at the age of 80, he was still writing and in fact i would argue, his most important work was published in 1904 in his favorite decade. the study of the results of scientific research in relation to the unity or plurality of worlds. very, very strange title and deed.

>> is not a survival of the fit this world, instead this

mechanism has led to a world of the extraordinary intricacy interconnectedness and cooperation and i just want to run to a few examples of the corporation. this slide shows mitochondria that exist in all the cells and the power packs for the cells and it has been realized in the last 30 years these mitochondria have nothing to do with us in terms of the origin. they originated dashes free living bacteria billions of years ago in a motion came to an hebetate as algae gravitates with coral polyps on a coral reef but over the years they have become so closely tied with the cells and of the symbiosis is so intricate they cannot exist for a millisecond without

the cells within our body in our body cells could not survive without them. that is the beginning of the complexity of the theme that we call a human being >> i have a long list of books. some are finished and some are new but a book by robert kaplan of the whole issue of central asia where most politics of the next 25 years will occur and i have read chapters but i have traveled to indonesia a note i want to read the whole book and i have not finished shipper cry started in february. another book that was given to me buy a fellow in my office who worked with me on

the question of water. i said, i tell me what are the problems with water over the next 20 or 30 years? and in this book he said i want you to read it. it is a good book to read about the whole question of water and an issue that we do need to think about in the future. george friedman wrote a book called the next 100 years which is a fascinating book that looks out 100 years who the major allies will be and those who have trouble with. so when they came out with the next decade, i figured i'd better get that red and see what will happen at least from the perspective of looking at trends. one of the fascinating

things in the first book was the countries involved with the turkey and poland and i never thought about bad. i thought of turkey but never poland and then to have a war in the next 100 years with mexico. there were a lot of things something that was a little more down to earth. and anybody who writes a book since one to the office to say you should read the book. we get all kinds of books. but i also get people who recommend books to me to say you should read this book one that was sent to me from five longtime secretary. it is about china.

this is a ymca director who went to china in the late 1800's and chronicled the most definitive documentation of china's contribution to science in the world and said understand where the boom is coming from. it is not like yesterday they discovered scions. they had been there 6,000 years. here is a guy who put altogether and said you ought to read it. i started this book and i have to start to it again i remember for get some of the first part but these books will keep me occupied this summer

>> the largest earthquake ever to hit the east coast of united states. three epicenters all within 10 or 15 miles of charleston south carolina but the earthquake itself was felt all over the east coast. there was panic in new york city, chicago, detroit, rich mond had a ride because all the prisoners at the state penitentiary demanded to be really stand the story went out there was a riot going on and in 10,000 people descended with guns trying to put down what they thought was the uprising. down through cuba there were

flashes that came from the earthquake and the glasses were earthshaking off of the shelf. it was a huge. >> in fact, causing turmoil outside of charleston an interesting time for the earthquake to hit because it is on the cusp of maternity and they're used to having instantaneous communication through telegraphs but this new gatt the march erratic effect and then it is like geysers that shot up a few stories into the air. of the biggest pocket was around 10-mile hill where the charleston international airport is today.

>> fisher's hundred its feet long were opening in the ground will road trains were toppled and made sure damage dollars over that area and not that many people killed. probably 60 some that night and the numbers are a little vague because the record never quite caveman. >> people had forgotten about this disaster is light of the san francisco earthquake 20 years later but it was truly the earthquake that has implications across the united states. national and international news that was the big story. >> host: how did this city respond? >> they did in the verdes.

ever ready flooding from their houses staying in any open space they could to sleep in the streets going out to stay out and ships on the harbor and then they start to go back to their homes in the morning but then that aftershock kill the right back out again. people stayed away from their homes for several days. remember it is only 21 years after the end of the civil war after the end of reconstruction when they took back the government is south carolina there were tensions among everyone and the parks were integrated the night of the year earthquake and they quickly broke into whitey and black

camps with people separated by who they felt comfortable with. they stayed out in the streets in four days until the city leaders were demanding you go back. you have much marvell chance of having a problem from exposure to the elements in the park then if you're at home with a cracked ceiling. >> initially there was some parallels but they realized that it is those who were opposed to that it was such a big disaster although they had such a hurricane when your before 1885 at that time decided they would have to except all of the money that was coming in.

and food -- first provide food for people they established kitchens and a commissary where they handout free food that people could come in and get and they were very proud to have this enormous effort set up to provide tents and big old wooden shelters. when they finally do gear up , it is a bureaucracy but by our standards today it did have some flaws. >> they would set up the program but then the next day junket to say now we have to do something totally different than they would jump that and said of something entirely new again. as for a lot of the disasters one or two people especially one taking charge to say this is how we will do it. in charleston that person

was dawson, the editor of the local newspaper who was working every where. the family was out of town and they were relatively free to do it and they distributed the money and the newspaper editors send the word out around the world and they send hundreds of thousands of dollars to him personally for him to distribute however it needed to be done in convinced everybody in this city who were moping around to say oh my god we're devastated by this earthquake and the hurricane and the civil war and they rallied everybody to say no, we are not cursed and we can recover and rebuild a and make charleston as great today as it was yesterday. he convince people they could rebound in recover.

>> he was interesting because he is a british and does not take well in should fight for the confederacy and hes -- thought he could make good year. and been a lot of ways of the unreconstructed women from bad rouge to grow one of the great diaries of the civil war and on both sides of the fence. and devastate us stand for social justice that is an expected but yet he is still

very much a huge figure of the democratic party at the time. >> and 1880s the democratic party itself was the party of white party and lincoln's party was the party of black people and very few whites who came down as people talk about being carpetbaggers. he was the leader not just in south carolina but also to help get grover cleveland elected as president and was well known around the country and when he put out the word to say we need help, people responded. help came in from all over the country from england to japan and the queen of england it sends her condolences and everybody responds. at the end of the civil war a lot of former union

soldiers in the north banded together to get in touch with those in charleston to say we will send you money and supplies and even armed troops all through the city of charleston and will that come for you? [laughter] and the response was thinks any way. and that will help us. >> then north and the south take this is south carolinian and particularly see it as a way to reunite with the north for business reasons and they see it as a way to reignite with south carolina to say we tried to destroy data miserable city.

now we 12 help clean it up and make amends and reconnect. but while this is a great triumph for black people it is a real threat to. it means the then tune to in the backs which has had a good run so it is a turbulent moment in history. >> white city leaders reaching out to four merck confederate officers. of those of the people who are running the city and when they put up a relief committee even though the city is 60 percent black, they put no black people on any of the committee. the small town that is closer to the epicenter and

charleston put black people of their relief committee but they did not even consider it and there was a really strong effort especially led by black ministers to say we can reach the people who need the help better than you can. let us help you find them and the city leaders said, no thanks. labor was a big favor. the whole city of charleston was organized by a labor organization all over the country and said we are in touch with laborers and they are injured, lettuce help you and the city told them we don't need your help you there we can take care of ourselves. they put the word out we know what is going on end and we can take charge a and send them money and we will take care of it for you.

>> so it is already racially charged environment to give about those provisions that did not have been equally i'm sure that didn't help the situation? >> there was a lot of wrangling over what makes people unworthy kazan they went to a lot of trouble to determine if people were able to work. it trouble people because they were afraid if they gave people food and shelter there was no reason to hope cleanup the city. it is a bonus for the laborers and a moment all of a sudden they can command double triple wages. people need their work and suddenly it is a polarizing situation with them meaning

attached to relieve. it is pretty equitable to giving out food. >> the commissary and the food and the soup kitchen they were running, the vast majority of the people who were in line were black people and they pointed that out on a regular basis but of course, there were. they were the ones who have fewer supplies at home to do draw upon. they were in buildings that were in much worse shape and easily damaged even though a brick building will crumble where the would building is more flexible in an earthquake buildings that were already in bad repair will fall. and lots of low income people frame buildings did fall during the earthquake.

>> if he had come to the u.s. to join the confederacy now here he is during the earthquake to give aid to black people. how did that go over? >> as a healthful figure macquarie figure he is part of a cell energetic. montaigne to go home to take care of their own families and their own needs and it seems like a burden and then comes out fighting and really concerned and also one of those people who says we don't want any i know hansard to give any money or food to people who can work. so this moment he is regarded as a hero. >> on the relief committee a

lot of people are proposing, let's shut it down in stop giving money out to all these people and dawson is one of these figures that say dawson is still suffering we have to keep giving money how much longer. they were ready to shut down the relief effort within one week or 10 days after they said it up and as it was it was less than one month after they set it up and pleaded to the country we really need your 80 and support and less than one month later they decided that shelter and food was keeping people from making the repairs that was necessary and a little suffering would be helpful for this city because it will push people into making the repairs for the salaries for those richer people in this city were more willing

to pay. >> in fact, those who are arguing against that optimistic view are the black ministers who are arriving to black newspapers mostly in the north to say they're not telling the whole story. it is worse and dawson himself repeatedly says it is a lot worse than we are telling in the newspaper. >> if you are living here you would either be dead or in me amid tick asylum. you could not stand it and many people have the problem they're all kinds of reports of ink -- earthquake induced insanity with people just fleeing, a lot of people died of fright according to newspaper accounts and death records. >> four committed suicide as a result of the year earthquake.

it was ratcheted up a good deal when the national newspapers were filled with the predictions of ezekiel stone wiggins to was a self-proclaimed whether profit and who predicted the greatest earthquake ever seen much larger than charleston would be on september 29 there were so many aftershocks they're willing to believe the most insane things can happen and wiggins predictions does go with a nameless black woman from liberty county georgia who supposedly set up in her coffin and predicted the world would end of september 29th. so the hysteria sweeps the country people in michigan, a dallas, and new

orleans. >> they build a big platform and parents and children and when the world and said they will be well dressed when they go into have been and take a picnic lunch with them a case it doesn't come right away or they need something to eat on their way and they sit there and wait. this was happening all over the country. there are stories over the gulf coast and everything came to stand still saying we don't have to do any work at all because we will not be around here in another week. been bad day of course, everybody is standing and watching and the clocks on the church towers to see what would happen. what happens is, nothing.

then they have to go back to say so the world will not end, not -- now what will we do? how do we repair the city and live together? >> how long did it take for the city to recover? >> they claimed they were completely recovered one year later. >> they put on a huge exposition where they announced we have recovered and everything is all better and we're back to business one year later. >> if you read the near times and places that don't have the agenda they say look around. there is a lot of damage building and they have not recovered as well. if you look around the city now, we are still dealing

with shoddy repairs. >> 125 years later still having to go back to make repairs on the building that were done poorly rides after the earthquake of city hall, lots of school buildings, they have studied them and determine they could not survive an earthquake negative strong is we had in 1886. moved all of the children from the school's off of the peninsula and have to make repairs and a lot of buildings probably have to tear them down. >> the city actually did move on to providing food to provide a lot of that money for repairs and would send out inspectors and doctors to do repairs because a lot of the time to say

no, really this is not adequate repair and everybody would agree to go on. i can certainly understand why. but that was the second phase of relief a in what the city tried to pass toward two after past the initial free food and shelter. >> reworked on the book to gather for 11 years. and then to see him pass to go further two 1/2 years later as frank dawson was murdered in his trial in this event covered all over the country and why they reacted the way they did and

this story kept getting bigger and bigger. one of the things we like the most was the little elements. but with the great hotels and all of charleston, it was under construction in 1886, nearly completed when the year earthquake happened. you can still walk around in still pieces of stained-glass that are warped because of the shifting of the building that happened the night of the earthquake. the man who was building it came under attack because they said we're out there in the streets and living under the tents and look at the place the you happen you are not doing enough to reach out to help us with our suffering.

it was a small battle of the time and the man who built the building was on the city council and a professional fire department the first one in city and quit the city council because of the criticism he was getting. but suddenly when there is a natural disaster the first reaction is let's reach out and work together. and then attentions get bigger and bigger. in fact, take advantage of the chaos that is going on right now that works with those tensions to make a bigger. >> can we talk about what ultimately happened to dalton? >> frank dalton was under

attack after the year earthquake. from what really we consider the left him the right. and then eventually going on to be a u.s. senator was a very colorful character with salty language and did not told office at the time this was going on but had a rival newspaper to bring him down and there were some pitched battles on the steps of city hall wary he stood up and attacked nelson and not as good as day speaker so you have thought was happening

was entirely political those that were tawdry and mundane but to have a young swift:his wife drawback from switzerland in 1887 who was living in the house and had a sexual magnetism that is not apparent in hurt pictures. her name was delayed. everybody but franken sarah seem to realize she was a knockout to stop traffic but she caught the attention of the next your neighbor dr. thomas mcdowell who was married and have a child was started to stalker to say i want to marry you. will divorce my wife and marry you which was absurd because in south carolina at that time did not allow divorce.

in the meantime tried to hire his brother abbas the hit man to kill her wealthy father and mother and her. also zero this drama going on and off sin gets wind. >> so he goes to the doctor's office and knocks on the door and introduces himself because they have never met and says i understand you are making improper advances of someone in diane system that you stop and wrapped him on the head with his game. the doctor staggered back in reached into his pocket a.m. pulled out a gun that he was carrying and shot him dead in his office. he freaked out when he did that and got rid of that hat and the cane and threw them

down in the privy tried to figure out what to do with it and then with the soil underneath the floorboards took his body and gm did under the floorboards scraping the face but could not fit him so drug him back out again this scraping the face again and eventually goes to the police to of knowledge he has killed captain dawson. there is panic in the streets and people say we need to murder the man who murdered capt. dawson and as their marching down to do it, people say wait a minute. he had tooling and violence all his life this is what he would not want us to do. there was a trial in a couple months later and dawson's killer was found

not guilty and in fact, live in charleston almost another 20 years. that has to do was all-star a of charleston and the tensions and the trucker last of trust and also the story of the becoming of jim crow where segregation is made legal by plessey vs. ferguson with the supreme court decision coming down 1896. and the jury that eclipse eclipse -- acquits is mixed-race but whites around here and around the country says that is what happens when you let the blacks on the jury we have to get them off and they make a move to strip away the rights and opportunities the blacks in south carolina have received

>> it took you 11 years to write this book. how did you come up with the story to begin with? >> one of my students many years ago wrote about the earthquake. i had just moved to the area and i never knew there was an earthquake. a very good paper. i thought it was publishable but i lost track of her and than one year later the rest of south carolina was hit in as i thought about what was laying out all around me, i kept thinking i wish i knew more about their earthquake. i was retained another book at that point* and finished that and years later i thought i may write to it as a novel to figure out what

was going on. we could not figure out why people were behaving the way they were behaving to take one example their lives the episcopal minister that heard black people outside the encampment and said if you know, stops singing those i will be with my walking cane. and the people who were singing the hymns turned their backs on him and said oh well. really were taunting him. but there was a lot of examples where it did not make sense if people the park were saying it is judgment day. god is angry at white people. not quite as directly as that the using scripture to

illustrate what they meant. we were interested in all these questions. >> the finally told susan f. she wrote to know what she would so likable thousand copies of she wrote nonfiction she could sell way more because the story of what actually happened was much more fascinating than anything we could make up. so from that point* on we started to dig through the library's of charleston and south carolina to find frank dawson's papers and weigh more than we ever expected to find. every time we thought we knew what was going on in we uncovered more and it was more fascinating and more fascinating than the story loomed into the wiggins story of the upcoming

apocalypse basically happening september 29th with boston's murder and a group and big group. we had fun all 11 years. it was amazing that we were still just fascinated with it and eager to get back into the libraries. >> for more information on the recent trip to charleston >> your book is entitled ranchers. what inspired you to write this book? >> it was probably one of the topic saugh that i got the most questions about an topix to say what it meant to people in the timing

because it was undergoing a renovation that was pretty close to being done today. interest was at a fever pitch. >> can you describe that as well as its importance to chicago in the suburbs of the early 1960's? >> it is a first. unique features and shopping centers built on a grand scale with so much attention to aesthetic detail and religious imposing architecture. important to the suburbs that this was a boom town and growing so rapidly and in one of the more important areas of chicago of that time. and that it represented a lot of first is shopping center buildings what we know as malls today is to be a case study to talk small

shopping centers and malls and how they developed in the best analogy to open the floodgates is the best analogy. >> victor is referred to as the father of the shopping mall. what features were considered unique at the time of its construction? >> victor lewis has an amazing story with a wonderful biography where i obtained most of my information as a holocaust refugee who came from 1939 to america and said one of the things that influence the most was central park and broadway and it was the juxtaposition about the things that one was used in the public free of charge definitely with capitalism

and then to achieve the greatest realization a very unique feature was the triangular design according to the company promotions it was to minimize the walking distance between the anchor stores in the first time ever more than two anchor stores and also just the amount of sculpture or artwork with the aesthetic pieces and it was definitely supposed to be a public space in addition to the buying and selling going on. >> during the 1960s dimension public r&d size and the scope and anything in particular that drew visitors? >> i would say building on the sheer size, the 200-ton

doan, where now if you would visit it would not be a very impressive place but 1962 literally making headlines all over the country. it was a big draw also with the sheer size directed the political establishment in chicago promote or support the development of the shopping mall? >> not much from the political establishment in the chicago but i said event happened at all somebody would give it their blessing but i could not to do the political establishment was very supportive. they still are. and at the time of the construction with all the competing severs to provide

services to people and the prospect was able to stand out. >> what impact if any was the impact of the shopping center and other communities beginning 1971 and remainder of the '70s into the 80s? and the foyer and the villain was built 5 miles away from ranchers. and with the '70s and '80s of my research has led me two is that it was the biggest tax payers and able to provide and then other

communities saw this for lack of a better term, were very jealous. then to build the own shopping centers and a huge would field or stricter developments essentially the move to keep those services shopping in their communities. >> but with eight increase competition to reinvent itself with there being a large your shopping centers in the chicago area? >> definitely. almost from day number one is started changing. retail has and always will be to require a change and

you cannot sit idly even before the competition came and to keep himself relevant and there were big developments and in the first occurred around a 77/78 to commemorate the 15th anniversary in which there was institutional remodel in terrazzo wyatt tee titles now we would consider a boy and remodel remodel -- plant and then the eighties when the corporation took over the center they did major changes and from there was area in the book how they talk about how outdated the design is but then that shows retail in the changes in need to be made and what

is in fashion now but will not be tomorrow but could be in fashion again in tender 20 years. >> thank you for your time. >> my pleasure >> khalid sheikh muhammed is about four years old and his father dies. richard h. for the death records apparently 1969. and they did not keep records of births and deaths or marriages we have an account of his father's death that is very sparse with no official transcripts to back it up. there is no welfare state organize charity and to wait

for foreigners at the time. his mother takes a job of washing the bodies of the dead in preparing them for burial. a very low status and low income job but enables her to eke out a living. she has nine children at the time and khalid sheikh muhammed is the fourth mail. years pass and he is doing very good in school some of bookish and the family decides they have no money at all. and they need to back $0.1 to get the education and as is typical would support the rest of them. that sun is khalid sheikh and he applies to school north carolina at a

historical dave back-to-school in north carolina. and the family has save some money or more likely the muslim brotherhood and who has agreed to sponsor could make my hamburger he joined after the two other brothers joined at 16. he arrives in america at roughly 18 years old. and is unprepared for what he sees. they interviewed the man who picked him up at the airport who drove him outside virginia beach. and what he remembers years later is he was surprised by what he saw. first, surprised by the geography and the intense greenery. use the trees in to wait to their behind walls and privately owned and hear their reverie we're but more surprising and more strange

were the people and what they were doing. they were sitting in launch years visible from the road. faber growing out, playing with their kids, taking a host to the bushes, what surprised him was so much of american family life happening in public. this is not the kind of thing that happens in the arab world. the more time he spends in carolina he is persuaded that americans were really backward. they did things that should be private come in public. they trusted each other very quickly. and they did not go out to at night. after dark-- when many social locations would occur but in the united states and in 19803/84 breeze borrow have one pizza parlor. no bars. that close at 9:00.

this town was asleep so far from the night being alive and social and friendly, it was silent. during the days when americans were busy. he became more and more alienated because it was not an arab country. these are very small observations and these things by themselves do not make him a terrorist but does that him at odds with the country there is nothing that he did other than a 10 chapel service that made him a part of the larger community one of the things that i learned is that nothing our colleges do to integrate foreign students to explain the country to them. we taken for granted everybody knows these things. when the fbi searched the car of the 9/11 hijackers they found a small spiral

bound notebook and a careful script there was a description in arabic describing the differences between shampoo and conditioner and body wash. we think we are understood but from another culture, it is puzzling. maybe an explanation is an order for foreign students. naturally, k. e.s.m. spent most of his time in college not just with other arab students put to 80 o students and did not even mix with the non kuwaiti arabs. after a semester transfers to north carolina at amt and studies engineering but again the social network is very limited about 15a20 people all of whom are muslim, and kuwaiti arabs and some transferred with him. but he emerges as someone who was known on campus as a

mullah he is not but he is the enforcer to make sure the other groups do not violate the very small and obscure tenants of islamic law or what they believe to be. and the cuff of the pants can never covering coal. it is forbidden ever to wear shorts because it exposes the need. even going to the gym to work out they would be fully covered. enforcing these differences kept them apart. ien mehta number of people who went to college with ksm and remember him and mostly fondly as a comedienne and the informal student troop where they've put on plays and skids with very successfully and apparently humorously imitate leaders but the audience was say

other kuwaiti air of students and i could not find anyone who was not a kuwaiti arab who knew him well. his lab partner just remembers him as a person with broken english. his professors remember him being good with math and science but not not having a conversation that did not involve molecule's or formulas. he was in north carolina almost four years but came into contact with americans on a very glancing basis. as if changing planes in the strange city and walking through the airport. did you meet the people? not really privy passed by. he self isolated himself and police to the perimeter to limit contact with americans.

and one of the things that i learned is that he had a criminal record in the united states even the government did not turn this up but he liked to drive a high speeds of the expired driver's license and would roar through the streets of greensboro an other parts of north carolina. maybe seeing too much dukes of hazzard. monday to women are talking in a parked car with surging confidence when the car smashed by a k as them. the injuries are so severe they sue him and they found a copy of the lawsuit the last name is christian. [laughter] may when the case and they are awarded more than $10,000 in 1985 which was a

substantial sum of money at the time as the injuries were severe and he never pays. he dodges the sheriff and flouts the law but i talk to the women's attorney and he remembers k. e.s.m. bursting into his office with a posse of error of students and the transmitter to lecture about white america is roundabout israel. israel turns out to be an important point* with his radicalization and more than i thought taking a tour of the confederate memorial with the author of confederate charleston. >> this is a monument to the confederate defenders of

fort sumter and directed the veteran nine in the 1930's. charleston was so devastated by the civil war we did not have a lot of money to build monuments. look at richmond in a lot of cities in the south have a huge monument the people of charleston were broke. the city was totally devastated. so the monument did not get around to being built until the 20th century but there we're grandchildren and people still alive who were in the war. and it is a monument to the loss to 30 young men who fought or died defending charleston from innovation. people don't really think about this but the union army across from the river bombarded charleston with some very serious artillery and charleston was pretty devastated by the war and

this whole area you look at took a lot of hits. when we think of bombarding the cities, these were powerful weapons. the civil war the weapons were not that different from world war i. the city lost a lot of people, lives, so the monument was very important and moving to that generation as it stands here today, maybe a little politically incorrect but appropriate. the city was defended by people who fought and died for a cause that they believe in and many people still remember those people and this is a poignant reminder of the young men that died of what was a pretty tragic war

>> the first book on my reading list this spring and summer was cleopatra. what a great insight to recounting her life. it was a book recommended to me. so i decided to pick up and read it then continued with the strong woman the review will with elizabeth i i am reading them as the e-book. but i did go back damage it got me on to the historical end older novel and with my bible study