in the morning and believe that, you're probably not going to accomplish anything whether you are a man or woman and many of the feminists in fact most of them think that abortion is the litmus test for being a feminist. but one of the new feminists wrote in "the washington post" just a few weeks ago the definition of feminism is we are under an oppressive patriarchy and they've got to work to overturn and stop it, so that's what that feminism is.

it is also not true they are working for ecology. the feminists are for empowerment white female left you find they are not in power in all of the women. they want to make an alliance with the left wing and so it's the female left that has become so powerful and the obama administration. when the feminist movement got under way in the late 60's, early 70's, they call themselves not feminism, they call themselves the women's liberation movement. and had to ask what do they want to be liberated from? the wanted to be liberated from home, husband, family and children, and so you find they are encouraging women to be independent of men. that is why they were big supporters of divorce, and they

looked upon marriage as a very confining role in life. gloria steinem said that when a woman gets married she becomes a semi non-person. dann said the life of a wife and mother was living in a comfortable concentration camp. that was their attitude. the social degradation of women was a major goal on the feminist movement, and it wasn't using the argument that it takes two incomes to support the family. that wasn't why they wanted to get her home. not for the economic reasons, but for social and cultural reasons because they tried to tell women that you were just a parasite, your life is not accomplishing anything. the only way to have fulfillment is to be independent of men and

have your own career. the pulitzer prize finalist will speak about native american history, the continued struggles of native tribes and the consequences of misusing resources and the environment. she is the author of more than a dozen books and collections of poetry including the woman who watches over the world, dwellings, and team spirit. >> linda hogan in your pulitzer nominated book mean spirit who was great?grace? -- grace?ll, >> guest: greece.