succeed. when the inevitable end came and he did caution people not to be trimmed to about it, but as the with american politics, an election was living. he thought he would get reelected without any trouble. but a guy came along and began to eat into is numbers. not only did he claim victory for the colder -- in the cold war, annual address to congress in general 1992, but the republican party convention in houston which i also attended. beat his shoving usa, usa. prompted to say it's like cutting the rooster for the dawn.

>> it has been up pleasure to talk with you today. an extraordinary driller even though we know the outcome. >> thank you. >> that was after words, book tv signature program in which authors of the lettuce nonfiction books are interviewed by journalists, public policy makers, legislators, and others familiar with the material. airing every weekend want to deal on saturday. you can also watch online. go to booktv.org input on after words in this series and topic list in the upper right hand side of the page. >> and no one your screen, a staff writer with the "washington post" is called ten letters, the stories that americans still the president.

what are they? >> the ten letters, they are a reflection. republicans and democrats, fourth graders to when grandmother estimate is really about to a credit collection. when the two letters a day. >> how are they delivered to him? of the carefully edited? is it pretty -- can they be pretty frank with him? >> they can be pretty frank. it really requires an army. millions to be handled inside the white house command of the move did of sight to this secret office building in downtown d.c. where 50 her volunteers and 100 full-time staffers work every day and take the study does letters and categorize them by topic and make sure that the ten the president gets reflects those numbers.

is about five pa 75. >> how did you get access to mackey receives about 20,000 a day. >> the does. what 2008. i work for the "washington post" . the letters are to fund the white house can be tough on access spirit of the very few things they like talking about because they believe it's jesse is tacked to the country listening. in truth it's hard braking and real stuff that does not really reflect well. there are willing to show me everything because they want to show that he listens to everything. >> again, how many is a response to? >> usually one or two a night, and some of these really become almost as former. there is a 21 featured in the book because she has just been diagnosed with leukemia and does not have health insurance. he comes to her hometown in

gives a big speech. they stay in touch and right back many times. he makes to the icon for itself to reform. most of the stories are like that. >> his new book, ten letters, stories americans tell their president. >> we would like to hear from you. tweet us your feedback. >> you are watching book tv on c-span2, and this is part of our university series. each month book tv travels to a different university to into the professors and you may not have heard of. this month we are at george mason university in fairfax, virginia, on the outskirts of washington d.c., the mature area we are talking with joe, on this book is markets in the name of socialism of left-wing origins of neoliberalism.

first of all, what is new liberalism? >> that is a very good question a lot of people ask. a word that is much more popular in europe. people on the street can talk quite freely about neoliberalism. protesting. let america, also very popular. generally seen as the ideas that we think of reagan's ideas. the edges of green pearl market and anti state, to relate a day at with margaret thatcher. so these ideas, they also have other qualities that i talk run in the book that are slightly different than what people expect. >> such as? >> well, often actually even though they are intestate often they have a strong state. the project phase let private property, the market, be competitive. and also neoliberalism is related to capitalism.

>> where did the term neoliberalism come from? >> the term is often seen as to read from the end of world war two. the idea of rethinking liberalism. after all the trouble of world war one and two and things like that they needed to rethink liberalism and make a new kind of liberalism. when it came out of their ideas there were involved with this rethinking. >> and was it to make government less powerful? with that part of the goal? >> because especially coming in from the time of fascism there was this concern. >> now, what is the neoclassical economics? >> the of classical economics is generally what we understand as mainstream american economics. most people that win the nobel prize, people from other

strands, they're different, but the majority of economists practice neoclassical economics in one way or another. it is based on the idea, classical economics was the economics of adam smith, economics based on certain things, but particular things. they wanted to create something new or believed that the ideas of understanding how value was created was wrong. they thought that labor created value and that labor created value and prices. the neoclassical economists said labor does not do it. it is actually the consumer that decides the value. it does not matter what the labour does. it subjective value is what is called neoclassical economics. >> was a classical times? >> the 1700's and 1800's. the neoclassical, and in the 19th century. the of classical economics begins at the end of the 19th

century. >> well-known economist. the keynesian theory of economics. where does that fit into your book and to what you're talking about? >> so it would be a neoclassical it was brought to the united states in the 1930's and 40's by a very famous -- famous economist. they brought these ideas to the united states command so he is neoclassical. however, in my work i am trying to do is show that there is a difference between the policy, economic policy. what economists actually do is different than policy. they had different ideas and models that are fundamentally different than what we hear about in the policy will. so this policy discussion is often a round either for the market or the state. we hear this all the time with the tea party.

often saying, oh, we are for free market and a lama is for socialism or the state of from planning or some kind of into ridges of. that is a policy discussion. very different from what actually goes on with an economics. economists are very much interested in a different kind of discussion about how to model different things. they modeled things to find the way they do this is they actually don't have the state versus market idea. derek equally efficient in their model. a strange thing that we don't often pay attention to. i'm trying to separate the policy discussions from the economist said he is and what they're trying to do because we don't understand that have not understood until very recently. >> where did you come up with the title? >> i can up with the idea because one thing, i knew that from the current american conversations, especially the example of the tea party

commercial is we are for free markets because we believe in capitalism. i'm trying to the say in this book that markets are not identified among economists as having to do anything with capitalism. markets were often perceived by many american and east european economists, latin-american economists as part of socialism. markets would actually thrive and be fully free markets under a socialist system. it may seem strange to people who are not aware of this, but this is the way it was. >> how would you describe the u.s. economy today on the free scale? >> well, i can't talk about a freeze killed, but i would say that -- and often my students are confused by this, but i can say that america is a capitalist country. you have private owners of the means of production. if reelected the percentages on any foreign state ownership it is much less than 1%.

vr a capitalist country. there is no question. our students are often confused because they hear in the media we are socialists of fastest color they are not taken into consideration the tree definitions of these systems. >> is there a true socialist country when it comes the economy to iraq. >> well, i try to talk about my book. there are numerous kinds of socialism that was around. and it is -- and none of them were truly socialist. so for example, one of the cases that people often think, one of the true was the soviet union. and it was very different than other kinds of socialism. there was the socialism of yugoslavia which included a radical free-market and worker owned and controlled factories that would compete on the market. none of these systems of socialism ever realize themselves. people might say that the

scandinavian countries in some sense approach something like socialism, but i think to beat socialist, there would disagree and say that is a special form of capitalism, and as a form of capitalism. >> when you heard the from welfare state -- >> is a form of capitalism this piece to make things -- in the coming greatness and equality in more fairness in some sense. but we can say -- the welfare state is in no way socialism. it is trying to repair capitalism. people may debate about whether it helped. that is a debate, but i don't think anyone can say that is a socialist. >> when you talk about internationalism, how has that changed the economy of the world? >> internationalism is very interesting. will we have often not recognized as during the cold

war many people were traveling around back-and-forth. and so people were sharing and the is. these ideas changed these systems fundamentally. people travel between the united states, the major universities where the soviet union, people in the soviet union and the united states won the low prices to get. people travel from the third world people were sharing ideas. they implemented them and create new economies. >> first of all, you teach sociology, economics. >> i know. >> have taken a lot of economics. i was a math major at one point. i like math. i am a sociologists. interested in in numerous things one of which is the new

liberalism. very interesting. in his new liberal policies are being implemented or white. people want to know where these ideas come from. they also want to know the consequences of these ideas on the world. what is happening? and on top of it, how they react about -- very interested in social moved to the move is that a merged the going against the liberals. this is all devolving right now in different parts of the world. >> you say there being implemented. where are they being implemented? is this -- dca long-term? >> a big debate among scholars. the first forms of neoliberalism were implemented. the government was brought down and another was put in place.

they helped introduce new liberalism and chilly. as people say in the united states near liberalism has been implemented. we also have neoliberalism brought in to england, and then most importantly, my book, the importance of neoliberalism for eastern europeans. russia, poland, hungary, all of the east european countries were influenced fundamentally by new liberalism. >> is this your first book? >> estimate is. >> why did you choose this topic? >> in 1988 was an exchange student in budapest, pre. >> before the wall fell. >> before the wall fell. the pick the place. and so i picked budapest, hungary and landed in this place.

it was very unclear to me what was going on. it is not clear to everybody. i have to understand what i've seen come and see something that other people have not seen. i see what it's like it that time, so i felt i needed to explain what happened all across the region. >> an assistant professor of sociology in global affairs here at george mason university. here is her first book published by stanford university press, markets in the name of socialism, the left-wing origins of neoliberalism. thank you for talking with us on book tv. >> thank you very much. >> the u.s. is facing four major challenges that need to be addressed immediately if we are to continue leading the world. they explain what those are next. this is about an hour-and-a-half.

>> we're going to have some real substance, we are also going to have some great theater, so i hope that in the spirit of the interview will all turn off your cell phones, pagers, iphones command everything else that as electronic and that can be. i know our speakers who appreciated, and i would like to see that happen. i am geoscience commander think you all for joining us this evening. it is my pleasure to welcome you , students, alumni, friends and faculty to celebrate the book launch our distinguished professor of american foreign policy here with his is deemed co-authored, new york times columnist and builds a prize-winning author thomas friedman. it is a great pleasure to welcome him back to this side of the podium. as of you are loyal readers of this column, and i know that includes a lot in this audience, already know the of our two authors.

they seem to have the best of bonds. based on intellectual respect and activated by their mutual pleasure in finding ways case when the world's problems truly riding. that is both understandable and entertaining. i greatly enjoyed this most recent book, which combines so much so we have admired in each of them before. as i told the professor, my only regret was that i did not start of villainy of the best metaphors and turn a phrase from chapter one onward. i think we should sponsor a web based event with competition from the top ten, and i know of we would have been leased 50 interest. in my reading that used to be us. a presidential platform wedding to be adopted and shared with the wider public. as you know, from the last chapter or, perhaps, you don't know, but as you will discover why our authors are not

necessarily expecting either major party to seize on the real agenda before us and, perhaps, we will hear more about their hopes for how the electoral change will take place in the form of the third them on the ballot at this important juncture in our history. but you have come here to spin this system as possible with our dynamic duo, solyndra began the program with an introduction of my colleague. he, in turn, will introduce his friend and co-author. the christian professor and founder of the school, american foreign policy and the director of the american policy program. one of america's leading authorities and international affairs and is known for his extraordinary ability to explain with great clarity the media and consequence of complex global developments and trends. the world affairs council of america named him one of the most influential people in american foreign policy.

the author and co-author of over a dozen books. in the last ten years to begin with the idea of conquering the world toward peace, democracy, and free markets and the 41st century, which has been translated into seven languages, including arabic and chinese. and the superpower, his 12th book all of the one before this one, published in 2010. professor call welcome. let's go to your. [applause] [applause] >> eighty. we are going to do a cyclical duet coed i am going to speak second. so let me introduce the first speaker. we will be brief because this is a nice audience and really he is

no intention. my friend and co-author, thomas l. friedman is a foreign affairs columnist for the new york times. he is a three-time pulitzer prize winner, the author of five previous books, all extremely influential, all bestsellers, including from beirut to jerusalem and the world is flat. it is a pleasure to welcome you. the floor is yours. [applause] [applause] >> thank you very much. it is great to be back here. was the always a professor, but i am now. we will keep that pocket. so we're going to do, as he said, is a sequential duet.

it will break up the book. this is how we wrote it, and try to give you a basic overview, and that we look for taking questions. now, we have been on the road for a few weeks now. whenever people here the title of a book, that used to be us, the first thing they ask is : what does it have a happy ending we tell everybody, it absolutely does. we just don't know whether it's fiction or nonfiction. that really depends on us. now, you might ask how did to foreign policy guys in-depth writing a book about domestic american politics and policy. end the answer is, as jessica hinted, michael and i are old friends and neighbors of a bethesda, and we basically have been having a 20-year running conversation of foreign-policy. often interrupted with, and the,

on the phone with michael, can you just wait a second. and we started to notice something in the last couple of years. we would start out every conversation talking about the world, but we would end every conversation talking about america. and we basically realized after a while that america, fake to the future, vigor, and vitality, really is the biggest foreign policy issue in the world. the less we tackle that and fall through we could not think clearly about foreign policy. we're both american nationalists. we really do believe that america plays a pivotal in holding up the global system. we are the temple the holds of the world, for better or worse, and we think for most of the time and in most places for much better. we provide enormous to global governance for the world.

michael has written about that. but we are convinced that if this temple buckles or phrase your kids want to screw up in a different america, there will grow up in a different world. they will grow up in a fundamentally different world if we cannot provide the american dream for another generation. >> to provide the local governments. our movie buffs. we have a lot of references. there really capture, for us, the pivotal moment karen the 1958 classic touch of evil starring orson welles, a movie

about murder, kidnapping, conspiracy, corruption, and the mexican-american border. as you recall, the crooked cop who tries to from his mexican counterpart for murder. at one point he stumbles into will rumble and finds the proprietor who is also a fortune teller with cards spread out in front of her. read my future for me. you have not got any, she replies. your future is all you. it was really that fear about our own country that prompted us to write this book. let me jump right to my own conclusion. we do not believe that is the case. we certainly don't believe it is inevitable. but it was of concern about our future and how we get through

and how we do what is necessary to make sure it is not all use of. and so let me just share with you the first few paragraphs because a relief frames the whole book. the opening chapter is called, if you see something, say something. this is a book about america that begins in china. september 2010, the world economic conference. five years earlier, it involved a three and a half hour car ride to a polluted chinese version of detroit. things had changed. the you head to the south road playstation, an ultramodern flying saucer of the building with glass walls and 3,246 solar panels. you buy a ticket from a touch of a kiosk of rejoices in chinese and english and board a world-class high-speed train that makes the trip 72 miles in 29 minutes. the conference itself took place

at the convention and exhibition center, a lesson be the flip what the structure a likes of which exists in few american cities. as if that wasn't impressive enough, the sponsors give back some figures. venetic contained a total floor area of two and a half million square feet and that construction of the convention center started on september september 15th 2009 and was completed in may 2010. as i read those lines, october, november, december, that is eight and a half months. returning home to maryland from that trip was describing the complex. how quickly it was billed. at one point and interrupted. excuse me, have you been to our subway stop living? now, we lived in bethesda and often use the was in the mattress ability to work in

downtown washington. i had just been at the station and knew exactly where she was talking about. the two escalator's there have been under repair for nearly six months. [laughter] while the one being fixed was closed the others had to be shut off and converted into a two-way staircase. a rush-hour this was creating a huge mess. everyone tried to get off the platform had to squeeze single file down one lock down an escalator and up the other. it sometimes took to ministers to get out of the station. a sign of a closed escalator said the repairs were part of a massive modernization project. but was taking this modernization project so long? we investigated. a spokeswoman for washington metro said the repairs were scheduled to take six months and was scheduled. mechanics the ten to 12 weeks to fix each escalator. a simple comparison made a startling point. it took china's construction group 32 weeks to build a

world-class convention center from the ground up including giant escalators in every corner, and it was taking the washington metro crew 24 weeks to repair to turn the escalators of 21 steps each. we searched a little further and found that on november 14th the washington post ran a letter to the editor for mark thompson of kensington, md., metro rider. he wrote, as someone who has written mature for more than 30 years, i can think of an easier way to assess the health of the escalators. for decades there and efficiently, but over the past several years with their running aging or offending parts of generated terrific norrises the sub to reelected tyrannosaurs rex trapped the tarpit screeching is dying screams. [laughter] the "we found most disturbing was from a maryland community news story. it quoted benjamin ross, a regular metro rider as saying, my impression standing on line

there is that people have sort of gun used to it. people have gotten used to it. indeed, that sense of resignation, a luckless is just how things are, this is that america's best days are behind it in turn is best is ahead of it has become the subject of water cooler dinner party and custom conversations all across america today. so do we buy the idea increasingly popular in some circles that burden of is the 19th century and americans the 20th and china will inevitably raise the premier the 21st? all we have to do is live from chin chin and shanghai to washington and take the subway. no, we do not come in we have written this book to explain why the all-american young world to resign him or herself to that you either. the two of us are not pessimists . we are often less. but we are frustrated.

we are too frustrated optimists. the title of this opening chapter is if you see something say something. that is the mantra that the department of common security plays over and over on loudspeakers at airports and roads dishes around the country. well, we have seen and heard something. will we have seen is not a suspicious package. what we have seen is hiding in plain sight. we have seen something that poses a greater threat than anything. a country with enormous potential falling into the worst sort of decline, slow decline, just slow enough for us not to drop everything and pulled together to fix what needs fixing. this book is a way of saying something about what is wrong, what things have gone wrong, and we can and must do to make them right.

>> america faces for who large challenges, and those challenges are the spine of that used to be us. the book is organized around the the first of these is the challenge posed by globalization , which, among other things, has brought 2 billion more workers into the global work force over the last two decades. the second challenge comes from the revolution in information technology, with which we are all familiar in this part of our daily lives, and which has, among other things, stripped away whole categories of jobs that hundreds of thousands, really millions of americans used to do that which they used to make good living. those jobs are now gone and they are not combat. that is a huge challenge.

the third challenge stems from the chronic annual deficit that the american government runs and the national debt that piles hire every year, the result of the simulation of those in real deficits. back with those of us in washington are familiar with the federal budget deficits below which is, in short, the most serious call but it is up to only one. it is important to note that all over the united states there are state and municipal governments that have made commitments for pensions and other benefits in the future that they cannot possibly pay. deficits and debt are not simply a federal problem. the fourth and final challenge is the one that stems from a pattern of energy consumption, our enormous reliance on fossil fuel, and the impact of the burning of fossil fuel of the

world environment than on its clients. no, the stake in meeting these challenges are failing to meet them could not be higher. the extent to which we, as americans, can meet these challenges will determine the rate of economic growth, the united states enjoys in the future. where the race of america at current growth is concerned, the old city applies. lots of things are more important than money, and they all cost money. in particular the rate of economic growth in the u.s. states will determine whether the current generation of americans is able to pass on to a country in which it is possible to do even better than the current generation has done.

this is commonly known as the american dream. the american dream today is very much in play and very much of risk. the american dream has been the core of the kind of society that the united states has been for almost two centuries. but the implications for the success or failure the country has in meeting these challenges goes beyond the american standard of living. the whole world is at stake in the sense that, as both of us believe, the united states plays a unique and uniquely a likable role of the world. the extensive foreign policy of the united states is, as tom said, the tent pole that holds up the international system, an international system whose political and economic dimensions are, today, more benign than all the difficulties they have them has ever been the

case in history. if the united states cannot sustain economic growth we will not have the resources or the political will to sustain this vital global, and if that happens everyone will live in the world that is more dangerous and less prosperous. so the stakes, as i say, could not be higher. how are we doing in meeting these challenges? not very well. we are not measuring up to the task. and for this there are a number of reasons. we devote a chapter of that used to be us to explaining why we have done so badly on what is our national agenda. one reason is that we misread the end of the cold war. we thought that the end of the cold war was a great, historical triumph for the united states. indeed, it was, but it was also something else. it ushered in a world in which

the u.n. is states would face and does face unprecedented challenges. those challenges, unfortunately, we have all but ignored. moreover, some of these challenges are settled, incremental, almost invisible. we have overlooked them. one of the purposes of the book is to call these things to people's attention, and there is the third reason that we are doing very poorly in meeting our basic challenges, and that is for most of them in one way or another some kind of sacrifice is required. we as a people, we as a country for a number of reasons that we all live in the book, we have run out of the habit of sacrifices, and that will take an enormous toll on future generations if we cannot recover our commitment to do what is necessary to secure the future.

well, there is another problem of the country faces, and it receives a chapter in newsweek. we have gotten away from what tom and i regard as having been keen to america's economic and social success over the last two centuries and more. it is what we call our formula for a public-private partnership for prosperity. it has had and continues to have five basic parts. the first part is education. historically the united states has educated its workforce and educated population up to the level of technology so that americans can take advantage of whatever the existing technology was and become the most productive workforce in the world. second, the united states has always invested in infrastructure. from the building of the erie

canal, the beginning of the 19th century, this country has always built, usually through a public-private partnership, the best canals, roads, highways, super highways, ports, and airports in the world. and these elements of the country's infrastructure form the framework for vigorous commercial activity. third, especially since world war ii, the united states has invested heavily in research and development and pushed our the frontiers of knowledge and develop innovations that can be used commercially to bring to market new products and services and thereby sustain american economic growth. the fourth part of the formula is in immigration. most of our history, not all, but most, we had an average of policy that attracted to welcome, and retained what we

called high iq risktakers. people able to discover new things and start new businesses that have contributed enormously to america's success. fifth and finally, we always have it striven to have and usually have to have an appropriate regulatory environment. we have had regulation strict enough to prevent dangerous excesses such as those with experience in the financial system in 2008, but also a regulatory system not so strict and not so confining as to suppress and discourage innovation upon which the growth depends. we have done away from that formula. we have not reinvested it be read in some ways we have forgotten it. and in order to prosper in this century will have to get back to it and bring it up today.

well, all the challenges are important, but we believe that over the long term the most important challenge for the united states is the one created by the merged of globalization and the information technology revolution. time will tell you about that. >> so one of the fun things for me really to go back and think about what had happened to the forces that led the world because that was really what we meant by the merger of globalization. the world and get connected. and so when we sat down to work on this book in particular, this chapter, the new challenge of the merger of globalization and 90, went back to the first edition which i started in 2004.

and i cracked open the book and lifted the index and draft. and i discovered that facebook was not in it. so when i was up to save the world was flat facebook did not exist, macleod is in the sky. forty was a parking place, applications would be sent to college, and for most people step was a typo. all of that happened in just the last six years. others existed. so what has really happened in the world, and i think we would agree it was the most important thing has happened in the last ten years, but it happened under the master of the 2008 sub prime crisis, the world actually went from connected to hamper

connected. that is actually what happened, and it has fundamentally revolutionize the workplace, the education varmint, and what students need to learn. last time i have a book talk there was a camera man behind the camera. there is one now. that job was outsourced. not to mexico were to china, but to the past. that is with the merger of globalization nit is all about, and it is changing everything. now, you can see this off to in just a little stories in this paper. i love collecting these things. i was reading. there was a little item there. part of the telecommunications firm had just started providing

third-generation three t-mobile network service at the summit of mount everest, the world's tallest mountain. the story noted that the service would allow thousands of climbers and truckers which roamed the region every year access to high-speed internet and video calls from the summit of mount everest using there mobile phone. can you imagine the number of calls being made that began c'mon, you'll never guess wrong : from. now, the hyper connecting of the world shows up in other ways as well, other small items called by zero newspaper reported that a wonderful small liberal arts college in central i'll wear my father-in-law wet, this year one out of ten applications kept china. of that the 1600 students, one

of ten of their applications in the class of 2011 came from china, and 50 percent of those have perfect 800. so when i wrote the world is flat and said you're really not competing. now you're literally competing for a place with someone in shanghai, tolstoy university in moscow. you are literally competing head-to-head with them in this paper connected world. now what does that mean for the workplace? because we decide it was before we talk education we actually really need to talk to employers what does that mean for the workplace? we brought of this section of the book which is really the biggest section of the book of education many of you saw the

movie up in the air. george putting place a person whose job is to go around firing people face-to-face. and he loses his job what his new assistant figures out a more efficient way to do that with the internet. that movie is the movie of our time. it is a brilliant fell about what happens to the workplace when tickets had connected. now, labor economists, to put this in their jargon : speak about a phenomenon called skilled biased polarization. what that means in english is that if you have the kind of skills, problem-solving and creative thinking skills to take advantage of this happen connecting you will be fine. but if you don't know there is nothing for you.

the labor market is divided up into three broad segments. the first of people who have not routine skills. that is what all of you aspire to, what i aspire to. these are people who are doctors, lawyers, musicians, artists, accounts, professors, hopefully journalists. people who do things that cannot be described by a number of and therefore cannot be outsourced, automated, robotic science, or distressed because basically what happens when the world goes for a connected tepper connected is that if you imagine the world was like a big class, the whole curve is risen. the whole curve is risen. peaches every employer no, the people who run c-span now have access to cheaper and cheaper,

more and more powerful automation, resources called productivity tools, robots cannot just cheap labor, but cheap genius. so the whole curve rises. so we'll have to rise with that. we all have to find something extra. those are the non retes skills and jobs that will be outsourced , automated teller digitize tomorrow bought a size. that is at the top. in the middle were routine jobs, and those are being just crushed the cameramen, a routine job it could be robotic sized and has been. when the world gets this hyperkinetic, whenever can be done will be. those jobs have collapsed. the the other end of the spectrum of people who have not routine skills that are local and have to be done face-to-face. that is the butcher, baker, and

the candlestick maker. their skills, their skills and they're pay will depend on the help of your local economy. those are kind of the three categories. now, what we really discovered is that the big change, we discovered this review employers . calling for a connected world to have protected world, all we are demanding now from those two non routine workers, those at the top or call creators, and those of the bottom are called servers and what we discovered is that every employer is looking for the same employer. they're looking for people who have not routine critical thinking and problem solving skills in order to get an entry.

they're looking not just for creators, accounts and lawyers and scientists but for creative lawyers go scientists, journalists, professors. if you are not creative, jessica news all this technology to bring in the best professor in the world and put them right up against you. and don't think it will happen in the next five years. so it's not enough to been on routine. you have to be creative not routine. and the same on the other it is not enough to be a servant to be do have to be creative server. the way we rediscovered this was in the next chapter. he went to for generic employers and ask them what they're looking for. you went to a high-end white-collar firm in washington. the washington office of a big national law firm. nixon peabody. you went to a lower white-collar firm in india.

we went to a blue-collar firm, dupont, and the world's biggest recall effort, the u.s. army. and we asked all four of them the same question, what are you looking for? as i said, they're looking for people look at a critical thinking and problem solving in order to get an interview because what all for action licking for, they explained, are people who can not only do the job, this complex task, but invent, reinvent, and reengineer the job as they're doing it because when the world gets this hyper connected change happen so quickly that the big boss of the above, he or she cannot possibly know what is going on. therefore they need every employee to actually be an innovator. so, for instance, we interviewed ahead of this washington law firm. the first thing he said is we just hired a chief innovation officer. what?

the law firm went out and bought the chief innovation officer. what is that about? >> well, i interviewed him in the two dozen days of progresses, the middle of it. and at the time i said, what separates your law firm? he said business is awful. we have to lay people off. that is interesting. to get slight of personal off from? last and first of? he said that anymore. those in the height of a credible. all the work. they did in a routine way and had a pack. some of them are gone. the ones we're keeping our visit came and said, we can do this in an all white. we can do a new work in a new way. michael and i were photic the

stock old fuddy-duddies. we have the pleasure and a great opportunity when we graduate from school to find a job. you will have to invent a job. that is the big difference. it may not be your first job that you will have to invent, but to keep that job you will have to invent -- there are firms in silicon valley that do quarterly reviews of their employees as if you're going to go through five product cycles you can't wait until the end of the year to discover that you have a bad team leader. you get crushed by the end of the year. everybody needs people who can't invent to reinvent commandery engineer their job. one of the most interesting examples of this was given to us by the head of the screen, for a his name is general martin dempsey. he may have heard his name because he is about to become the new chairman of the joint chiefs of staff, our senior military officer. we interviewed him at the time and he was head of the u.s. army

education corporation. but even more interesting. he commended the first armored division detect bad back from some of the saint in 2003. and he told us the story. five years later he was commander of the whole middle east military operation. in that year he went on to visit a forward base in afghanistan commanded by capt. he spent an hour with that captain, and he realized that that captain out there near the hindu kush in his the base had access to more intelligence than the national and tactical level and more firepower than he did when he took baghdad from some of this date in 2007. rnd therefore he realized how wa

you could join the union. you could have a good salary. you could actually buy a house, two kids to my yard, document retire. you go through the whole cycle without a high-school degree. certainly without a high-school degree. the biggest employer in baltimore today, johns hopkins university medical center. they don't let you cut the grass there without a be a. you can't love along without a

ba. so we have to challenges. we need to bring our bottled to our average and bring our average so much higher to the global average with particular emphasis on what he calls the three c's of communication, creativity, to become a collaboration, so you have people cannot only do their job, but invent and reinvented on the spot. as the head of dupont says to us in the book, i need every employee to be present, to be present all the time. because in this upper connected world average is officially over what happens when the world gets this connected and you have access to that kind of genius or

automation or digitization, averages over. eighty or 90% is just showing up, no longer applicable. if you just show up for your job you aren't going to have that job or thrive in that job much longer. if all you ever do is all you've ever done that too is no longer applicable. if all you ever do is all you have ever done, trust me, in this connected world all you will ever get is not all of you ever got. we are now all living. all the men are strong, the women are beautiful, and the children are above average. average is officially over. and so what this means for education, these two things, we

need to bring our bottoms our average. to bring our average so much higher. one requires more education than the other requires better education. no, we conclude this chapter in section but trying to think through, what is the right mode for educators, parents, as they think about describing and inspiring their kids to thrive? and we would leave you with three attitudes, poise that we would suggest. think like a new a record, think like a new immigrant. think like an artist and, and think like a waitress at perkins pancake house in minneapolis just off highway 100. what do i mean? first of all, we all need to think like new immigrants. they think that i come to this

country and there is no legacy's by waiting for me at johns hopkins. .. >> the best our decisions

took such pride in their work, they brought something so extra to their work, they insisted in curbing their initials to it. do your job every day in a way you would want to carve your initials into it at the end of the day. that is what insulates you from the dead digitized 43 world. last me, not everyone can invent software like steve jobs or start a company like michael dell. everybody is above-average everybody can find their extra someone maybe it is the employee at the nursing home. anybody who has had an aging parent in the nursing home knows how much you would pay for that one nurse or health care worker who engages your aging parents to put a smile on their face. fat is their extra perk up everyone has an extra

they can bring. i am from minneapolis and having breakfast at perkins pancake house, we were having breakfast by eight ordered three buttermilk pancakes in scrambled eggs. he ordered three buttermilk pancakes and fruit after 50 minutes the waitress came and put the plates down and simply said 210, i gave you extra fruit. she got a 50% it because that waitress, a god bless her, she did not control much, but she controlled the fruit ladled. that was her extra. everybody has to find extra. you are thinking very easy for you to say mr. "new york

times" column is. [laughter] i was born at night but not last night. i inherited james office what a throw. i got to meet him zero wants. i suspect he used to come back to the office and say to himself i wonder what my seven competitors will write about he probably do all seven. i do the same thing. i come to the office every day i wonder what my 70 billion competitors will write about today? because of i cannot write better than the best in the end columnist for blocker more iraqi columnist, ago to real clear politics. you can get them on your

screen right next to my column. we're all caught up in this and need to find our extra because average really is over. >> we have perhaps some excuse for not addressing effectively the first two challenges, the challenge of globalization the combination is in some way settled of the radar, a great political events, is not easy to know how to adapt to the challenges. but when the third in fourth challenges are concerned of deficits, debt, energy and climate, we have no such excuse. they are not hidden come as

subtle, a well-known but yet to for the last two decades and not only have we not been addressing these challenges effectively, as some of us or many of us influential people have been denied that they even exist. we have a quote from vice president cheney, former vice president cheney to speak with then secretary of the treasury paul o'neill objecting to another tax cut that the administration was proposing because they thought the country could not afford it. cheney said you don't understand. reagan proved that deficits don't matter. and as for energy and our climate, recent surveys show half of all americans believe that global warming

that the impact of human activity especially the burning of fossil fuels of the world's climate is just an ugly rumor or a hoax. it does not exist. what if it was true that deficits don't matter and global warming does not exist? but they do matter and it does exist. we have to come to terms in ways that we have not even begun. where deficits are concerned, whatever else may be said who, at least has focused the attention of the national government banned on the problem of deficits and cumulative national debt. even though the political class and the congress and president are focused on this issue, and none of them have presented the kind of approach that is necessary

to cope with this challenge. what is necessary is a three part approach. first-come a we have to cut spending. that means reducing federal programs. important valuable programs in which good people hard-working people rely. we will have to make adjustments in our two major promise so-called entitlement programs. social security and medicare because as they are structured now, we simply cannot afford them. anybody who says we could go on as we are is not serious about the challenge. but second, we also need more revenue. we have to collect more in taxes that does not mean

necessarily raging marginal rates you could probably getting some buy the kind of tax that we strongly advocate that is the energy tax. one way or another we need more revenue. anybody who says we don't, is not being serious. but those two measures by themselves will not assure the future we also of to make investment in our historic for me up. remain need to spend more money on education at the primary and secondary level and spend more money on infrastructure by the estimate of the american society of civil engineers.

the amount of money to bring us up to par is 2.2 trillion dollars. and certainly also have to spend more money on research and development, led to generate the innovation to lead to the new product in services of the 21st century. three nidal three and and nobody is proposing that. has for climate change, we know the global warming is real we know he trapping gases in them earth's atmosphere reflect the back to the surface of the way the temperature of the planet raise is. we have now that and we know that without this phenomenon , it would not be here. without it we would be too cold for human habitation.

we known the earth's blanket of these guess this is sickening because of human generated activity, mostly burning fossil fuels. we know that the earth's temperature is rising because we can measure the greenhouse blanket and the eight erse temperature with no explanation except human generated activity. although the burning of fossil fuel. we know this is happening and not a hoax proposal close as you could ever come. having said that, when you go further there are lots of uncertainties. we don't know how far or how

fast the temperature will rise or the facts scientists talk about floods, droughts, storms, me ssiah three have is not able to predict with any precision of any such events will take place with what magnitude. therefore we don't know with any certainty how much damage social and economic damage global warming will do. there is a lot of uncertainty surrounding the effects of the men involved with this existence but that uncertainty is not a reason for complacency or reason to do nothing. it is true because of these uncertainties the effect of global warming could be more benign as most believe that they will be but

equally, that uncertainty means the fact could be much more severe. it is conceivable that global warming if go unchecked could do catastrophic and irreparable damage to the planet which is the only habitable one that we know about. we are running the uncontrolled experiment on the on the whole way have. we need to start doing something about this problem. the essence of good response that is serious to this problem is raising the price of fossil fuels. we will not get off them immediately or overnight were completely in a lifetime of anybody in this room. a difficult complicated long

term program problem but if we start now the way we start by raising the price of fuel and no one is advocating that. there is one more reason why we do so poorly to cope with our four major challenges therefore putting our future in jeopardy. our political system is broken. it is simply not working and dysfunctional. the basic reason for that as we outlined in a chapter devoted in the book "that used to be us" is the extreme polarization dividing the two major political parties. republicans and democrats are farther apart and have been in 100 years, possibly further than they have been a fifth since the 1850's and we know what that led to.

there are complicated deeply rooted reasons. it was not the work of one administration of one-party zero or one administration but it is an enormous problem for us because it means the two parties cannot cooperate to bring forth the measures that we need to cope with a large and growing challenges and the political system is paralyzed the challenges grow worse and that problem is aggravate -- aggravated by the growing importance of money, and the increasing power of special interest in american politics and the new media that has many great advantages bringing many blessings, but also has the fact of the increasing

polarization. we not only how the four great challenges, but and trying to cope. from here, there is bad news and good news. of the paralysis of our political system is not the only reason we have such difficulty to meet our challenges. but if a good news things that we can do to footers those on the right track. and tom will tell you about both. >> as michael said, we are stuck right now politically. we're also stock for another reason. we had a value decline, the chapter in the book is called devaluation where

those that took place on capitol hill five years apart. the first was the first home run hitters 16 bicep to bicep that the witness table at the congressional hearing on steroids to explain. hitting the grand slam home run. five years later on the same capitol hill, in another hearing room, of the five big wall street bankers sat briefcase to briefcase to explain how they use steroids called credit default swaps. in order to hit grand slams. we have been cheating ourselves.

what happened in baseball is exactly what happened on wall street. rather than building muscle the old-fashioned way, we injected ourselves with steroids. now, we know the greatest generation from the generation born and hardin to in the depression in forged by weak -- world war ii and ultimately brought us the victory from the cold war. this was a generation that believed in two things. one saves and invests and now we have the answer all of their investing and saving. also with their robert stempel values.

our generation, most of us are baby boomers, we. we believe to in borrow and spend and we believe this super -- situational values. it allows me to give you the day and a dozen other mortgage only with $10,000 and come it just asks can you fogged up a knife four identification? i would do if the situation allows it. just do it. they said the book is built around movies in of course, the great movie of our time is jerry maguire. show me the money. jerry maguire is all about the struggle in one firm for the guy who was to do things

sustainably and all of his partners who went to ax the situation and we had a value declined which is a part of this. that brings us to the concluding section of the book. what to read to practice the fed is a phrase reach bruce although worries of we needed to it for what they need to know we have to the shock therapy. for us to solve our big problems and basically rebuild and reenergize our 4,000,004 success, we need to things. we have to act collectively and that is what we have

lost in the values decline because all of the values that we have laid out they all only have collective solutions burma you cannot solve these without a collective action of the scale of world war ii or the cold war. more fundamental choice is to have a hard decade or a bad century. either react collectively in the next decade to dig out or we will have a bad century. those of the choices. the politics is not only one involving collective action but the politics that has a hybrid agenda. we need to cut spending, we have made promises to your generation that we cannot possibly keep up. second, we need to raise revenue because we cannot

shred social security and medicare. we are a capitalist system that needs safety nets of it will thrive and survive because it is brutal with wild swings and what enables capitalism to thrive and continue is people know they're under their. live like a republican in the boat like a democrat has some truth. [laughter] we need to cut spending and raise revenue and invest in all three pillars of our former education. all three at once. it happens that the highbred agenda doesn't quite correspondent to the agenda to our satisfaction of either party.

we're for whoever comes up with the agenda. but if nobody comes up with that agenda, what we would argue is that someone will start an independent candidacy or a third party to push the agenda before the public. because without that shock therapy that proves there is the radical center in the country that will support that agenda 30 or 40%, without that, we will never get out of this. this is not pie in this guy. we saw teddy roosevelt do that.

lee's saw that in 1968. we saw ross perot in 1992. remember he made bill clinton the deficit reducer. ask bob rubin. ross perot had 40% of the vote at one time and 120% and he was nuts. [laughter] in the end he thought the little black helicopters were chasing him. but his agenda leap up to where the center of the country was. it had a huge effect. that is why there are two things we will tell you about a third party if one were to emerge. one. that candidate would not wind. the other is we believe that if he or she has this agenda , they would have a bigger impact on the

country's future than the person who does. peak is the only way to break out of this paralysis is by changing the incentives. these people are not stupid. there clearly operating on a different set of incentives. so i say we do that economic crisis and they have the election. they barely overlap. so it is like they are in a parallel universe operating to defend the incentives, money and politics, and the only way to change that, move the cheese, a move the mouse. if you don't move ritchie's the mouse does not move. we need to move ritchie's to show these two parties that there is a huge chunk of

change right in the center of the country instead of always directing their ideas to the extreme planks. watch the republican debate. one person trying to get to the right two of another person to the right of another than somebody is brave enough to show the courage to say maybe. hold the debt to the right some people said climate change. [laughter] pettus of close for college even if they think vf plus three came down on his head. [laughter] -- the apple tree came down on his head. must change incentive to get people back to the center nothing will change.

that is why make the argument in this chapter called shock therapy. with me end by saying you are now entitled to ask. you said the two of you were optimist but frustrated. we now get to the frustration but from where it comes your optimism? it is simply called they just didn't get the word. because with state at the word that we're in a decline and we start something and collaborate. the country is actually exploding with energy from the bottom up. this chapter is stories of

people. if you want to be an optimist, and the country looks so much better from the bottom up in the top down. i learned this writing a previous book, i went to run the book giving talks to groups and it is a number of people who came up to say i have the energy intervention. the blows up the balloon issues methane. i heard the craziest stuff. but it told me in the country is alive with people. opening our book tour -- book tour the president says we just guarded of medical school in the middle of a recession. you did not get the word? [laughter] all the people traveling around the country.

i go back to my hotel room empty my pockets of business cards from energy entrepreneurs in innovators. rock stars get room keys i get business cards. but they are very exciting in their own way. [laughter] and what they tell you is that the country is a live. it really is the hyper-connected world is great if has the downside but the upside is i can start anything. a multinational overnight for less money than ever before. if it is not happening, that is because you are not doing it. there is no other excuse. what we say if we were drawing a picture today it would be the space shuttle taking off the thrust from below that is all those

people who did not get the word. but the booster rocket is cracked and leaking energy and the pilots are flying over the plan we cannot achieve escape velocity that we need to get into the next orbit. the way to deliver the american dream. it is all here the reason why the ford working and backward looking title is all here. we have a formula for success. there is nothing we need to learn from china all the we wish them well. nothing we need to learn from brazil. we wish them well. they can thrive and we can thrive. the simple point* and the conclusion of the book is everything we need is right here in our past.

the history books we need to read our our own. and the country we need to rediscover is america. "that used to be us" and it can be again. thank you very much. [applause] . .

they're trying to earn both, and they will do what they need to now, the reason that they behave as they do, the reason that the two parties are so polarized is that the political system has evolved in such a way that the core members of his party, the so-called base potential nomination, much further apart than the country itself. the parties don't really represent the country all the well. the people because of the with the system works in the middle don't get the kind of voices deserve or should have by virtue of their numbers. if this they credible independent candidate who runs a

lick and a platform that we have outlined in the book and if that can it does as well as rows of the running as independents in 1912, george wells in 1968, or ross perot did in 1992, that will demonstrate to both parties that there is a large block of voters some of rap's. each of these two parties will have a powerful incentive to move to the center to caught some of the issues of the candidate in order to get that canada's voters in the next election and the is a double b powerful because of such a candid it runs on the platform that worry suggest those voters will be available to republicans or democrats and each party will have an incentive to try to capture those voters, west the

other do it and the party becomes the minority. if you have a substantial block in the middle you draw both parties to the middle. that has happened in the past, and we believe that it can happen again. mr. wasser. right here. >> hello. foreign service officer and member of the elected board from of public-sector union. we have been through the index of the book. elytra three things, labor, union, and new social contracts. anything on that regard, and i could not find a single mention of any of those. answer my question to you and this international competitive world, what does that new social contract apply? can we, they, forged things like sunday differential? can we afford things like that time before joe? can we afford things like overtime pay.

>> that is a very good question. and obviously you don't detect touch every subject. but my answer would be this. cavalries something from the book that is relevant. i think we can afford all of those things in theory, provided you as a worker who are delivering unique value. if you're not we can't afford it now we come your boss. so let me just read you a section from the book. it is an insight from john j. which has had a variety of technology companies and start-ups including nba courses. he wrote this on his block, posted on a column.

i thought it was compelling enough to reveal. i am in the business of killing jobs. i kill jobs in three ways, myself, killing about others, and focusing on productivity. all the companies i've been the ceo of to invest in practices, services software, eliminate jobs. they eliminate jobs are on a mission, outsourcing, and efficiency of the process. the market is clear, less workers and more consistent output. in the last decade have learned over 100,000 jobs in the worldwide economy, suffering and services my company sells. so i said it. i am a serial top guerrilla. any job that can be eliminated to technology or cheaper labor is by definition not giving back. the worker can come back, most often by being underemployed. others of greater skills i return to previous levels of composition. as a whole a productivity gain sec change the landscape of what is a sustainable job.

so what then is sustainable job? the best way i can articulate the sustainable job is to tell you, as a job killer and it is a job that i can't kill. i can't kill creative people. there is no productivity solution or outsourcing that i can sell to eliminate a creative person. i can't kill unique value creators. the unique value creator is unique. it might be someone with a relationship of a client, someone who has a great salesman, be some interest in someone's time mastering a market that there are subject matter experts. so my answer to you would be, i can give you whatever answer you might guess, the people deserve over time, everything to all these benefits. but i will tell you that in a hyper connected world they will only be sustainable, whenever they get into the labor action a collective bargaining, they will

only be sustainable if those workers are unique value creators. allays the company will be there. >> text question. the lady right here. then we will go to the back. >> hello. i am a second year student, strategic city concentrator endeavor for department of defense. i agree with all of your prescription. very well laid out. but in order to accomplish them, you know, and reduce spending that gigantic dod budget seems to be a good place to start. unfortunately it's time we do face a lot of security threats abroad and have a great stake in security our national interest abroad. so if you could recommend one or two areas of reform for our national security strategy? would you please some of look after words? >> thank you.

>> as it happens i wrote a book, published a book about that very subject last year called the frugal superpower. this book agrees with that book. to summarize our relevant point, which i do mention here defense spending like everything else will have to be cut. we think that a robust extensive american global role is important. that costs money. furthermore it is the case that you cannot solve our fiscal problems despite cutting the defense budget. the biggest tunnel to the problems are entitlements. nonetheless, the defense surely can be and will be cut and our

view is that while we do need a large defense establishment and an expensive this defense establishment, there are things that we can and should and probably will cut. first and foremost are the kinds of post cold war interventions in which we have the beginning in somalia and bosnia and currently in iraq in afghanistan . we're not going to see those again because we cannot afford them. >> somebody over here. >> the gentleman in the back there. >> zillow. i am class of 2009, in their work with the department of defense. going to your point, sort of, you mentioned that the things that we were looking at in the park and the defense is going green. and one of your takes is based

on the power of our purchases -- we are the largest consumer of energy. the arguments about the infrastructure, we just say do both. we drop our consumption or revolutionize the market. >> there is a whole group agreed talks in the pentagon in there is nothing more valuable bidding going down the solyndra root of trying to help fund people, commercializing technology we need a race to the top. just as the pentagon says, whoever comes up with it, a new generation, and making this up. 50 miles a gallon. we will buy them all. you will have the market. whoever comes up with this level of efficiency of solar panel, we will buy them all and put them

on every base in the country. we should be using our buying power. we talk about it tomorrow we don't actually do it. you know, if you actually set a really high standard and to put it out there and see which drug jobs for the flight, that is the way to do it rather than destroy to pick this or that one. they have a chapter. as he knows, from some of the military, the best way to prevent roadside bombs is not to be on the road. and almost -- a huge number of roadside bombs were in convoys trucking fuel from one place to another. my favorite quote from that book , a guy who was an energy said gently leave it will be the biggest transfer of air-conditioner is ever known to mankind. the army is a great place to

start business. the secretary of navy the lot of work on this. they flew and f18 hornet, think, on must receive less year. but the sound barrier. a lot of potential there. we have not posted as aggressively as the ship. it needs a price and return to do the easy way by government pushed, but without fixed durable consumer it is a sustainable. fixed durable consumer poll only comes from a price signal. gasoline was nearly $5 a gallon, you could not buy a toyota hybrid previous in bethesda. the waiting list. when gasoline was $2 a gallon he could not sell a toyota hybrid press. so price matters.

without a press signaled you don't have fixed durable consumer poll and therefore every investment is a risky investment, it depends on some government program and you just don't get where you need to go. >> we have time for a couple more questions. wait here. >> the note on cresses reported. this is actually tell us stories on climate change, and they're really do agree to move away from fossil fuel, but the problem with that is i just want to elaborate more on what your theory is when you raise the price of fossil fuel, wouldn't that raise the price of everything else in the world? wouldn't people just get used to it?

people to ski used to whatever happened. its other expectation, but the elevator is broken. >> autistic that quickly. imagine that i invented the world's first cellphone. i can't digest it here. i have a phone that you can carry a pocket. she's a iphone i can carry in my pocket? i can call? 247365? >> i have a phone that you can carry in your pocket. she would say, all ticket. wait a minute. this thing, it costs a thousand

dollars. she says no problem. iphone i could carry in my pocket would change my life and give me all this set of functions that i've never had before. so for one, him one coming her what, you won, what happens? you know what happens. six months in the back here. my cell phone now only costs five of dollars because of move down the cost why am running curve. remember, oil welcome guest to buy uranium, those are commodities. what happens when you create more demand? the price goes up. cellphone, solar cell, those are technologies. what happens when you create more demand? the price goes down. you know that. i love johns hopkins.

come back a year later. to see, how did that so far work? okoume taste my life. i have been raising money out the one who. have another deal for you. i bring to power these lights with solar energy on the roof. the new cluster of dollars more sec or red cell phone and give me all this set of functions i never had before. u.s. vote in this up to two avatar and twice. you know. you know we already have one. we don't really care where they come from so is the mayor comes along and says for no on e will pay the cost alights, the co2

the atmosphere, the costs of the church protect in the well from the gulf, they won't cost you to a low amount. what happens then? the cellphone which not consulate to under $5 a year. tom, your soul alights, i'll take them. and then what? and i am heading down to cost volume curve. sure, there is a transaction. but as you go through this transition their costs of energy will be higher, but you will be using less energy, so your actual bill, okay, if the system works as it would in other technology will actually be lower and ultimately you're heading for a world where solar cells will be cheap. we're dealing with any technology, this is the one, you have to understand the weakness of green power and power in

general. it is not like a cell phone. it is now a computer. when you went from her typewriter to a computer you would have paid a thing. you are getting a whole new function when you go from great energy, dirty energy to greek energy you don't get a new function. yet the same heating, cooling, mobility, and light. you have to have a price signal. >> last question. >> brian jacobs. i am an intern currently in d.c., and i find myself being used for my ability to rely on social media and use social media more than about some ideas that i had. perhaps i also feel that you

have an over saturation point in your helper connected world. we rely on a communication tool but don't care what the ideas that are transported on it with the people who come up with ideas. i wonder if you could comment on that? will 41. >> well, have gotten in trouble. don't tell anybody else said this. i have never been on twitter, facebook, or smoked a cigarette. i am planning on buying say all three. i do believe it is about the content. i find that it is really hard, at least, for me, to focus on traditional reporting, writing and thinking tweeting every second or posting something every second. so i famously talked the talk of globalization, but i do not walk

the walk. >> content does not matter to you. if you want to have your present position for the rest of your life. if you want to get a better job content matters. thank-you all for coming. [applause] [applause] >> visit book tv to watch any of the programs you see here online . tepe offer or book title in the search bar on the upper left side of the page and click search. you can also search anything you see on booktv.org easily by clicking share on the upper left side of the page and select in the format. book tv street is live on line for 48 hours every weekend with top nonfiction books and authors. booktv.org. >> when the president and the congress were debating after the

2010 elections with the bush tax cuts would be extended because of the recession, and raising and would taxes and the spanish economy, one of the things the republicans said is tax cuts are always wonderful in a down economy, with spending cuts is self-evident. there is really no difference from macro economic point of view as our friends in the u.k. are finding out when they went for an austerity response. one of the things it wanted to get rid of was the tax credit. this city was a spending program , which is a kind of argument that want to be held in this cemetery over some obscure scripture. but you'd be -- you the judge.

the republicans said, it's not a tax cut. it is bedizened. when the congress does things like loan guarantees for new energy companies, the infamous solyndra loan guarantee, it was actually adopted during the bush a administration, by president bush, and supported at the time by almost all republicans on the energy committee. it is hard, sometimes, to pick winners and losers. that is not what it does. sixteen of three recognizes that a lot of people building solar and wind installations are startup companies. if you give them a 30 percent tax credit that you would ordinarily give someone for building this new factory will be worthless to them because they have no income. so it basically gives them the

cash equivalent of the tax credit if they're started. now, if you just don't like solar and wind energy the allowance. you can make that argument, but a very significant number of the new of the solar and wind projects. so my argument is it ought to be extended because we have thousands of more facilities for solar and wind power which become more economical average on the price drops 30% every time you build capacity. solar in particular has that's a different technological advances in the last three years. directly one of the reasons solyndra went down.

one of the reasons that technology get cheaper faster than anybody figured. and so to come out of the competitive makes i like 1603 and, i think it should be continued because i think that we should be supporting start ups as well as existing companies. very significant over the last 40 years. not just from small businesses, but small businesses that were five years older younger. so this is the kind of thing that i think, you know, my argument is, where do we want to go with this country? build shared prosperity and modern jobs and be competitive and then back up from that and say how do we get there? what is the government's supposed to do? what is the private sector supposed to do? if you do that instead of saying government, no government, this is a heck of a good deal, and we ought to keep doing it. >> since you mentioned 2010, wanted to be an opportunity to repeat something that you said

to me earlier which is the one part of your book you feel like president obama was around the debt ceiling debate. never been. >> i was really upset and did not know whether the white house or congress resisted raising the debt ceiling in 2010 after we lost the election. >> we still have the majority. >> we still have the majority. november and december. i knew if we waited until january. and so i said in a very kind of you did weigh the for reasons that were still unclear to me this did not happen. and gene sperling actually sent me an e-mail that said he would work for me. though, we tried. we did not make a big deal out of it because the main subject

was where the bush era tax cuts will be extended. i'm trying to force myself to the say once a day either i don't know what was wrong. i think it would be therapeutic if everybody in washington did that. and so i want to be. so here is something that i was wrong about. raising the debt ceiling, simply ratifying the decision that congress has already made to spend money. and since the budget is the only thing that the senate votes on that is not subject to a filibuster, i thought that raise the debt ceiling vote was not a filibuster. i was wrong. so gene sperling said me. senator mcconnell said he would filibuster unless we agree threatened to author a budget.

it turns out he could not and i was wrong. it's not her to bed. there was one day we get less it eulogy from politics. awhirl. >> moving out of washington one of the things you do frequently in the book is to set examples of where you think this appropriate partnership and a shared responsibility between government and the private sector is working at the state level. maybe you could talk a bit about your theory of that and also share something from your time as governor of arkansas from what worked then and what has continued to work and now works subsequently. >> well, first, i think we americans are used to people at the state and local level trying

to say businesses, expand business, trying to locate business, and it is largely a bipartisan activity undertaken with varying levels of exuberance by elected officials, but one reason i was able to stay governor for a dozen years and never got bored with the job and loved it is the electron development aspect. in the interesting thing is that in most every state in the country, although it has got more partisan since 2010, but i think that will settle down. it is largely a bipartisan activity in so i try to set some areas in the book, for example, to give you one just practical example, there is a long section in the book about what out would like to see done to clear the mortgage debt more quickly. and i guess i should back up and

say, these kinds of financial crashes take historic the five-to-10 years to get over. if you have a mortgage component to it it's just put that out toward ten years. we should be trying to beat the clock. we cannot do it in my opinion. even if we adopt the plan, think there are a lot of good ideas in there, but i think they're going to give this one have the 2 million jobs according to the economic analysis, but if you want to return to a full of promise are having to order and 40,000 jobs a month, i think we ever stir and 47 a thousand. if you want that you have to flush this debt and get banking going again. ..

>> hi said in the book i know this will work because my was governor in the late '70s, early '80s of farmers orrin trouble we have hundreds of small state-chartered banks to do not want to foreclose. the new lire having a couple of bad years and could not

pay the farm loan off. they did not what possession of the farms so we change the law now the big dixie interest -- ownership position that gives the buyback great to take the farm back with full title was they could pay off a loan. [applause] >> thank you so much for coming today. when i have the pleasure to be invited on a program of course, immediately looked at the program to see who else was speaking at the same time as me provide

discovered no fewer than two pulitzer prize winners, a major hollywood actress, i know my topic of losers. [laughter] however i do take some pleasure to speak to between two pulitzer prize winners say you should stay on for more bent think you to the library of congress and the city organizers. how great is this to walk along here to see all this? [applause] thomas braun would always remember the day the american revolution changed this summer of 1775, a 25 year-old first on his own american manned. he had arrived from a colony one year earlier from the blustery english with the 74 indentured servants to start a plantation in the church

of back country. reach this strange landscape for the giant black oak stood like columns in the sky within nine months brown and laborers had cut much of the force in two forms anti-supervise the 5600-acre estate from a great house the tenet surrounding them in 306 farmhouses of the room, horses, stables, cattle in hogs got fat. but another force would transform thomas brown new world. he saw it coming one august day in the form of 130 armed men walking to his house. brown knew before coming to america of the troubles tearing up anglo-american relations for a decade the theory of taxes from britain

triggered conflicts over the men of parliamentary authority in the right to british subjects he reckoned that georgia, 1,000 miles away "had no connection or concern and such affairs. even in 1774 investing his personal fortune and future looked like a good bet that the british and american troops no part of the calendar eight -- colonies nearest majors societies patriots formed associations to form support and approach the others to join. did he have anything to gain? not really. the fact he had recently arrived, i should add in

77510 percent of the people here in america have only just arrived from he intended to spend the rest of his life here. whenever he thought of the principles, self-interest alone pointed out his choice. he refused patriot overtures to sign-on to loyalist counter association instead and then the patriot invitation became demands delivered by gangs like the one of his store. standing on the porch, a brown try to put the men of, a. to fight his own neighbors be cadaver enter into arms but it turned into a confrontation some threatened least if you would not subscribe david drag him by force. he backed into the house to

at the peril of the man he screamed brandishing but this bill. and then blackness. what came next he would reconstruct later for flashes of recollections. shattered head throbbing, of body bleeding, they reach agusta and is tossed to the ground his arms around the trunk of the tree his legs are laid out in front of them and pitch pored over them in under his feet they pileup kindling and the flame catches the tar to steer the flesh the feet are on the flier the attacker sees his broken head to pull out in clumps they cut off

the strips of scalp making the blood rundown have remarkably survived. later a doctor comes to the blazer he is confined setting the broken bones and is above that it guard moved and allows him to let him get away he arrives in to the border of south carolina to take shelter with loyalist friend. this may not sound like the american revolution you learned about in school. but today i open with the story of thomas brown one of the early episodes because i want to ask you to throw out about to put in a way out of your mind and

follow me instead through a looking glass to see the american revolution from the other side. this is the site on which sticking to your belief matters more than violently throwing them out but where the losers whom history has forgotten, actually become bikes this central actor and where the less story of ameritech can unfold in the world beyond our shore. the story of 12 states to find a new future in the about loyalists the first thing we need to realize is a man like thomas members

remained loyal to britain. it was the default choice. one-third of colonists did not have much of an opinion. the patriots were in the minority. it is difficult to understand so we talk of a large percentage of the population. it was our first civil war. if i did family friends in benjamin franklin from his only son william franklin who remained a loyal list. who were the loyalists?

this stereotypes live large we tend to think of them as being white, e. lee, men with strong ties to britain britain, members of the anglican church and think of them under the tory label meaning conservative of british political culture. again, throw the stereotypes out along with their images of the revolution. this is not the only profile. it ranged across the social, ethnic and religious carpenters, cosmopolitan farmers on the frontier and most of tories in being resisted the ada to pay britain and many

wanted to see reform but not another stereotype we need in included a number of better futures for themselves in a better prospect under the government of the british did of the hands of the white settlers after some decades have been trying to take their land. of the various indian nations align themselves with britain. and liberalism included a number of black americans burly of the those black slaves and said it and come and join us and we 20,000 black slaves running to the british

turning their freedom and all the black loyalists. they may talk about liberty but the british version freedom was the lead -- what they could believe him. for most of those caught on the front lines, this was not so much a war about ideals at but ordeal like thomas brown where your windows may be smashed or the livestock poisoned the property confiscated by the state you may be jailed or harassed. this violence has tens of british held stronghold they move to new

, into the protection of british forces. with the evacuation of the tubes meant 1/2 to reef fearful and the future would await them in the post conflict united states. could they have a life? well they were wrestling with the questions, the british held out the alternative come with us. we will give you land somewhere else. new life somewhere else. imagine yourself as a loyalist at the end of the american revolution and the last place to be evacuated. george washington is marching at the helm of the continental army it is a jubilant moment celebrating

and it is a great moment for patriot american but there are thousands of loyalists to have to figure out what to do an am i to yourself on the docks the patriots coming down. you don't know what will happen when they come in but in front of you is the most powerful navy and the world offering of three chance of a life somewhere else. what will you do? 60,000 loyalist decide to shores to seek out and do one out of 40 members of the population. several of you would be out please stay for the rest of

what happens next? gets to see. that answer would unfold across the british empire say more or less across the world because the british empire is on its way to becoming the leading global power of the 19th century. you are a subject of the superpower of the 19th century to come. the refugees confronted britain with the most leave right wide case study in how to be a independent but we have to

subjects. could get the moral high use at as a way to vance program of the refugee like what the international aid agencies do today. free passage on the british ships and getting them off the danger zone. from land grants and the bahamas in canada the most supply, blankets, issues, amazing documents are that catalogs of items crossing the atlantic to areas the belts hammers and some things

idea what they are appreciated british leaders consistently up for the refugees but up a program of financial compensation for the laila's to get some money back and consistently upheld the promise of freedom to the black loyalists over in above loyalist. where did the refugees go? you may think they went back to britain. 15% went to britain it was even back because most had never been there before. as much a not to us now or more so

when two other place is more scotia, new brunswick and ontario and quebec. another 10,000 headed south to the bahamas, jamaica, and took with them the imported slaves of 15,000 slaves with them but the loyalist ranged around expanding empire. someone the first week to loyalist was the first person to propose colonizing all study of. some went to in -- india arnold who joined up the army and spent the rest of their lives in india. migration 1791, 1200 of the loyalists, the freed

slaves crossed the atlantic found the city of freetown empire as a whole. what is it like to be one of the refugees? let me tell you about the experience through the story of the woman who first told me.

braun, a patriot mob chased him off leaving whose mother died as an orphan of war. she spent the next several years living in the custody of relatives, a family friends, while her father fought in british force is elsewhere. nancy is no longer a girl and and now as a teenager she can love with one of the brother officers william johnston who served in the regiment as well who was

occupy new york of flirt, a student over the they don't have much of a honeymoon because the early years of married life unfold against the backdrop of bridges losing campaigns savannah july 1782, at this

1/2 to pack up and go and stays just long enough to give birth to a second child. they move and she goes on own with two very small children headed off again into the unknown, and this time to st. augustine in florida up. they expect to stay in florida upper but it remains loyal not part of the revolution although still a british territory. and 12,000 loyalist went to florida expecting this is where they could pick up and start up the plantations to move forward. but they arrived months before learning that this plays also will be back awaited handed over to spain in the peace treaty that ends the war. elizabeth johnson her service trying to make a go of it in the third

city and as many years with moving yet again as you can sympathize with she says the war never occasioned half the stress that the is done to the unfortunate loyalist. now they're really have to figure out what to do. william has been a medical student in decides to pick up his career path. good choice. he decides to go to the best medical school in the english speaking world at that time is since got wind. he will set off to even borough which they do in 1784. follows him. she lives wrecker she sets up the first home in same roof together in a charming

cottage as she is very happy together as a family for the first time, having a new life, the sadness to be a foreigner. disconnected and the difficulties of being poor, they were middle-class, lost everything in the war and have to set up from scratch that also suffered a other calamitous 18th century issues. of the fourth child born in scotland dies of thrash not long after she has had a has a first gravestone in lee the question of the future is a result. the family get some compensation for their losses but it is not enough to live on and a career

opportunities are not that the world would wish for. william johnson decides to move again to the richest place in the world, you think it would be a good briefly of the place that they go which is to make us been active duty to take your breath away from the sparkling surface of the water said gaze swept up to the mountains climbing into the clouds over the ripple slopes of a green blanket texture in the weird forms of the topic johnny it earns and the trees careening m palms. when you turn past the hour harbor you floated over the stones of the old capital mostly destroyed in the 1692 earthquake.

the sand swept around the shore to the greatest british metropolis of the cut the water into liquid diamonds. no wonder the loyalists were mountains everything so bright and gay negative one newcomer. the 18th century to impair the bay with the blue mountains standing as the vesuvius and shivering like others were simply overcome knocking language from their lips. whatever else for refugees new of the i land they could see it was not the 13 colonies any more. the place that it was coming

colony in the empire however manages to bounce back as successful as it doesn't hold on to the most viable territory which is in like it is a great have a flourishing career but what makes to make a so rich in appealing is a lucrative sugar cultivation and a lush tropical environment. the very things make it a dangerous and difficult place to be. cultivated by the is 10 /1 the white-minority asserts the power through the incredible

nobody four per william johnson is said dr. but very soon the diseases of the island's will turn fatally in word on the family as well. a toddler dies of scarlet fever. 10 new baby is born but then that baby dies of smallpox. died is the yellow fever and the oldest too decides to go with

her to live through all of this. behind for time they go to nova scotia. the idea horrifies her. he said i booked passage and she said what? better than remand. she is horrified but in nova scotia at last after 25 years on the move will stay put. little did i think that i but there she stays as the number one loyalist haven flourishing the status and six us they

this is the american we have to turn our perspectives around. the last assumption is the one that says they were losers. in a sense finally finding home from the greatest world power of the 19th century i am happy to take questions let me say one final thing. it would come down at

world with the middle east and why i think this story matters now. remains a we are in america now more than ever it is in the news as a touchdown but we live in a moment of grace partisanship so it is worth looking at the story to attend to it that even at our founding we were a of deeply held values have to make one nation out of people so to hang on kind of freedom to pursue happiness not just

one way to be american and but it has always world history the story of the loyalist fet shows how did the is made their mark and how they need to bring things back here to america. the strength of our country is in the unity but the resides in our diversity. [applause]

>> those loyalists who were religious or professed christianity, what biblical were other explanations were given to justify them taking national roots? question is about religion and the american revolution. there was some correlation between the anglican and the loyalists prepare you would find courteous to whir a there's definitely an to break with the royal authority. scripture role passages i cannot cite but i could show

you about the clergymen the road to passionately providing some biblical i have two questions the first when i heard you on television i was curious common going into a subject matter that is totally different for most historians. we influenced by your parents who look at the world differently? and a second, when you to watch the revolution, a watch the people do empathize with them and say i know what they're going through? >> the first question how i came to see the american revolution this way i am a historian of the british empire by training and by origen for i am half indian my father is from new york

but i have a mixed empire india and egypt for ago while working that that i last heard about in u.s. history of making a huge argument how the world is changing and not paying attention to the plays for i am from. i came back through that lens and realized if you come at it from that direction then it is a different story. history always looks review stand and where you don't think it would have through the american i would say another lesson is that no revolution fails

to leave problems in challenges the with the wonderful visions of democracy that are elsewhere but we have to realize is that that is just the very beginning that may end up taking a quite unexpected form. >> your parents are esteemed scholars. did they say you have to look at things differently? not at all? mother. [laughter] >> could you address the question of those loyalist who either remained behind in the new nation or for whatever reason after a period of time they decided to return to the new nation

have a retreated by their fellow americans? and were mayor ken points is at the moment of british withdrawal, that outcome was inouye clear. there were a lot of episodes of violence, legal measures take 10, over the period of a year or two things are bloodbath. gulag, or the story of the loyalist has also the often been woven into a good story of the ability of the country

to accommodate. with the emergence of political parties nicosia the arguments is biased new forms of hall the relationship goes forward. >> i recall reading about the gravestone in india. and you mention the loyalist compensation but i am aware the british would not permit claims to be made if the tory was forced to take the oath.

>> too great questions. the first is about india. one of the great pleasures was falling a loyalist where they went because i wanted to see what they left behind in terms of documents but also the intelligible -- intangible things because only a privileged few khalid documents because i saw a grave built by a former loyalist to move to india who became a incredible military commander rearing the indian woman had 1/2 in the and family and spent the rest of his life there. his eldest son preceded him so he goes a wonderful monument that is still there and arises out of the mustard fields in of central north india just amazing

other is the claims commission whereby the british government decides to give compensation using treasury funds. it sounds great to of course, there are bureaucratic and legal hurdles so it is very difficult for the loyalist to make claims to have to prove their loyalty in in the process there is a glitch in the case that will make it more difficult to win compensation what became of elisabeth johnston's father? has resaw him reluctantly giving her and marriage and

19 l.a. by a roberts where the narrative then narrative of the south side 18670 war has been pretty well high-tech by the south so the way the two have been handled. >> elizabeth johnston's father fights in the army then goes to britain to get the loyalists claim and then resells in nova scotia of the number one place for the loyalist refugees and ... the rest of his life there and is buried there. the reason it fits in with

memory of the complex is my suggestion and the loyalist are victors in the end is brought out we don't have a lost cause they're not rainy-- raising secret toast to the restoration of the monarchy in america are have any folklore songs of lost why don't we have that? partly because they were reintegrated into the british empire. they remain british subjects , they found a new home it was geographical but not necessarily a new identity. and they were reintegrated into the u.s. but we are missing something if we forget this was a civil war and i am fascinated by the

discrepancy between the incredible sense we have about the need to rebuild and the way in which we have erased the need to rebuild after the revolution when our process of values for in light of being for rich too. [applause] with one

one swiss re have ample terror who just did three hours with "in-depth" your most recent book, a demonic for the first time ever you're wearing the white contrasts. [laughter] we wanted to shake things up the bad. i stuck to the black dress the one photo with green but the design people and the arch people said it looked better to have me and white. but they would wreak color the dress i was wearing black eye was always in favor somehow that drove liberals mad and i enjoy doing that. >> this is banal for 67 months? >> [inaudible] >> he working on another book? >> no-no no. this book took a lot of

work. lot of research for crying about the french revolution but like most americans i did not know about it. talking to other humans and it will be about one year now. one i need to think about the next theme but also i am tired. [laughter] the book to read it of being fund. i usually hate the first two weeks but my publicist makes me get a burly that is the only thing i hate. but then my house more hurt by going to california and she will not give me a bought 4:00 in the morning so is like i am sleeping and. >> what is demonic about? >> it is about the mob mentality and howard is a part of liberalism the

american revolution and french revolution by contrast explain 200 years of the vestry of liberalism they rely on mobs like what you see of occupy wall street is stunningly consistent with what talk about in this book. >> chris christie has endorsed net romney. >> i hang on everything chris christie says so i guess i am an irani girl. i really am. had in my, my have had it. he is not ronald reagan. he is fantastic in the debates and demonstrated ability to get liberals to vote for him. [laughter]

>> billy better not been in a decline along stretches of time today we're probably living in the most peaceful time of our species existence. the decline of violence has not been steady or brought it down at zero or guaranteed to continue. nonetheless that has persisted visible on scales to this banking of children and the treatment of animals. this evening i will discuss sixth major historical declines of violence that's

a historian would o her out but the historical forces interacting with human nature. the first major decline until 5,000 years ago humans ever lived in anarchy without central government what was life like in this state of nature people have had opinions for many centuries. thomas said the life of man is solitary, poor, nasty and short. 100 years later it had been countered nothing to be marred gentle and man in his primitive state. both were pontificating from the armchair neither knew what was like a prior in today we can do better their

two methods to measure the death rates. line is forensic archaeology what proportion of three historic skeletons have signs of violent trauma decapitated skeletons, arrowhead its imbedded in the femur in fractures on the older bone and mummies found with ropes tied around their necks. unfortunately the space will not accommodate visuals but i have 23 his story are kelo said they tried to proportion the skeletons in range from zero% through 60% and the average is 15%.

what match that figure with some state societies. united states in europe become variable rate of death from warfare was 1% and if we try to get the worst possible figure by throwing in all the war deaths from genocide to roach third-world to figure 3%, the figure from 2005 for the most recent decade on a graph is far less than a pixel which is three tenths of 1%. the second way of estimating the death is from vital statistics. what percentage of people

living the in recent non state societies die at the hands of their fellow humans? again, the graph that i would display shows 27 as societies for which figures are available and i have plot to them using the scale of violent deaths per 100,000 people per year ranging from zero through 1500 but the average is about 500 deaths per 100,000 people per year. and let's compare the figure with the corresponding figure and we will stack the deck by choosing the most violent states in the most violent era in its history

such as germany in the 20th century. is a similar figure to what they have for russia which goes through two world wars a revolution in the seoul war. japan was closer at 60 united states was less than three and the world of the 20th century of the death of for 100,000 per year. what is the first decade but of the 20th century throwing in all of their world wars, genocide and man-made famine. what is the immediate cause of this change if the rates of violent death?

rising expansion as states. they are familiar with the peace is imposed by the empire or hegemon. when the state imposes control over a territory it tries to stamp out tribal reading and feuding. not because this comes from a benevolent interest in the welfare budget the reading and feuding is a nuisance because it just settle scores and shuffles around at a net loss to those who would just as soon keep them alive. but just as a farmer has an interest to keep the cattle from killing each other, the emperor or the were or will

try to keep this subject people from killing each other at a loss to himself. the second historical transition is the civilized process with life between the middle ages with a lovely would cut to put the daggers through the peasants and the early modern period. it turns out in many parts of europe going back hundreds of years going back to the 14th in 13th century, over time over the centuries to find a plot from the average rate to the contemporary european rate of one per 100 the person per year with a decline by a factor of 35. one of many graphs i can ask

you to imagine that consist of a jagged line that meanders from the top left when statistics started to be kept and meanders its way to the bottom right of the graph that represents the era in which we're now living and that is true for homicide in europe. the immediate cause of the european homicide was identified by the german sociologists in the book called the civilizing process and during the translations translations, there is essential stay and kingdom out of the european patchwork of of principalities and duchies and as a result criminal-justice was nationalized in a life of you being were lords was

replaced by the king's justice for some genius had the idea instead of the family of a victim collecting blood funny, if it was the state tax collected the money, it would be a constant revenue stream. the king sent a representative to every town wants a year to tally the number of homicides though the king could collect compensation from the family of the perpetrator. the agent of the crown was called the corner which is why recall the official who assesses the time of death a corner. but despite flat to a growing is a tutor of commerce money, finance, and contracts, to reinforced and recognized within those

boundaries and technology such as transportation, better roads and instruments of timekeeping and other technologies. the result is zero some that gain was the others loss that was replaced by a positive trade where the exchange can benefit. the third major transition and then to impose peace on their kingdoms such as where the victim was tied to a wagon wheel and the executioner would smash the arms and legs with a sledgehammer then they would be hoisted up on to the wagon wheel and left to die of exposure and shock.

her burning at this state, a song seen in half, in pale been through the rectum tsk in going through the flesh with nine hooks but in a remarkably narrow slice of time centered in the 18th century, torture as a form of punishment was abolished by every major country including the united prohibition bit -- prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment which was part fifth of a global movement to abolish torture. the 18th century also saw the abolition of other institutionalize forms of violence that we consider barbaric such as the application of the death penalty. england had 222 capital offenses of the book including poaching, counei