running -- >> kcci coverage from des moines will continue shortly.

all of the results from voting in the caucasus and of the state are being telephoned in here to the poll county convention center in des moines where the audio a republican party is counting the votes.

[inaudible conversations] the present reporting rick santorum with 25% and mitt romney 25%. in a very close race. less than a dozen votes they're separating the two. ron paul with 21%. >> and the second and there is a big drop-off hear newt gingrich is next in fourth place with 13% of the votes. rick perry at 11,159 come and michele bachmann at 5514. we will continue to update those numbers for you live as theyon come in here. ight now, with his thoughts tonight and as he has been sharing them with us throughout the evening news channel eight dennis contador take on what we have seen so far. >> we have seen a very interesting evening when we havr got the emergence of a plausible out alternative to mitt romney who could win the support of social and religious conservatives.

we have three candidates fighting for that, michele bachmann, governor rick perry and rick santorum to read and ae least in tonight and i knew whae it is h rick santorum. additionally, depending on howad these numbers hold, and as youa. said, you know, we are separated here by 19 votes of the moment between rick santorum and mitt --mney but there's a 4,000 gatt with ron paul. for all the people talk about coe importance of the televised debates and the advertising and so forth, rick santorum has done it the old-fashioned way. work hard, work hard and get hot at the end with boots on the ground. >> all right. just one really -- we are going to take a break from you and i appreciate that. but we are -- >> ron paul is about to address his supporters. let's listen. he just reached the podium. >> thank you very much. [applause] [cheering] i don't know if you can hear me

but in ankeny he just walked into the raucous crowd. they are chanting his name at this time. dr. paul just walked in and is being backed by a lot his supporters in central iowa and as you can see they are shooting a television spot right in front of us.ou so as the camera kind of moves in and out we will listen toghty dr. ron paul. >> i did you might recognize my life. is on the cookbook. anybody see that cookbook? [applause] well, thank you very much. what a delightful crowd. and, you know, sometimes i say there was a good speech. was a o no, there was a good crowd. that makes all the difference i. the world. you know, we talk about and a.je mentioned one of three tickets out, which is obviously true, and one of the two that can a actually run the national campaign and raise the money. but there is nobody that oughttr to have people like you working

hard and enthusiastic and believe in something. [cheers and applause] that is all the difference in the world. woe before i continue if any more comments, i do want to bring at least a step forward for each of our chairmen.three of our you've already a.j. stryker and david fisher would step forward h well as drew ivars who's been the chairman and they are thehe committee and the of led the charge all throughout iowa. [cheers and applause] but all i can think about in tha top campaigns and all the hard work is the wor tk that you peoe do. it is unbelievable. the energy that you have and the effort that you have made. but what makes me feel good about it is that you are doing it because you believe in something. that is.ause] [applause]

but you also know that there are two good things.s. you say you just do that because you believe in something and want to promote the cause.omot certainly how is the best way ta promotey the cause? that is to win the elections. that is where you promote it. i. [applause]the now the enthusiasm has been unbelievable. it's fantastic. its national. thousands of people now have on been involved only in on the web cound the country and they are ready ad raring to go. but we have to londok at the wonderful changes that have occurred in our country in a positive way. the country has suffered a lot in a - week.in a native the economy is in trouble. our civil liberties are being lb trashed.trashed. amess a drainlicy has been mess and dreams us both economically and our militarymi. plrces, but at the same time, po people are coming together, and we had the task, which where we eas very successful is

reintroducing some ideas the has republicans needed for a long time coming and that is -- that is the conviction that freedom is popular. [cheers and applause] but once again, we have had a fantastic showing for the cause and challenging people, not the status quo that we have been wee out th aes with f after decades. dec le's golenging than saying this challenge, you have to go back to this old fashioned idea, this very dangerous idea.. let's obey the constitution. [cheers and applause], those and too often those who preach limited government and small government, they forget that pry invasion of your privacy is big

government and we have to have p emphasize protecting your and personal rights and economic rights are what the government w is supposed to do. they are not supposed to run our lives or spend our money. [cheers and applause] and also, along those lines would be introduced with so much enthusiasm i hear so often from so many volunteers the other dat somebody came up to be and he was refreshing my memory. he knew i knew the statement i'cause it said it. back in the old'days in the early 70's, nixon said we are kel keynesian is now, which meant that even though. ev republicans accepted the liberal economics putative he said i'm liral econr the day when we can say we are all austrians now. wn [applause] listening to ron paul supporters might. ug says his campaign has helpedo reintroduce ideas and that the republicans have needed for a long time and he says his etmpaign is challenging thewe g status quo. >> right now he's about 21, 22%

with 88% of the precincts reported. let's go to todd who isys live y the romney campaign at the hotel fort des moines. tauter? a new monary sy >> kevin and stacey an unprecedented might, the tie for the romney headquarters and it's ard and itthat we have never seen before here in iowa. one of the people that's beenth aboutng very closely is the steering committee member, one ey t is a big supporter for mitt theney. brian kennedy, thanks for joining us. tell me a little bit about what you think about these numbers and an unbelievable tight. >> think it's exciting to have a race this close but it's alsod, exciting to see mitt romney finished at the top or very near the top. you know, if you weeks ago wealt couldn't imagine -- we were hoping to finish in the top has three and one of the free tickets out of iowa. it looks like we might win the whole thing. >> rick santorum has been here talkingay it seems like for the last year. mitt romney has been here for a couple of weeks. what does that say about the caucuses in iowa and the grassroots process?

>> mitt romney has been running for president of the united states and competing on lots ofg different things arounded the notant to brick santorum has been competing to be president of iowa, focused on wednesday.as mitt romney benefits from the fact she ran here four years ago and got to be known by people. so a lot of them said here in the early part of the year getting organized and other atates, raising the money that m its way to take to compete withf barack obama. so we feel like coming out of iowa we have the perfect position to go into new hampshire, wind next week, on to solve carolina and florida, whey geing sination and take the fight to barack obama. >> one logistical question, when mitt romney comes down tonight,s what is he going to say? is he going to say this is a great tight? ir-1, i didn't? what you think is going to happen? >> added that he will declare victory. there will be first and second but let's declare victory and went to new hampshire. >> brian kennedy, thanks veryt'e much.ay back to you. >> thank you very much. we are going to go over to thery continugrich campaign. emily price is there.elong th >> kevin and stacey we're heree

in vets auditorium, and you canu see behind me newt gingrich'soio family has taken the stage. a lot people in the crowd with'' signs retonight. we we gre told about ten minutes ago that he would be taking the stage in ten minutes. so we will just fill a little bit of time as he enters the ballroom here. at debts auditorium. this has got to be a disappointing night for his supporters to night, finishing a fairly distant fourth. i believe he's about 13% of the vote at the time. we understand he spent most of o the day down in southeast iowa with a few trying to make a last-minute push to campaign supporters down there and shemo. also tonight went up to the abot eyterloo area and spoke at a caucus tonight and then made his way down here. we are just waiting for him to take the stage to read a lot of his family members come georgiao on stage. you help alour supporonight -- >> actually i think we are goinr to go to laura nichols at the w

rick santorum stage. >> over to laura nichols.the there you go, you are on. >> hello. i can hear you now. sure talk about a cooney to discuss before. everyone is waiting and cannot wait to see if rick santorum takes the lead.xt we are waiting anxiously to see. if he takes the stage any time soon. we don't know. someone actually just went up into a microphone check and everyone got all excited hoping that he was coming to the stage. soon everyone has been chanting we pick rick and we love rick santorum and very, very exciting and we are just waiting to see what happens. he is upstairs with his family watching the results. one of his advisers just came down a few minutes ago and said that he has been in high spirits, as we think that he is excited and he is going to come downstairs fairly shortly so we are going to keep an eye on that special stage.n with us >> all right. vets very much. the latest numbers side of the

two can get much closer than seeing.him to 125 votes separating the leaders right now in the iowa caucus an this is with 89% of the a l precincts reporting. mitt romney is in first place by 125 votes. tonight. i believe if my math is bad that is why it in a journalist. rick santorum is that 25% andhe ron paul is at 21%. again, this is 89 per cent ofhis the precinct.d like >> and we move on now to cooney in that distant fourth placetha with 13%, rick perry with 10% and michele bachmann now with 5%. >> dennis, things are starting how ron shape now in a more solidified matter if you will. although we do see, you know, very extremely tight race. at the top. let me ask you again about thish second year if you will. you talked about money awhilecyi ago. tell me what's going to happen? what do you see happening here just kind of based on your historical perspective?s and evy

>> congresswoman bachmann hasn't had much money at all to begin with. she had an ad the last couple of days but she has had next to no money. and it's hard to see how this i. going to convince people to send e amps and w money to continue. campaigns run on contributions.k the car won't get very far s thout gasoline. thi campaigns won't get very far [cheers money. rick perry was somebody with texas-sized pockets so to speak. he had a lot of money. i figured out roughly, if i could remember what he spent in campaign ads with of the vote he got it was about $400 per vote in terms of the campaign ads.itp i mean, that's a huge. wh possibly still has money to get going but as i said earlier, he can certainly try to go to south carolina. new hampshire is not promisingvt for him in the least. he can try to go to south carolina and sort of move his alamo there as opposed to san antonio. >> does anybody fallout after tonight?r is >> the ask how congress, and

continues. we are on our way. thave inf welu bought our tickets. they were refundable. but you can ask how she is going to continue, and but congressma. newt gingrich i.t. will probably speech and will try to make a stand in new hampshire. and rick santorum will have is w pockets open to him after the spanish.we >> what does rick santorum face. in the spanish? he has a dithfferent audience he in iowa. perhaps not. maybe that is an assumption on'' it tort but it seems very interesting is the reason for him as he movesto in the the northeast. worldnd >> think of it as a chess. ron paul in iowa helps mitti wil romney because those votes don't go to somebody like rickve o santorum or somebody more conventional. the f okay? we move to new hampshire. new hampshire republicans, their conservatism is more fiscal and it is social. so, in a sense ron paul could help rick santorum in newperity. hampshire against miss -- mitt romney.

but it's hard -- rick santorum has been to new hampshire. we will see what kind of stand he can make.[cheer but from paul can certainly have some votes deutsch that live free or die bumper sticker. >> does the message change once they move out of you? >> ron paul's message never changes that is one of the things his supporters like. rick santorum probably will talk more about foreign policy and economics. he's talked about that somewhat in iowa east in the leg and his brand is that he is that strong social conservatives against same-sex marriage againstte. abortion and so forth. place but he will probably talk moreet about economics and foreign policy. san >> okay.to dennis, vets. >> let's go back over to the newt gingrich headquarters and ehere i do believe the speaker is about to take the stand if he hasn't already emily price is there. [applause] >> yes, he is just getting on the stage right now. his wife is by his side.et he is just about to take the stage about 200 supporters.

[cheering] >> good evening. [cheering] we all know that the 2012 election is about jobs and the economy. we know that americans demand candidates with ideas and solutions to rebuild the america we love. [cheering] there is only one conservative in this election and we just punched his ticket for new hampshire. n [applause]ew [cheering]

[chanting] >> vets. i want to thank linda, the majority in the house and gregg, my former colleague in the congress who really all summer held this together. i wa it could have fallen apart. i want to thank everybody that worked particularly during the avalanche of the negative ads. i want to thank the people of te iowa.io all through been drowned in the negativity, everywhere we went people were positive, they weree wceptive, they were willing toe ask questions, they wouldn. listen, and they really wanted raer thao the truth rather than distortion.32nd distortion, and it really is a feeling that this process does work. i am delighted to be here to tonight. and i think that we are at the beginning of an extraordinarily

important campaign. [cheers and applause] >> the ultimate goal of this campaign has to be to replace barack obama and get america back on the right path. [cheers and applause] but let's be clear one of theon things that's become obvious in the last few weeks in iowa is that there will be a great debate in the republican party before we are prepared to have a great debate dhaka -- barack obama it's important.want to now i want to take just a minute and congratulate a good friend of ours, somebody that i get my ear and his family we admire and it is rick santorum. he has a great positive campaign. [applause]

i served with rick and we have a great relationship over the years.nship and i admire the courage, discipline, the way he focused.e e d i also admire how positive r he was but i wish i could say that for all the candidates. t but here is the key thing to thk ask. it's not just about being obama obama,ortant as that is. it is about what do we need to do as a country to get back on the right track that is bigger than just replacing one person at the white house.th that is fixing the congress, fixing the bureaucracy, fixing the courts, resetting the culture, getting the judges toto understand that they operatehey within the constitution, not above it.ot abo there are tremendous steps we have to take and we have to reestablish the work ethic and realize we want a reward to work, not redistribution. we want a reward paychecks, not t od stamps. wan bes is going to be an important national conversation. it's not just about here at

home. we also have to understand, and this will be a major debate thed mngressman paul who has had a very good night and i ngratulalate him and having done him well. the o fact is his views on foren policy i think are stunningly fongerous for the survival ofus e ununited states.th and i think it is a very simple question, which i would be glad a the next debate to ask congressman paul. if you have a terrorist who is prepared to put on a bombing and where it is the best and what can to a grocery store or mall or boss and a blow themselves un as long as they can tell you --y kill you why would you think they have access to nuclear weapon they wouldn't use it? and iranian nuclear weapon is tl one of the most frightening iranian nucle ofings we havear to confront for the future of every young persoe of here and ev oery young person out there. if you're going to o live in safety they have to live in a

which er which there is no iranian nuclear weapon, period. [applause] so, on that front we will have a very important debate. is an i is the will dangerous and we need to be strong enough to the protect ourselves? w or iors the world really safe ad it is just the americans who ara conffeused? i have no doubt about 9/11. it was bad people trying to kill us. it wasn't americans. i have no doubt about the iranians, and i have no doubt about the importance of the abouthe of israel as a moral cause, which we have to o recognize is simple to ourur fur future. [applause] >> so, we will have a great debate. deb and it's importantat for setting the new stable foreign policy ior the 21st century. one other great debate and that

is whether this party wants a rd washingtonservative who helped change washington and the peace and helped change washington and the 1990's as the speaker of the house, somebody who wasn'tto cha changingng washington or we wana massachusetts moderate to in fact will be pretty good at managing the decay that is given no evidence in his years of massachusetts as any ability to change the culture or the changa political structure. [applause] clear. >> new gingrich address is thinorters again talkingim about the negative campaign ads and we' impact that has had on his campaign. he did congratulate rick santorum on his great positiveot campaign and he says the election is not just about beating president obama as he said what do we need to do as a country to get on the righte th track?th and then when it came to congressmen ron paul he said thl

beliefau is dangerous. >> just as that was going on,ift you made the comment this is a declaration of the war on rontht going tbe a debrich. >> by newt gingrich and again that is another republican inpay w that thinks a muscular national connce in the u.s. place of world affairs is absolutely oftral and a part of their brand. >> we took a look at some of the wmbers i want to bring you back into it to talk also about new c gingrich definitely going to new hampshire from he still sounds very much like a candidate.o >> i think the use the phrase on iwo punched his ticket to new you wiire. it on your lecompte newt find gingrich's to get the new hampshire he must have been holding it between his teeth when i love punched it.vived of dlarsa pretty good punch in the mouth for newt gingrich. for olunteermake a stand in new hampshire but it's hard to see how he can get much further atey this point kind of score. >> i would have to get this down

to 140 characters, so i willmeon talk about editing yourrom statement that there are 45sgivg ates i think as we saw aaid, i separating the two top candidates.rom >> let's see. rick santorum, 23, it's about 72.i staying yeah.. something like that. >> we have another 93%. so the numbersey d idhave actuay changed here a little bit. but it is just incredible. and i see what you're talking about on the numbers. >> 45 for rick santorum right now. so actually the lead is a we se switching its switching by a i want to say one last thing. we were over earlier tonight at waterloo which has the largest single site for caucusing. a very distant relative, like 190 years who came from pennsylvania for his great great grandfather spoke to me.

history kind and has a younger daughter. part of what he said to this caucus is about his sons. who just came back from serving in the middle east. it reminded me and i would like to close this because it is important. it is why the experience and the new hampshire experience, the places where you have to see people. you cannot buy tv ads or used for mccall's but in the end is people. thisrocess houh we were not even supposed to be here tonight. oppressiveness to be this p february 6th initially. so we've got a hampshire next week. we've got south carolina, florida, nevada in some spots, then there is a bit of a gaffe and then the delegate primary ia really get underway at the end of february beginning of march. biptisanere is some time for rick santorum to grow those legs so to speak to it speaks before, dennis. >> before you go i think therer time were some statistics that showtm s to may being spent by the

independent pacts especially down in florida on mitt romney's seibu to talk about romney but here the latest numbers. they are starting to trickle in. we are still at 93% with rickvie santorum of 28,102 and mittng romney at 28,003 petraeus we ard talking about 99 votes separating them right now. aps and and third with 21%. second looks like newt gingrich has been at 13% virtually all night. we heard from him. we haven't heard from rick perry, not sure that we are going to. 10%. and michele bachmann, 5%. we are waiting for her and whether she is going to save the campaign. >> now we are going to chicken life with todd at the mitt romney campaign. >> kevin and stacey there is what i would call some confusion here tonight about this. one minute the result will come on and they will scream, they are happy. the next minute the result will come on and rick santorum will be ahead and they are sad. they don't know what to do. the big question is which of the

candidates comes down first, rick santorum or mitt romney to greet the crowd, cause as you grtingusually the winter comes down last, the loser comes down first.rding so we have been waiting to greet the romney people have been here saying what they are going to do like they will be waiting for the numbers to continue to command, although we are at way above 90%. so there isn't much left.in thef potentially there t could be the types of the need to decide between the two camps who comes san and who doesn't. the folks have been watching the results coming in tonight, and o of course the last one was cooney. a lot of boos for him who said he was excited about all of the negative ads they seem to think that is the way to play the game and they didn't believe that he was heard by that so that is the latest from here. still kind of a waiting game and a tie. we will stick around and see who comes down first. >> has been an issue of the sickly statistical leapfrog it seems. it's been exactly we're looking at 30 votes got 12 votes, whoonr

knows. we wke tt gets any tighter than that, it truly is a tie. >> vets. >> we are going to take a break for some commercials. we will be right back.the and note that we will not see any political ads during the next two minutes. >> the results from the iowa caucuses continue to come in. we will return to kcci in a minute. we will get the latest from iowa on tomorrow's washington journal along with a preview of next week's new hampshire primary.

, and the anti-war

movement will not apply the same standard of calling for impeachment. standards >> chief meteorologist, john mclaughlin and sports direct your indycar event. we are proud to be iowa's new leader. >> our commitment wife of coverage continues with michele bachmann's campaign headquarters at the west des moines marriott getting ready to address news

reporters. [cheers and applause] there is no other candidate out there that work any harder than. the michele bachmann. i'm so excited about youry at 1%, ie. you take to south carolina. you take to florida. you take it new hampshire. youot go get them because right here is the real, real deal. any sois is what we need in this country. i've talked about my young kids and the irresponsibility of this generation and those people in washington d.c. and this lady here, pound for hutd is the toughest person in washington d.c. so with that, i want to introduce you to the next president of the united states, michele bachmann. [cheers and applause]eally

>> thank you, brad. i appreciate that. i was introduced in all 99 county has, pound for pound. i can't thank him enough and the entire iowa team. i just have some prepared remarks. i'm so grateful you are here and then we will have a party afterwards. so stick around. thank you so much, everyone at thank you to iowa, my home callr state. rick santorum, newt gingrich, to congratulate each one of them and their respective places this evening in the lineup. the people of iowa has spoken and they have written the very first chapter in this long journey to take our country back from barack obama. make no mistake, we will. [cheers and applause] once again, this wonderful republic that we are privileged to live and as were.

the process worked.e people ot thek people of iowa who chose tonight. it wasn't the pundits, wasn't the media. this be while this has been a tough campaign, we should never forged that its crucible will make ther eventual nominee tried for even tougher battle that is yet toa. come against barack obama. i am so proud of the people that run our campaign here in iowal r and will be forever grateful to iowa wonderful state and to the wonderful people in iowa for launching us on our paths to the jury in the iowa straw poll. sth this seat has given voice to people all of our country that barack obama's liberal policies are finished and that in 2012, there will be another occupant in the white house. who knows, maybe even enough there they shall white house. [cheers and applause] and once again the people's

voice will be heard there. make no mistake as i've said often in early on this campaign, barack obama will be a one term president. did she hear that, america? you heard it here from iowa. i am a very real person. i am not a politician, nor do ie ever hoped or aspire to be a politician.t i thought what the government was doing to all of us, to her children and doing to our liberties. so i decided to stand at. i decided i would fight not only for her five children and 23 foster children, but also for your children, to because they deserve it. we deserve to give them a better i d more hopeful future. it is really true. i'm sorry to say, we've strayed from the addition of our founders view of government in the 2012 election may very well be our last opportunity to reclaim our liberty from a government that somehow seems bent on taking more and more of it away from us every m day.

prencynce day one of barack obama's presidency, i have led the fight, in washington againt his liberal, socialist policies. when the president wanted a1 tr $1 trillionil stimulus package,i said no. when the president pushed to take over your health care and sializedocialized medicine, i led 40,000 people to washington d.c. to let the president know that the american people are against it. we don't want socialized we are n medicine. we are not going to keepbara socialized medicine and barack obama socialized medicine will be repealed. [cheers and applause]when when the president said last summer he wanted to raise the debt limit to an early football $16 trillion, i said no. eeagicly bast three years, and the american people have tragically been deprived in

their president a leader as heat routinely weathers when he is confronted with a paramount challenge of our geneneration. president obama is guarded and guided by its hardened ideology and has withheld any prospect for economic recovery as he routinely places his ownideology political fortunes in a plan reelection plan for both the interest of the american people. look no further than his denial is building the keystone two pipeline. his ras all about his reelection.no nothing to do with energy independence for the americanein people. his liberal reign will end and the american people and our economy will finally be free. what we need is a candidate in she likeness and image of a i ronald reagan who has the bold difference is necessary to take obama.sack e wa we need is a fearless conservative, one with no compromises on their record, spending, health care, crony capitalism, defending america.

>> michele bachmann talking to her reporters tonight. obviously a disappointing night for the woman who won the ames strawg poll. she received 5786 votes, 5% of the vote tonight.dicati >> no indication from hershey is any plans to pull out right now. we want to check the latest numbers right now as they're coming in. roughly 92% of the vote then. rick santorum beating 28,276, 20,147 for mitt romney. ron paul a 20% with 24,325. second tier, newt gingrich holding on at 13%. at 10%, michele bachmann at 5% sdc one of mentioned. one of the things we should point out as we heard fr tom assistant is to wreck her, dan carton at the tabulation center at 7% of the precincts reporting have not reported. about half of the uncounted numbers are from story county. g

>> and with that set of precincts reporting does that give you any idea what to expect quick >> well,pe i've got more recent. numbers here. it shows about a 68 vote gap mi between santorum and romney and that includes 56% of the precincts in story county reporting.44% have not so 44% have not reported here from story r county.story but this is one of those cases in which story county for a gallery small county, crawford yes or some others could make the difference in bragging rights.about >> we've talked about this before and you have said, it is not necessarily about who wins theth iowa caucus as it is he>>s doesn't. does >> it is he doesn't. assisting with congressman bob and come to she certainly didn't and newt gingrich didn't, but it's also that exceeding

expectations. the story coming out of iowa certainly has to be rickhe santorum. he sat there admit to high single numbers in polls for almost a year. but again, working iowa the old in ion ioa and meeting people small circumstancessm on ason to person basis that iowans like about iowa and some it the country does. of course a lot of them don't like the fact iowa has this role, but it indicates the ioa and rick santorum coming out toe be either a close first orr secd isond, whichever untranslated echoes inching forward here. he is the story coming out ofioa iowa.o take a >> dennis, thank you. find ou >> coming up will find what it's like to go to your first caucus as a reporter. >> more coverage from kcci coming up shortly. some of the reporters covering

iowa caucuses are sending out tweets. "time" magazine that tweets, iowa, romney and santorum are in a dead heat. "washington post" politics. next grt dates january 7 and june are a come a close makes them the next major event. in the republican

primaries. right now we're back toward in- eakeeen rick santorum and >> caucus coverage continues now with a virtual tie with virtually all of the votes in. that take a look at specifics right now with 96% precincts reporting, rick santorum under 29,000 votes, and that romney far behind also 80 votes or alot something like that. and ron paul a 21%. >> take a look at the second hav candidates tonight. and newt gingrich were 13% of the votes. rick perry with 10% and michele bought been with 5%. tonight, kerry gavin gave us a iaok at democracy - inaction.e c >> cary joins us now. >>rst of all, going to the caucus that was fascinating to sit here and watch theanks for democratic process unfold.to tak but this is your first process quick >> this is my first caucus, but i just missed it last time.

intest inamazing mix earrings. a huge sense of community and pride in the iowa caucuses.ey're i didn't know what to expect going into tonight, but i is an certainly didn't anticipate whay happened. a few minutes before 7:00,e same congressman ron paul walken in the back door of parker elementary school in ankeny, doi shaking hands and taking pictures with voters. i was able to ask a few i would s. he clialled it a process that ws impressive and he said the crowd was as well. paul also addressed the 500 plus voters as all campaigns have the opportunity to do's other candidates had very good t speaker and their behalf, the ron paul was not the only big name. two of michele bachmann's children asked to support their mother and rick peary's son talking with an accent would be the best president because he knows how to do was to our country. ready to hn thune to back mitt romney to be president obama.

imposeantorum had a central iowa volunteers become his behalf and caucus goers seemed pleased that the night went. >> i think it's great to turn out that we had. a really this is awesome thing we were able to te get this much enthusiasm because people realize how important it is. it's not just about iowa, but it's the nation. >> ron paul's appearance so the show.romney o the crowd exploded with applause and his caucus stopped at that location may have just helped him. the one that caucus locationcani around.6 votes over mitt romney out of the 530 votes, ron pau go 137. there were a few people we were told who wrote and things like newt perry or week gingrich. >> what do they do with those votes? >> at the very open process, including accounting.

>> they threw those votes out. this is the first year that they actually recorded the undecided votes, which i think says a lot about the process and how many iters went into the caucus undecided. >> dcom process.rican christia some reports awesome video. i tinkered with elementary san school with some rather loud exchanges. >> know, everyone's very exciter to see ron paul and the hulk vem push to the top tonight. >> anything surprise you about the process? >> just how involved people were. we talked with people with jon husband she was planning on getting on the stage until people started booing him. i said how do you feel about jot huntsman dana is only for picking corn, not president whol she says i don't like what he says that if the reporter meant by to tell other people why they support him, but she didn't do that. >> jon huntsman with an interesting quote when asked

about what is his message to thl winner of the iowa caucus and he says nobody cares. to >> well, some people care, including myself now. >> thank you very much. great job tonight.ctly >> again looking at 95%, 96% of the go. can rick santorum a 25%, mitt romnet 25% and i'm not so good with the mass, but they are not separated by a whole lot of those here. ron paul and with 21% of the vote. >> take a look at that second tier. newt gingrich at 13% come in.nkr 10%.aking my we just heard from michele -- tmann checking in with just under 6000 votes out of more than 100,000 shao far.crat a >> dennis, looking at youreen computer all night long. what do you see now? >> we still have a letter from story county. again, thatve is about -- i just did it in my head, 118 votes

difference. it's back and forth. what's interesting to me it's been a quick mental estimate rant elelearned arithmetic before -- >> are writing on the back of a shovel. >> i know, i know. back when john was a wee lad. >> i counted about 115,000. less than it was 118,400, something like that. >> this goes contrary to what we've been thinking that this would be a huge turnout. hady spent so much publicity and conflict. a muscle.n hamas all of a sudden we get 5000 people showing up from rac somewhere and it's hard to see how it can be at this point, i'm det. really surprised because while there were some republican activists who said over the past month will be about the same as last time, between 80,090,000 is just astounding to me. i still wonder where

particularly with the entrance polls and how many and deployment, where were republicans tonight? >> the majority of 41% were undecided state home? >> somebody stayed home. however we slice and dice it, somebody stayed home. candi >> was shot to number of times d was an intimidating process. perhaps not as intimidating as the democratic party could have been declared, but still showing thursdayparticular time and canding an hour or so in a process a little bit different than the primary process. week >> as they watched it during the kerry's support, i thought this really is democracy inbe action. >> it is really cool. i was thinking, i have a college a drake from the east coast and we have got her out here to join our faculty about 10 years ago. i thought my gosh, however keep her here? she came in the morning after first caucus blurry eyed and iay said i was at? she said if you promise me this

experience every four years, iowa worsts a paper? nahayan? i will sign my life away.o yo she absolutely loved it. >> issue still here? >> yeah. did not >> laura nichols with the rick santorum campaign.nd >> hi stacy and kevin. i wish he could be here rightted now because it is so exciting in this room.mike everyone is waiting and waiting. people checking telephone, computers are looking at numberl in the latest numbers i saw with rick santorum ahead by less than 100 votes. it is nerve-racking. one of rick santorum's advisers just came out a few minutes agob he came up on stage and said it kind of like a standout. he said the winner obviously comes out last comest the rick santorum is waiting for mitt romney to call him and mitt romney waiting for rick santorug to call him so we can figure out who is the winner can come downo and talk ones f stage. excited everyone is waiting hopefully next time you come

back to us we will have ricky. santorum that they are talking on stage and giving his speech. >> laura nichols reporting live. thank you very much. >> maybe they should come down at the same time. we may not know for a while.? >> left channel, right channel. >> patrick bowe with the rick perry campaign today.i have >> yeah, a very large crowd here at the shared in west desn beate moines. we see texas governor, rick perry, now coming to the podium with his wife. a tough night for candidate kerry, but there is no sign tha he isab going to quit his campaign. there is no sign he's going to let this affect it. but look at what governor perry had to say.. [cheers and applause] >> all right.. , brother. cant you, man.

you and ruth were awesome. i can't think of any better people to have had work in iowa for us. take a mont and i want to take a moment and say thanks to the people of iowa. they welcomed us into their homes and these were communities they remind me to and i so much to the places were weaker up and worthy of a culture commissioner sraveled across the state of texas. i've got to tell you, cliff, there's so much reminded me of a this backt in 1990 when we coml ndas a the state ofle texas. no one thought we had a chance to win and we surprised a lot of people. eling he is we had that same feelinreg here, people who lovet america, let the values this country are based upon. upon. and all of you folks who traveld from 30 plus states to come hero [cheers and applause] -- and to work and to caucus. sg

i want to share with you just a letter that was handed to me earlier. and this was like, he said, sais words cannot express how thankful i am for being able ton serve you this past week.rve yoh myis name is called smith. ratepayer, brother. 2 he said 924 years old and i just graduated from tulsa state ai s university. lives in texas and says -- he ag he got his bs degree in act and he graduated in the top 10 in his class. [cheers and applause] and 3, just like i did. [applause] sai and he said, i drove here.ere, i i broke down in kansas. he said i spent $2000 to get ita

fixed. he said well, i got a loan. it. but still made it. t hehe said, this has been the bet experience of my life. he said today sid for the firstu time in perry, perry, iowa. he said i know you're a good man, but i never realized what a great man you are. [cheers and applause] he said it brought me to tears to see a man who fears the lord. and when you told that soldier were you called in your christian brother.call he said it blew meed away. he said, i want so much for meto that iw -- he said it wanted to

know that i got to know your son and they got to meet your wife, hd nida. your family is wonderful.oyed my i've enjoyed my visits with your staff along the way. ray sullivan are great people. basically what you to know, you matter and are making and are m difference. i visit 1000 homes today. and you matter to them also. this has to be the greatest honor of my life. >> tyson smith from ocala, texas. i wanted to read that to you. p any ps by saying, sorry about rambling so much, but i've been out since 1:30 in the morning

putting out signs. 400 signs. that's what it's all about, abo, folks. ihat is what this has all been about. i just want to say thank you to everyo everyone who's come and volunteer to work and made the most incredible experience for myself and for the one then thai i have been so blessed to have by my side all these many years. 13 years of my life of what it is.no there's not a land that spot any harder or been a greater partner to my wife, anita and my sweetheart and the love of my to life and we're life sleepless on the to be to be on this stage and representing the state of texas and frankly representing america. i think the values that are so important to our country and to be here with our children and michael in sydney. when i began this campaign morec than fouram months ago, i didn't

do it because as a lifelong ambition to be the president of the united states. i did it because their countriey and travel. many of you heard the story of a sitting on the couch and talkinw about, this wasn't my purpose in life, but her country was in l trouble. and it was my duty to serve my e this ca whenrv my time. and this campaign has never bees about me. it has been about a movement of americans who say her country that is really not on the track that most of us wanted to be on. $15 trillion of debt, some 50 million americans ontomericao stands, 13 million of us -- 13 million of our politicianswo. that were.he washing they don't see anyone makingem k hard decisions to get them back again. lfeet

they're looking for people to decisions. right d they are looking for someone that will stand up and give the, hope that we can get this country back on track again. but with the voter's decision tonight t in iowa, i decided to return to texas, assess the results of r tonight's caucus, determine whether there is a path forward for myself in this space. greatest this is the nation on the face of the eartha a nation that i was blessed to serve serve as a pilot in the uniteded air force, a nation that has banned and will continue to be a beacon for freedom around n the world. and and dan moran, u., marines like yourselves, soldiers that are serving still today and airmen,

sailors around the world, you made every minute it says worth it for ourselves and with a little prayer and reflection, i'm going to decide the best i wa forward. but i want to tell you, there is my life that to be abl should be able to share with the people of ohio and of this country, that there is a model to take this country forward any it is in the great state of texas. [cheers and applause] god bless you. thank you all for being with us] here tonight. >> rick perry make a statement he will return to texas to assess the results of the caucus and determine if there's a future for him in this race. >> as he said condit was in his his lifelong ambition to be president. one of the things he added was it was my duty to serve my country when our time, expressing a sense of

responsibility here. hint that forwd.w his favorite come to think that maybe what you think things over again. >> certainly sounded like the prelude if not the actual withdrawal speech. he really does have to think honight. as i suggested earlier, there were reports he didn't have f te money he thought he had after iowa. my seat-of-the-pants saw he was betting the pants on iowa. he finished a distant fifth. >> bar coverage of the caucus is from kcci tv. as do a tear from mitt romney and rick santorum, we take a look at tweets from reporters.

>> as we continue to watch tweets from reporters working in iowa following the ohio caucuses, we are watching new

hampshire, the next place on the presidential campaign. the candidates had there for the first elimination primary contest type name one week from today on january 10. we'll bring you town hall meetings, campaign rallies and speeches leading up to the contest happening next tuesday. follow the candidates on the c-span network at c-span.org and the c-span radio.

>> to watch more tweets from higher reporters in a minute. tomorrow morning on "washington journal," and that date what happened in iowa overnight and it revealed next week's new hampshire primary

paul than any' her candide. >> .net 12% and so that negative 50 with a negative that is, thet candidate with ron paul on thers airways to knock them down. he mentioned tonight was a verye telling night and i think that speaker gingrich and then send senator rick santorum and his speechwriter and praised him for a positive campaign. see perhaps there is something ins . the future. >> of course, gingrich has is aa overcome hisr. money problems he for end-to-end pretty darn well i'm shutting down campaign offices in iowa to reopening

them and working the system can't continue to stay in the race. >> there is a story about the fact that he slept at great jansky's house when he is absolutely no campaign money. iou see him a month ago at the top of the pack. so absolutely, he did come from the bottom to the top and now ag sort of in the middle. >> it will be interesting.ent, d a week or we get to new hampshire, so he probably if you're making a big assumption l here, probably could survive a week with what he has right now. but then the big question will be what happens after that? >> i don't know what his campaign looks like in south carolina. a lot of people both going to south carolina from here, bypassing new hampshire so will be interesting to see what happens to gingrich in new abo hampshire and how he does in south carolina. >> he had good numbers in south carolina and florida and that is tfore this past week and certainly before tonight, so we want to see what happens to o numbers there.

the governor of south carolina coming to keeley endorsed mitt romney sometime ago. to >> when someone is at the top oo this is one of the things we hear from undecided voters filing as people take notice when you're in the lead. someone like santorum is going to get a huge bump because this a now with the media is talking about, senator ricknn santorum. gingrich missing out on something like that when you finish in fourth, especially when the chapter were so close in the fourth will be sort of a footnote. >> a way that santorum has posted his buddy complained about. he never got paid any h attenti. once you get in the lead they pay attention. that's what happened to newt gingrich and i rick santorum will have attention devoted to him by the press. on to make it has to people payues attention, but also the money as well. >> ring the bell. separate - you two. t >> we could just push her way s back to the table. but we are going to take a break peoe should nent to take a look

at some new numbers. the numbers are up to 97%. almost there in terms of final numbers on a lot all that much has changed. looking at various merchantsok. right here. rick santorum was 29,210 does.id mitt romney was 29,173. and ron paul.idate. rickgingrich at 13%, rick perry with 10%, who is reassessing his campaign as you just heard. michele bachmann, no indication she is pulling out of 5%. >> going to check in with laura nichols at the rick santorum campaign tonight.at listen to c loretta. >> at coming getting pretty excited around here. moun just had people climbing up on stage, so we will see what happens. >> we've built a relationship over the last few minutes. by mark davis and dallas, fort a worth. i think rick santorum is a of a guy.

how about you quite just a few minutes away. g will go ahead and get this done. that is why these folks aroietod here. in just a few moments, you'll see i was secretary of state, not shoals. go enough for him. that will bring america. this review is on. we will take iowa and then run d to new i hampshire.ew hamps god bless you out. [cheers and applause] >> well, wait a few minutes bone with you, but let's take a break and get some commercial messages and then it will be back as the coverage continues. >> more from kcci in des moines, iowa and a minute. more tweets of reporters covering iowa caucuses. presidential election 2012 news we hand off the baton to

decide on the future of the iesidency to >> -- in iowa. i've decided to return to texas, says the results of tonight's

caucus, determine whether there is a path over for myself in this race. >> that is rick perry addressing supporters tonight after his pl disappointing fifth-place the finish. >> that's right. as you've heard him he's going e to assess the risk olds. cotion imes that means it is time to cut while you can. we will see what happens witht that.ha as you heard earlier before then break, awaiting rick santorum to come out and address hisent for followers. the last report is rick santorum leads by 100 votes or so. think we will continue to monitor those numbers until we get to 100%. those of the streaming across the bottom of your screen. dennis colford, bring us up to seeing.tured as are >> oftentimes i am askedbecahe the rest of the country. i will say what i do a days is generally not decide who will be thtectedident or nominee. iowa more often decides who will

not be the president and who will not be the nominee. we see that certainly with rick negay here. you know, i would expect to see at some point what shall t peope bachman.n the p chose to continue on with oat you and emily were talking about, the more interesting aspect of this one is tonight in three lower to your candidate may end up being newt gingrichmt and what his future is. he has really seen or coaster, the likes of which relate to see. are never that in the polls in iowa, although he is very close enjohe top. the thought and of course out of the caucus straw poll did very l well come aside her popularity go down. newt gingrich has seen the very repres same thing. >> although bachman didn't haves the wave of negative advertising that newt gingrich did. there was never any doubt that o advertising works just got washed away by some nominee of

negative ads.reciate i would watch news channel eight at 6:00 and of course a program he and we would have walked out after another after another >>eories just this garage. and with her in for ron paul and rick. as well as the pack that suppore stt romney. >> were the tone of those ads in the different than it has been in years past? are busy just not have the super packed to go after somebody else s nt quite >> gingrich never had much money. he didn't have much money. his stats and i quit last summer because he wasn't doing the work south ng in fund raising. it wasn't that he had a huge amount of money to advertise and numbers on that. he remade his camp came through feelised debates. >> sometimes taking the high road can help your campaign. we saw on the democratic side tx

four years ago or eight years with john edwards refused to go negative. iowans really responded to that in an interesting way. they say were all sick of theat ads. didn't seem to happen with newt gingrich because he was adamant that not going negative. >> will come he didn't have the money to go negative.interein he was tight and we'll have to remember anyone here would eat better than barack obama david fay. but ultimately they're all jostling to be the nominee. but when gingrich complained about the god and they may have mentioned this earlier, remember, he builds a political career on slashing attacks it when he got into congress and shepherded the republican majority in the come he told republicans in the attack that democrats can use words like sick and pathetic. runninat is part of an infamous memo. so what goes around comes

around. led by the sword, die by theradg sword. >> the 11th commandment there, thou shall not speak ill of ands another republican, that sort of got disobeyed disobeyednkr >> all right.l. dennis, whaten >> all right. dennis, what you suffer if theyi are. feedback would expect rick santorum will take the stage to address his supporters. that's over anticipating. we will go there now to the campaign. >> cabinets d.c., we are reading right now. senator santorum is supposed to be taking the stage with his wife and six children. apparently they are walking down the hall as we speak, so everyone is waiting with anticipation for them to take the stage at this point. we think they are here.

[cheers and applause] looks like his daughter, elizabeth, has took the stage. his children are on stage. [cheers and applause] frid, rick >> my friend, rick santorum. [cheers and applasantorum. [cheers and applause] [cheers and applause] y thank you. thank you. gambon. [cheers and applause] know, i

is all of you know, i do not bue speak from those, but there's a couple things i want to say that our little more emotional, so i'm going to read them as i wrote that. more cs lewis said a friend isc.s. someone who knows the song in your heart and can sing it backo to you when you have forgotten s ure words.yo b best friend, my life may currently sings that song's when i forget the words is my wife, karen. peoples and applause]

people have asked me how i have done this sitting back at the polls and not getting a whole lot of attention paid to us. s how did she keep going out toeol iowae in the 99 counties than 1 town hall meetings and speeches? well, every morning when i was getting up in the morning tothei take onng that challenge, i required a strike from anothertr particular french, one that is sacred. so farved the challenged.s so by the daily grace that comes from god. [cheers and applause] for giving me his grace every mat for letting me, and all, i offer a public thanks to god.od [cheers and applause]

third thanks, thank you so much, iowa. [cheers and applause] view, by standing up and not compromising, by standing up ang being bold and we've been, leading with that burden and responsibility you have to be first, you have taken the first step of taking back this country. this jrneyd applause] this journey started officiallyh just a few months ago and junen stood on the steps of theountyh county courthouse in somerset county,ousy pennsylvania.

i decided to go there, not the typical place someone announcesn president. not worry was born. now where i ever lived. but it is where my grandfather e came back in 1925. he came by himself, even thoughe he was married with twoo children, one of them being my father. he came after having pot in worldther c war i because mussoi had been in and figured out fascism with them came that would crush his spirit and his freedom and gave his children something less than he wanted for them.an he so he made a sacrifice. he left to the coal fields of southwestern, pennsylvania.orken atworked in the mine at a company town, got paid with coupons used to call them, live in a shack.

eventually he figured out that was a trip to nowhere, so we started taking money left so het could start to save. ot his did. and after five years come he got his citizenship and brought my father over at the age of seven. he ended up continuing to work in those mines until he was 72sh years old, and digging coal. i will never forget the first time i saw someone do it died. it was my grandfather. and i knelt next to his coffin and all i could do at eye leveld with look at his hands. his they were enormous hand. and all i could inquest, those hands dug freedom for me. and so to honor him, i went to somerset county because i believe foundational a, while the economy is in horriblecounty condition, why are country is

not as safe as i it was and why threads are rising around theing world. while the state of our culture, under this administration continues to decline with the ar values that are unlike the values that print this country, that the essential issue in this is freedom, whether we will be a country that believes that government can do things for us better than we can do for ourselves or whether we believe as our founders did, that rights come to us from god and when hee gave us those rights, he gave us the freedom to go out and live those -- that this right now to build a great and just society, not from the top down, but from the bottom up. [cheers and applause]au

my grandfather taught me basic things that my dad taught me ov over and over again. kork hard, work hard and workhan hard.ut that and i think about that today.ann there's so many men and women right now who would love to work hard, but they don't have theopo opportunity. and we have two parties are talking about how they are going to solve those problems. one wants to talk about raising taxes on people who have been successful in redistributingg money, increasing dependency in this country, promoting more medicaid and food stamps and all sorts of social welfare program and passing upon the care to provide even more government subsidies. more and more dependency, more and moreor government, exactly what my grandfather left in

1925. vid then there is a nether vision. the republican vision, which is let's just cut taxes. spending d everyone luscious reduced spending and everyone will be fine. i believe in cutting taxes. i believe in balancing the budget. b i proposeel cutting $5 trillion from this budget over the next five years. i supported balanced budgetament amendment that puts a cap at 18% of gdp, as a guarantee of freedom for this g country. [cheers and applause]publican but i also believe that we as republicans have to look at who those who are not doing well in our society by just cutting taxes and balancing budgets.bu fortthat is why he put forth a plan that iowans respondedh to. it is a plan that says yes,'s

tt's get rid of it, replace it with fivehe deductions. let's create two rates, 10 and wh. why 28? it is good enough for ronald reagan, it's good enough for me. [applause] but then i taped the corporate tax, cut that and not because it's biased in the world did wen need to be competitive. when i traveled around iowa to n the seemall town, i found a loti those small towns were just likm the small towns they traveled around and pennsylvania.nnsylvan they were towns centered around manufacturing process. the good jobs that built those towns and those job slowly, whether it's in hamburg, whether it's a newton or any place in between, we found those jobs leaving iowa. leaving why? because workers didn't want to work. because workers were competitive?ey no, it is becaus we government

make workers uncompetitive by driving up the cost of doing business here.driving up t it is 20% more expensive to do manufacturing jobs in this country than it is in the top e ightin trading partners do wew have to compete with. and that is why we are losing their jobs. what republican peers say, are reu treating different than retail? i say because wal-mart is not moving to china and taking theiu jobsse with them. [cheers and applause] we eliminate the corporate tax on manufacturing so we can to eat. $100illione regulation is over $100 million in repeal of those regulations, repel them all. there's a lot of them. under the bush and clinton administrations, the average 60 regulations of $100 million aats year. this administration that 150

last year. you don't want to know what's crushing business. this administration is crushing business. [cheers and applause]le have people have asked me, well, why do you think you can win? we have been told by so many people that there is another candidate in this race who is running a rather close race with me tonight.a [laughter] that is a better person to choose because he can win. let me tell you -- what wins -- what did you say? romney care. okay. i just didn't hear you. hea what wins -- what wins in are bl america are bold ideas,d sharp contrasts and a plan thatnd a includes everyone, a plan that,a includes people from all across the economic spectrum, eight

plan that says, we will workther together to get america to work. [applause] how did i win when i wanted pennsylvania quite a one because i went out and work in thepinion communities that i corrupt and, butler, pennsylvania, a steel town. reblican i to win in a congressman and then in a 70%ndt democratic district from which represented was represented ldfield abandoned steel mills in pittsburgh. all of them -- all along for the nokia hood river, those mills were in my district. -- and i ran a tough election year when george bush senior was losing the election by a landslide in my district and i

got 60% of the vote because they shared the values of the working people and not district. if we have someone that can go to western pennsylvania and ohio isd michigan and iowa and m missouri ppo to the voters left haved by a democratic party that wants to make them dependent that is valuing their work, we will win this election. [cheers and applause] win this election. [applause] those are the same people president obama talk about who cling to their guns and their bibles. thank god they do. they share our values about and family.

they understand when the family breaks down the economy struggles zero good -- the economy struggles. they understand when the family is not there to instill values of little league coaches, fathers and mothers being part of our community, that the neighborhood is not saved and they are not free. these are the basic values americans stand for, and those are the values we need if we are going to go up against a rock obama and win this election and restore the founding principle of -- against barack obama and win the election and restore the founding principle of freedom in america. [applause] i want to close by they gned

and he think of your voters right there. so that is how things started off. rick santorum. thanking jobs and family in terms of where he wants to take ees campaign right now. has b >> now let's look at the numbers. new numbers just than 99% of the buoning , santorum with 25%, again, mitt romney 25% and help me out with of the math, five votes separate the two. and then ron paul in the third w place with 21% of the vote. >> these are just incredible numbers, incredibly close. there are two people who can walk away from this particular caucus h and say that we won. but still want bragging rights. iome tocomes out ahead even by a vote is going to say that we won. but yes, i mean, there are definitely three tickets out of on the white house we usually see. it's ron paul and then rick santorum and mitt romney. >> i suspect that he will talk

very similarly to what we heard about during the rest of his campaign as he heads into new hampshire where you mentioned e has a much more likely lead a e much more acceptable to the.ng . fo si he has polled at around 41%.t now huntsman wants to make his big move in new hampshire. he hasn't really caught on yet. we will see.the c ofause course he didn't do it h. but, in rick santorum will p likely getop more supporthe today,larly if rick perry does drop out and the question will be where do these people go? although he wasn't very strong in new hampshire. but in terms of us it still interesting that, you know, whether mitt romney wins or loses he has got about 25% that he had four years ago. succumbing even if he were to walk away with his win by a vote or two or something like that, he is not added in any iignificant way to the percentage that he had last tima when he finished second to mikel huckabee who got 34% of the

vote. >> we heard from the gop's our record numbers in terms of thecn turnout. 120,377. i nott's a record. but -- estimates that only 1,966 people more than in 2008.hic in other words it is an increast of 1.66%. now, it is an increase significant, well, would you still be thrilled with the 1.6 percentage increase in your salary? i think one of the twos, and a e candidates would be thrilled with a 1.6 margin of victory tonight. it's much closer than that.the vets. >> now we go to todd who is with the mitt romney campaign tonight. >> we have spent a lot of time waiting here tonight. but we have heard in just the last couple of minutes that the romney campaign will be out immediately following the rick t santorum speech so that meansng they are in a motel, they areit. watching and they are waiting. we talked to one of the high li. ranking of u.n. members of the romney campaign just a couple

minutes ago and he said they didn't want to come down early because it is just too close and i think if you have beenfami mtching their watching at home you realize that at times the t distance separated by just five votes ha so there really is no clear winner and in course the one to declare themselves a winner or loser in this case and in all those numbers are in sosl the romney campaign wanted tod h father er thee numbers come. yetheyeeping an eye on the stoobyn that is just behind us and not sure if you can see thau there and that's where the u there ates will come through. there's a lot of movement ofitte last couple of minutes so theyl are waiting again for rick santorum to finish and they wil. come out immediately followingsi that presumably to give a speech we don't know if there will be a winner or not but we will be here as soon as they come out. >> okay, todd. vets very much. >> we are going to take a break and we will get back to theaccod speech andin the rest of our coverage to check in to see what his final ideas are for this caucus cartoon right after this.

>> here are some more from reporters covering the iowa caucuses one from mark helprin a political analyst for "time" magazine. mitt romney campaign force on the speech, quote, they're going to be super gracious about this we are going to wait for a

winner. " chief meteorologist john mclaughlin. >> great conditions tonight that will continue for the overnight "5. a nice increase in temperatures as we get through the day tomorrow from the 20's around 7 a.m. all the way of the mid 40's by the afternoon great letter to board a plane and held a fallujah for the media from out of state. south went right now gradually tionalhift around more of the western direction tomorrow but saat will not have a hugecable increase in the temperature actually out west we have miles that will be pushing to the spaight despite ought what looked like a cold front it's really just a wind shift to night and with the high pressure area anchored out to the west level warm wind coming off the mountains across nebraska and into the state tomorrow resulting in temperatures in iowa in the 30's and 40's look to the west of that down sloping effect 50 to around 60 degrees and that will be here in time for thursday.

26 died partly cloudy west wind to 15 heading on through the day tomorrow temperatures in the mi' 40's. back to youai.gn. >> vets, john and we are cutting r short here. >> mitt romney is taking the podium to address his supporters tonight. >> welcome. we love you. thank you so much. this has been such a terrific l th has congratulations to rick santorum. he's fought so hard we don't even know who has won yet but even e are [cheers and applause][appla >> this is the beginning of a journey and i think all of you in this room recognize the i important this journey is. and so i am thrilled to introduce to you the next president of the united states., so i am pleased to recognize the next president of the united states. [applause] fax we do not know what the

final vote tally is going to be, but congratulations to rick santorum. he has work very hard in iowa. we also feel this has been a great victory for us. now i think it is great here in the heartland of america that a campaign begins. all three of us have been campaigning to make sure we restore the heart and soul of the entire nation, and thank you for the big sendoff you are giving a curio -- giving us. we are going to take a white house and get america back on track. [applause] i am proud to have been introduced by my sweetheart of 42 years. we have been married for 42 years, but we have been sweethearts longer than that. behind her four of our five

sons. one of them is a resident at a hospital so he could not be here tonight. we feel like family. you guys have been extraordinary. for those who do not know, this voluntary team has done an extraordinary work. and when i ran four years ago we had 52 members of our staff. this campaign we have had five, and you gaius have it -- you guys have been heroic. thank you for the work you have done. you are working together because of our concern is run by a president who may be a nice guy, but it is over his head. four years ago tonight he was given a victory celebration

speech, and the gap between his promises for years ago and his promises is as great as anything i have seen in my life. we face an extraordinary challenge, and that is iran is about to have nuclear weaponry, and this president, what has he done in that regard? he said he would have a policy of engagement. how has that worked out? we have no sanctions put in place. the president was silent when dissident voices of course he hasn't prepare the military options that would that present credibly our ability to take out the threat the would be presented by iran. he's failed on that and withy regards to the economy and a borrowed $787 billion is the administration said they would hold unemployment below 8%.on sh hasn't been below 8% since. you've got 25 million people today out of work or stopped

looking for work. or are unable to get the kind of job that will allow them to meee their needs. this is not just a statistic by the way these 25 million people, the sun and planets of 8.5% these are real people whose lives have been impacted severely, people who lose theire jobs over a long period of time they sometimes lose their marriages, lose their faith, become depressed this is just a tragedy and didn't need to their happen. almost everything the president has done has made it harder for businesses to grow and higher and put people back to work. the of course there's one more aspect of this track record one that's been a failure he wasect. critical of president bush forf not the ones in the budget for bush f having such large deficits. his deficits have been three times larger or more. he's on track by the end of hise first term, his only term by the way. [applause] [cheering]

[chanting] he's on track to put almost as much public debt in place as almost ought prior presidents combined. this has been a failed presidency and i'm actually convinced if we want to get jobs to get in this country is going to be helpful to have a personm who's had a job in the privateat sector to create jobs.sectoro he said three years ago after bing inaugurated he was on ther today show and said if i can't get this economy turned around in three years i'd be looking at a long-term proposition i will go to work to get america back to work by making america once ork and e most attractive place in the world for job creatorserc and innovators and investors anr the jobs will begin to flow likt past. have in the keep the tax rates competitive,

get regulators and the tax rates regulations to see their job is to encourage enterprise, make sure we open up new markets forj american goods and finally, to get in touch of the energy resources we have here in the wheel and gas and gold ands of nuclear. [applause] reso and also do the work of finally getting ourselves to cut our fin federal spending and cap how to much we spend and balancing our budget. i think it is a immoral. bud estimate you been watching mitt romney utter as his supporters deny the final speech on the light and we have been waitingpd for. he congratulated rick santorum on his victory and then againits said the camp was celebrating ay victory, too.rati mitt romney said tonight is the] first step in getting the country back on track. i guess we are going to listen back to mitt romney. >> let's go back there to the bn camp. are >> i'm going to look at all the programs we have in y touhe fedl government, and i'm going to ask with regards to each one of them is that program so critical thai

it's worth borrowing mos ney frs romna to pay for it? it?hat basis we will have a lot of programs we get rid of and of the list is obamacare that will be gone. this election is bigger than jobs and a strong economy. it is bigger than of budget that is balanced and deficits and debt that begins to be produced. it is an election about the soul of america. the question is are we going to continue to follow the vision of its founders meant? they said the creator endowed us with certain unalienable rights, among them life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, and that phrase, pursuit of happiness, deals with the opportunity associated with this great nation.

we are an opportunity land. people came from all over the world seeking freedom alecto early but also personally. -- freedom to select or all -- freedom electorally but also personally. the president has a different view. i think he takes his inspiration from the social welfare states of europe. and he wants to make a seventh title society were government takes from some to give to others in -- and entitlements society where government takes from some to give to others. the right way is to make america an opportunity nation. [applause] the right course for america is

for america to restore the principles. our freedom is the gift of god. where people are based on hard work, risk-taking, and lifts people and lift our entire nation. now that is what we need to restore in o nation. i love our country. i love the hymns of our country. the amber waves of grain. corn counts. another verse, heroes approved in directing strives those who more than life love -- do we have any veterans to ninth? raise your hands. [applause]

1 more verse. oh beautiful, a patriot and dream that season and beyond year as the patriots, the founders had a dream that was not just for their time, but was an enduring dream. i do not want to fundamentally transform america into something we might not recognize. i want to restore the principles made america the hope of the earth. i love our freedoms. i love our constitution. i love arent -- i love our people. let us restore the greatness of america. thank you for all your help. on to new hampshire. and we have some work ahead. thank you, guys. [applause] [applause]

speaking of interpretation we are going to get the interpretation of the numbers so let's get a look there now right now. we have 99% reporting of the precincts. more than 1700 of them out there. and here is the way that it is going to shape up. call it a tie. five votes right now supporting it rick santorum and mitt romney 25% of peace, ron paul at 21% just under 26,000 votes. rick perry at 10%, rick perry is going to reassess his campaign michele bachmann vowing to continue on. >> now let's get some final thoughts from dennis watching this unfold all night long what do you think? >> four years ago the iowa

caucus made a mike huckabee a player, they made barack obama a player. the 2012 iowa caucus has made rick santorum a player. >> following on that where it had to be in the new hampshire? >> know where. they did not get the nomination, so the party to the question is how far can rick santorum go beyond iowa. but the lesson is still on q1 matters. >> vets very much. some singers thoughts from him. perhaps a bit more a leverett from the editorial cartoonist brian duffy who joins us on the set now. and we are going to ask you to kind of take us around this if you will that you have created

here a bit of a montage so to speak of the night. a collage. where should we begin? you're talking here's a take as around maybe -- espinel left, right? we can go down to one of those that live along since we last met i guess. this one here was the baggage that has been dumped on new gingrich. it has to do with timing i think. that's the biggest thing. in his case he has nothing left and we have a cartoonist that says to much of one and not enough of the other. the negative ads and the bags that he did carry didn't help him out a lot and he couldn't fight back because he had no money whatsoever to be able to report in any way, shape or form, and that could have been the same thing had it been rick

santorum every time that you have somebody that has a history in the house or in the senate that has a long record you could pick on that is what is going to have been my belief here. >> we move to the center of the universe of that shock and pain of a little bit there we see a couple of comments there. there is the busy paid that you're talking to earlier. >> we have a schizophrenic state right now is what we have come and fleeting if it is e3 leggitt race. i have rick santorum and mitt romney tied at the leggitt handing off to new hampshire. >> finally i know you talk about this one and the other end as we pan across the panoply of candidates right here because this pretty much sizzle. we talk to this one earlier, who's going to get the glass slipper that tells about this one in the quarter. >> it struck midnight and truthfully the three candidates that probably aren't going to be going anyplace in the future the money is going to dry up. the one that really surprises me though is michele bachmann. she had obviously the straw poll

she spent the most money in it. she bought the most tickets but she never was able to take that step and she spent the second largest amount of time in the state but there was nothing there. >> they are all my snout and there's three taken off. >> thank you so much to get your perspective is always great monday and wednesday here on channel eight and a special appearance here on caucus night. vets. >> thanks for being with us on line in helping us make sense of line in helping us make sense of all of the numbers and what we were seeing. >> always a pleasure. >> things to the reporters and producers the dozens of people that feel in turned and put numerous to name and mengin right here they are all gathered over there. they are still working ready tomorrow on news channel it this morning. thanks to them. most importantly, thanks to you for watching. we are very, very happy that you decide to spend the evening with

us. have a good night. that will conclude our coverage of kcci tv in des moines. with virtually all of the votes counted in iowa we will get an update on how the g.o.p. race shapes down overnight on tomorrow morning's washington journal. along with a preview of next week's new hampshire primary

in his book 1493 charles mann examines how the new world was changed the arrival of europeans and the plants and animals they brought from your of the los

angeles public library. this is about one hour and 15 minutes. >> this man will tell you how his brilliant new book 49 e3 and covering the new world columbus created originated with a question about an heirloom a tomato plant developed in 19th century ukraine which he encountered in a school greenhouse. i'm going to let him tell you that story himself but his story in the book will make you think in a new way of about people, trade, and how the four centuries ago set a template for the events we are living for today as the global network has become as he says the subject of a furious intellectual battle. and i don't think anyone here would disagree with that. charles mann is a great interdisciplinary figure, scholar and questioner. he sympathizes the latest research by ecologists, anthropologists, archaeologists and historians to uncover

today's fierce political disputes. all the things that we are talking about and you see in the op-ed pages from immigration to trade policy to culture war and he always finds a great way to tell the story come and in his new book you'll find him in as orderly and engaging guide from page one to page 410. you may already have red and charles mann's others leading portrait of american history of the mind rocking of 4091. no violations of the america before columbus which won the national academy communications or for best book of the year in the magazines like the atlantic, science, why your door seeing the two episodes he wrote of law and order. we have another great interdisciplinary thinker and writer richard rodriguez. richard is the author of an autobiographical trilogy that examines respectively class ethnicity and race in america.

richards books are always close at hand on my bookshelf. i keep them right above my desk. we have missed him here. the first few years and we were lucky to coax him down from san francisco where he's hard at work finishing a book of the economy on the influence of the desert for the experience for the christian and muslim. so, pleased and honored to present these writers and conversations with each other please join me in welcoming carless to the patrolman to the public library. [applause] >> to respect what we say how pleased i am to be here interviewing charles. i feel a little bit like a child interviewing a giant.

if i seem a little starstruck, forgive me. i was reading your book over several days. my partner jim and i tend to love reading at weekends but in separate rooms, and if i'm making a lot of , laughter, if i slam it down on the table he alaska what are you reading? and on occasion, the occasion of this book for 293 -- 1493i would say where you reading? and reading a book about the tomato. the most extraordinary book about a title and what made its way into south america to mexico and then it ended up on a plate of pasta in italy. and then i would go back to my room. he is of the impression that as i grow older, but the book was mad a few hours later he said

what are you reading now. are you still on that? i'm reading a book about malaria of the relationship of malaria to slavery i never read this before i never heard such a thing. he's reading a book by an english novelist. the next day to masks are you going to read that book about malaria? i'm not in that malaria section at all now. i'm reading about manila, about chinatown and manila. there was a chinatown in the 17th century. in manila where you could get stir-fry chicken and he says okay and then he says as i finished this book this remarkable book what is it about finally? i said i think it would take this with me in the end is the

story about an african in florida needed whom the indians see and confuse or maybe tracie as a spiritual and blessed man and they give him gifts appropriate to his station i've never heard of him before. to my surprise reading this book, charles, this book is about five centuries. not one year 1493 seems a bit of a misnomer. >> is a sort of stand in. >> tell us a little bit about the ambition of this book and what you refer to as the columbian exchange. speed the ambition of the book is to find out why the tomato is growing in my garden is sort of the start. >> that's what starts.

>> basically if you are a journalist, which is what i am, you get to kinds of stories one is where the editor calls you up if you do something about x or y which often happens to come it's one of my favorite things when i noticed something in writing with a minute. and so we live in new york city for a long time and then moved out to the country because we wanted something a little more fast-paced, and the thing about new york is you get on the subway and then for an hour if you are lucky absolutely nothing happens whereas in this little town that i man two minutes and everything is gone. and so, my son trying to think of things to do if local college students to the excitement of the small-town paper it had grown 100 varieties of tomatoes. i like tomatoes a lot and so i thought let's go to see it and they had -- this is in the early 90's. i never heard of these tomatoes.

i never heard of the stock the i think probably most of you have heard of. it's just great and so it gave me this tomato pornography catalog of for you can get all of these tomato seeds and thinking they are not from here at all. they are all japanese or ukraine. and i just had this picture of all of these to nado nerds like a kind of wanted to be all over the world tasting their tomatoes. i thought how weird that is that this could have happened the had this idea that they came from mexico. actually that isn't true they mysteriously came to mexico. they were toxic. so why did they bring this -- is one of those historical mysteries. and then i sort of started thinking where two plants come from? which somehow my schoolteacher neglected to tell me, and i thought i looked at my garden and everything i grew -- and i

live in new england, was sent from around there, and i realized my garden felt kind of homey and was actually this exotic cosmopolitan modern global object. it was like a completely weird artificial construct and which was sort of strange to think it through and around there and i thought how did that happen? and largely -- >> it would have been -- if i were you it would have been if you write a book called tomato. this is only one chapter of this book about earthworms, about malaria. there is something in this book. it's almost as though you credit the vince of 1492 with opening the door and the imagination of the world and the five centuries after i think the book ends in

the 1990's. the five centuries that you strive through engage questions of politics, slavery, colonialism, botany, biology, chemistry, history. at what point do you stop? tiger woods this golfer who calls himself is the end of the columbian exchange. what is the colombian exchanging your imagination and how do you keep it all from falling off the page of the book? >> i spent this freeze cullom in exchange and that is another starting point for the book. i'm from -- my family is from the pacific northwest of the way lived in massachusetts now and one of our great treats as kids was to go to portland and the bookstore there is unbelievable.

it's still there. it's an amazing place. and so as a young middle distillate to go there when i possibly could and my wife was a little bit enthusiastic about this box of books we would have to slip around. so that was a sort of allowance. i started rummaging around the books and i found this book with a title ecological imperialism which i thought it's kind of like to words i never imagined together. so i picked it up and the have these awful shares you can sit in for like ten minutes maximum and i sat in them for about two hours and fred have the book and was amazing. and what was talking about was the fact that this columbian exchange, which is why this isn't in the relevant direction, and with the idea is when columbus came what he was doing was recreating the original --

the 250 million years ago there's a single giant continent geological forces broke it up and as a result they are completely different plants and animals over here and over there and the columbus recreate. that's why it's important. and there's this ecological compulsion that happens. >> this is why you should observe columbus day. it's a big deal in history as opposed to celebrate. it's an enormous market that modern world. >> i choose to celebrated because as someone who is hispanic it is my birthday. >> it's the birthday of everybody today. here i am -- i may descendent largely from, you know, scottish people in the strange part of the world. to a japanese woman and couldn't have happened without columbus.

>> i read your first book or your other book which was for me so redemptive. i have never been able to accommodate my spanish have to lie in the in half. i could identify my spanish have because the spanish have is spanish, one is roman catholic and so forth but what was my indy 500 and have since i didn't speak the language? what you have given me in 1491 is this idea that with the europeans discovered here was in fact that there was something here, that there were aqueduct scum that there was a civilization here. and that was not as we have always portrayed it to be a land filled with people who were merely passive. >> but act like people know where else in the world. everywhere in the wilderness because after all the americans

have occupied 15,000 years. the implication is that these people lived here for thousands and thousands of years and didn't do anything. the most boring -- the only people -- it just doesn't fit. people are interesting. these are in the specter and of course the instant you think about this and think that can't possibly be the case people just sat there and were the sierra club tourists look at the trees, and you know, look at the beach. that's all people do. and so they build stuff. >> where did that idea come? i can think of any number of riders who speak of america united states and the virgin land for example. where does that idea come from, did they come upon a place that was essentially empty? >> it is a really complicated question. >> one has to -- one has to

believe every group thinks it's important and the people pushing aside are the sort of not so important. >> the puritans required the assistance. >> that doesn't mean that people who are not all the europeans require the servite it doesn't mean they cannot think they are not so important any way because it is embarrassing, but the real thing i think that happens is the wave of disease. one of the first parts of the colombian exchanges when the europeans accidentally in part of these diseases that existed in europe and asia and africa and it didn't exist over here and between 156050 or so, somewhere between the two-thirds and three-quarters and as much as 90% of the people in the americas died, and to me -- >> that becomes a metaphor, though. they become the actor and the indian becomes merely the victim of the action. >> this 1i think is true. the actual act of course the europeans don't understand.

they don't have a theory of disease. the indians to the germ theory of disease. for both of them is an unbelievable thing that happens they don't understand why. it has something to do with some celestial event, misfortune. they've been bad or good or what have you, and so, extensively cleared areas that were throughout the americas where there's lots and lots of people living, lots and lots of farms and so by the time my ancestors came in the early 19th century the farms were gone and they think we always think it will be what we saw the first time and so that's part of and it's hard to correct when you are in the 19th century coming here and seeing this that was once completely different. and -- >> one of the wonderful things in mexico city there will be these splendid murals.

but usually with syphilis. [laughter] and so while he may have reached the indians and cause disease. what i took from the first book and what i take from this book, too, is the encounter between two human beings is going to change them and it is so profound that we don't even recognize the importance of that today that we really do imagine that for example this is not a political statement. we can track through an iraq or afghanistan. and that we will change them but in some ways this is the oldest expectation of the traveler. that they can look at the world and the world will not in some way to look back at them in such a way that they will be forever changed. >> i think this is actually may be particularly for our culture that we have this because one of the oddities of the

historiography is that if you read mexican history or history in brazil or peru of the encounter it creates a culture that's a joint creation and hear the assumption is they had no impact at all which if you live in new york as i did for a little while, how long did it take those immigrants to start doing hip-hop moves, how long did it take, you know, young black kids from encountering those to start doing kung fu. people learn from each other incredibly quickly and so the assumption in our historiography and here in north america that this encounter was at two ways seems to me it just seems puzzling. it doesn't seem like how people really are. >> there is something in this book that is just so full of energy.

64, i think. [laughter] >> i didn't want to put it to close to my bed at night. there was this testosterone in this book at night that is just filled with this mail energy in the world. brave -- >> brave and idiotic spaghetti adjective you want to give the is in the stories that you tell. the astonishing -- i was in alaska a few weeks ago and i was asking a group of young men why so many colleges now it's the young girls traveling up to really thinking to out of the three students travelling abroad are the college curriculum. they are in the age of barack obama who went from kansas to hawaii to indonesia married twice and so forth and the boys are of stairs playing video

games. and i said what you want from the video games? and they said it's the only place they can feel mythical and i think these men that you were describing they must have been aware of their importance, of their self importance. suddenly all these spaniards i can do this, i can go out randomly and feingold and it's a little bit like a dot com boom. anyone is willing to fund the most idiotic ideas. so they can to give me a book which is incentive and the fly off in all different directions. spec one critic praised europe by calling it -- referring to it

as being three muscular. there is something that matches the audacity of the exporters that you're describing insofar as there is some attempt to yoke them, the continents, and not simply across the atlantic across the pacific ocean. do you admire this have and -- had it that you described? >> this is part of what people do. and in all cultures. i describe how the chinese are pushing out west antibodies planning and asian minorities. they're still doing this today. and so, you know, there is often when you read things like this there's a lot of hand-wringing, and to me it just isn't surprising that people do this. one of the most striking comments that is in the last book by quote anthropologist's who says if you read the

accounts of the people that cortes conquered in the most brutal way possible, they of course don't want to be conquered if it would happen. but they never blamed the spaniards. they think this is what people do. and i think there's some truth in that and in fact if you want to stop people doing this the best way to do is accept it as something that is not particularly to be assigned to one group or another. this is what people do. so, we have to -- you can't just get too worked up about it. and there is -- these stories are extraordinary. >> to come from -- i think that your grandmother's great uncle pittsburgh in southern brazil -- >> like these guys. >> it director it's these people you see in a jungle building a railroad. this is --

>> a road to nowhere. >> a railroad to nowhere. with some admiration you regard this -- >> it is tremendously brave. he wanted to encounter the world but at the same time he was obtuse. when you can't let the -- you have to see the person in whole. these people are admirable in some ways and i mean i guess you have to think of them as you would want to be themselves. certainly my own life is it a perfect record of virtue but i would hope people would see me in the round coming a little bit of slack. >> there are relatively few women in this book. >> unfortunately that is the way it is. >> let me just ask -- >> but they don't -- >> we expect we find, pocahontas we find -- >> glad to find her because she was my great, great grandmother.

>> really? >> well, i mean, she had to be. [laughter] >> this is something i'm extremely proud of. in the book i do representation of the family trees. is one of cortes's many mistresses and he had this convoluted family tree and he was actually related and they both married into the nobility in respective one of the things they would do they would essentially -- the couldn't relieve rule by the force of arms and so what they would do a movie into the native mobility and thus easily hijack the top and then the employers continue -- >> except as you remarked, their son goes back to spain and becomes a member of the court. so he in a sense hijacks. >> people manipulate the status. >> that's right. >> what do you make of these stories of these women in the

new world like pocahontas who are able linguistically to talk to the two societies and who have a flexibility of identity one doesn't necessarily associate with the males of their tried? >> i guess this is -- really what this is is about people trying to make their way in the world and it is a world for them that is a cataclysmic change and there is a single constant matter what the society is the you go to the women are second-class citizens. it varies in degree but they are not usually prominent people in the society, not certainly as men. so they're simply making their way on occasion to adhere but a few of them. but the sort of pop up momentarily in the archives. but many do this, too. i mean then try to make their way and they do have these

people like my uncle to manage to go out with a great book of us are trying to do that they can. one of the things that's exciting in the spanish what america is that they have all these casts you can play off against each other and seized upon as identity. to talk about this in your own book, and i try to tell as many -- i love that stuff the way people would sort of say we met, african slaves, they don't have to pay taxes. i'm a small businessman. i'm african. and they would claim the status. indians get to do certain kinds of trade. i would like to do that, so i'm an indian. and then some spanish family who they are related to will not have the state so they say no, no, you are not in the in your standard now and so these

incredibly fluid social categories they're talking about. that is pretty much the same as these people like a woman who this was becoming partly spanish this was the third identity. speed that is a flexibility. i remember there was an essay somewhere where she talks about her difficulty flying from new york to california how long the flight seemed. and then she remembered that her ancestors trekked across the great plains and diet or didn't by the time they reached the rockies and she wonders whether she has the capacity for that kind of physical bravery but i would even argue for that kind of flexibility of selfhood most

of us are wedded to the concept that are rather static and as fluid as you are suggesting. >> but we are not in those situations. i mean, who knows what would have happened, how we would be in the world changing as rapidly as the world right after columbus. these are people especially for native people the entire village vanished overnight from disease, the strange pasty foreigners would have come and then they bring in african slaves and there's a chinatown. >> it might seem rational for you to suddenly say you know i think i'm just not going to be who i thought i was. [laughter] >> the most astonishing part of this book for me since i don't like tomatoes as much as you do is the business of the african.

i have, you know, i think and the mid 1980's i began to hear from the u.s. census bureau of the petition that african-americans were about to be replaced. replaced by hispanics as the country's largest minority. there were so many things offensive about that petition. one is the notion that an african-american would be replaced. but it isn't quite clear. but the notion that hispanics are several from africans when africans were in trouble to the history of the americas that you have rescued this history is astonishing to me, and -- did this surprise you to come upon this history? >> you know that there is a slave trade, right? >> the story that you were telling is not only the flexibility itself, but also the really in of slaves as the long

sleeves. >> the slavery was bad. i went to a public school they didn't convey this to me. what i learned is that the slaves where drug. it could do nothing and there are these abolitionists who are very mobile types who freed them and, again, if you think about it, these people have no ability to do something for themselves. people do stuff for themselves. if you think about it, this doesn't make any sense. and in fact, the africans are involved in all parts of the slave trade and in all kinds of roles and many people left. and we realize that a large number and large faction were

prisoners of war back there was soldiers. they were very at war with each other and they would settle the p.o.w., and so the entire armies were sent over and so the army of this leaves of course the military tide seascape especially in the areas where the landscape was familiar to them if you're a part of christopher doesn't to brazil this is a landscape you understand in a way that the portuguese don't and so it is highly possible for you to get out there and possible for you to establish communities exist for hundreds of years. it's much more difficult of here because, you know, in the winter which is a much more potent we've cubin than any kind of english -- >> you're a historian and you must answer this question for me. even if it is not a good answer. how is it we can lose hold of

such history? is this a willful amnesia on the part of society? how is it that we can stand it when we see these charges of the american demographic charge where whites are here and hispanics are here as separate items. how is it that we can forget so much about our history of the americas? >> i thought a lot about that. i'm really glad you allow me to pull it answer because it's a strange thing. you know, from you sort of know that there are a lot of sleeves that can over to the americas, but it is a shocking thing to realize the of number the europeans in the terms of people who came over until the 1840's and so all the stuff we see from the colonial period was built by africans. the wonderful melding stated built in the colonial roads, africans dug them, and then you think well, wait a minute, too much of the population is here

or african and indian or the european was an important minor role in demographic terms, and you think well how could that have forgotten. i think, you know, when a big part of this is just a guess is that when there is a great wave of european immigration started by the irish in the 1840's and a big wave is coming you know, then later in the 1880s and 1890's is being part of the europeans to come over and for the first time, they become a really sycophant demographic presence in the book and that is also the cessation of the slave trade. and they look around on these books and who they see? people like themselves. and the land and they go into communities and what are those communities? they are people like themselves. and you get this idea that this must be what is there. >> it is almost like a trap us after a while. these words are not helpful. the separate us from our own reality. >> the reality is in big trouble, and has been for a

really long time. >> it is true in india it is unacceptable but in the age of blackness and indian it becomes inadmissible. >> even with the same time they know that you have to spread recognition of the textbooks and places like mexico where this hybrid culture somehow this scene that was so painful in your book where we have to put it down where you say you are at the dinner party in mexico city and i know except the butter talking about because people say that to me, but a year and i know except the butter talking about because people say that to me, but a year the most astonishing comments. ..

>> i am not it his days i am

not sure it is even true now. coming to the edge of the water. but i always thought in the end of the conservancy, that it meets the aggression of the european activist of that capacity budget literature who wants to swallow the book. [laughter] and a one wants to follow charles mann and will eat it. go to los angeles and look around. is it true?

jeht day have the dirty people come onshore. that the first thing that you think is the span years oblivious they'll look around and this is the human part. to say they have interesting stuff. i will hold what those hot hot -- hold my nose. so let them stay over there.

give them some bad land then we will bring them out. they consistently made the mistake is how many people they could keep coming over that happened in jamestown. >> host: but yet to. >> guest: that is a mass reaction. then people get to know each other. >> with a curiosity you look different. can itouch your her? >> a report that that they see the beards and they wanted to touch them. >> host: then notions that indians were prehistoric belonging on it a reservation is set of los angeles, a child of spain.

will we ever teach a generation of children to think of their indian self as the actor? or are we caught in this possible history? >> look at the historical records. read what is there. how many amaya are there? to give an example, researching this book, i went to this incredible beautiful place. with the terrible road. it was not completely announced do go 20 miles per hour.

but then said who are you? with a look of terrible discussed. they said late a minute. we want mexicans but they don't see it that way. >> i have to ask about china but i was reading in the "wall street journal" recently that concluded by saying china and their children. [laughter] but this china that you portray seems like today's china more so than not. they're not held by their own law but are trespassing

and engaged in the most astonishing way. two-seat china as an intervention? >> it is important, the big event from the european point* of view is 1845 there was a huge mountain and bolivia that was created one of the biggest towns. it was extraordinary that i had a lot of fun reading about. it lasts for a couple

hundred years and an incredible amount of silver comes out of the site just of river of silver pours out. and extremely large refractions turns to argue how much ends up in china and there is a connection around the world where american silver mined by africans is taken by europeans in china in return to silver am porcelain shipped across mexico to spain than the money is taken to buy africans and there is the polls created that is awash with the silver. >> host: on that sentence hardest question, the last question, this reunion of the world, this encounter

who paid to get said dna examined what our grandmothers did not tell us. but you are such a wonderful storyteller but there is a great deal. deaths and diseases. i guess not that it be have been better to know each other but are you optimistic about this that will continue? it is not over it continues.

to some way play out the drama in this city with immigration. are you optimistic? >> the way i hear your question, is this calamitous mixing outweighed by the gains. >> host: order somehow to be managed to have a benefit? >> for me, when i think about this, only saying it is a good and the bad this week potato comes due china. it is extraordinary boom

coming to humankind it is no longer wracked by famine. but the same tidal wave of globalization is sweeping away at the extraordinary rate to and you hear about the information explosion. are be losing a bank which every 10 days? so there is a huge human cost. >> as a human response to fight the global energy? >> the door cannot closed on the human level to mitigate the people are torn. they applied to embrace the

world in my a kids are tremendous fans of japanese anime. that is a fine thing. but at the same time a lot of reasons why my wife wanted to claim -- cling in this way and that is essential. >> duralast you to read something from your book book, one of the most delightful things but not all the right to buy it the

discovery of the buck that is about the exploration become s many times in the course of the chapters, you are in chapter or bolivia and discover things and asking questions. it was a wonderful parity and imitation of the best of the traveler's tale. maybe your grandmother? >> okay. the true discovery. i am reading about the amazon, a huge rubber boom where all kinds of people went out into the amazon without enslaved indians and

took the rare bird share it -- trees that you cannot have engines without belts or gaskets or zero rings or all of this. the best supply came from the amazon. i read these accounts if people keep referring two this book from craig it is in my living-room day pitcher of the ancestor of mine and i think what are the odds? [laughter] it is. it plays a part so i have led genealogical kick and mr. researching about i always thought we came from a family of seven ticks and here is another prime example. it hangs a portrait that both men were named neville

he thought it was the older craig and the late 19th century suggested a younger craig and instead to transport and if it was lee -- rubber from the latex native to the amazon basin. it is on the borderline between brazil and bolivia most the time it is required to carry across the mountains that means you would have to send then ships around the south stage to the south america almost a thousand miles the entire route is a difficult the secretary calculated four times faster to ship to

london by a transport came down to the river to the amazon to the zero men take but the waterfalls and buy land rapids blocked 229 miles. the rest of it had vast supplies east the downstream my ancestors went to san antonio to build the road over the rapid spread go taking his undergraduate degree at yale he has won two prizes and hired by the west coast survey before graduation. five years later he was looking for excitement and joined the of railway construction firm that had gotten the contract. the two brothers believed their considerable experience truck -- tromped utter lack of experience in the amazon. [laughter] they set off to shiploads of the dirt volunteers. as he recounted winter gales

played to the attorney and the storm wrecked the second see we're the ship 100 miles south of jamestown and 80 people from. company officials had trouble replacing the men. philadelphia lost their enthusiasm for the venture. but they got a new work force from the of several large eastern cities of people exhibiting gesture and striking evidence of the darman theory. [laughter] most were immigrants from southern italy many pushed out of their homes. horror the anti-itel yen and prejudice was widespread they were desperate for work. they took advantage and took them on form over of wagers but it did not occur to them they would find unacceptable

or discover that a range merck. however they sent to work. learning the fate of the men of the second ship only as the italians arrived as the replacements. not only burning of being paid less they went on strike. then they even did at caged to force the strikers into a at gunpoint. they waited in vain from any recognition that could have done negative impact on the construction schedule ultimately they went to work. a few weeks later 754 vortec off four bolivia and nine and made it. because they had served as food from the 92 dain t cannibalistic group that had kept colonists that day by a

having a reputation for veracity. would have been a boon. like the colonists might ancestor's party were starting. agricultural and geneticists have argued the area around the border of was a ground for two species of chili peppers and the nets but was also the domestication side of chocolate and most important of manioc. [applause] >> i was telling bill clinton he said he was one 30th in june. would it be great to come upon that indian in the jungle that sounds like him to carry on the way that he does?

[laughter] but to come upon that in the jungle is part of the american and story that it seems to me. we are wired to this history and the shock is we have forgotten so much of it. so much of it. >> it is so interesting. no wonder the history seems boring. >> we will open this up to questions from the audience. >> that could be taken in several ways. >> why isn't this history taught in our schools? >> do you know, hot textbooks are produced in the country?

>> the way it is explained to me is that if you are a textbook company, they're very expensive to produce to have lots of students read them. and number of states have special agencies that have to approve the textbook. the way one publisher put it to me from random house is the three most important states are new york, texas, california. if you cannot sell your textbook in one of those states then basically it is worth less. but the problem is the new york is liberal texas is conservative and california is crazy. [laughter] i have any personal experience.

[laughter] so once they thread the needle, they are reluctant to change it because it changes the textbook too much from common knowledge that they have to go back through. almost all of this will offend somebody. >> host: also you are being too generous. right now we are a hispanic history. you would think some of the average 10 storey is part of the history. so you should have the irish because one of those stories that is almost unknown is the defection of america irish immigrants. it is an extraordinary story. but we almost cannot bear a

story that starts to overlap. >> guest: we have hispanic history so it is 30 days. is black history month. the other 10 months darfur europeans. [laughter] >> i wish. but the other 10 months. [laughter] >> has rating of this book ruined guarding? or do see the world differently? >> i do like to guard and it is helpful that i am not a good gardiner. i have friends lourdes good gardeners but i am a writer slave not expected to be

good at much. [laughter] but it no. because the more you know, about something, for me, often the more that you appreciate it. i look at these tomatoes they got that i have failed to water but i marvell at the journey they have made. when i do my and competencies saving hoping they grow the next year to be part of this greasy tradition you realize what a part of a huge tradition your. and to be relaxed it is not super serious but not the

serious onslaught happening right now. part of a long process to change that for a common good. of course, i could be totally delusional. [laughter] >> do you know, what columbus actually did to the spanish monarchy? because there is very few statues in spain and he is not honored in the rest of the world. >> guest: he is a special figure he did not set out to do what he did. he never really admitted he did not landon h. up. the spanish monarchy foolishly gave them all these privileges that they

took away that so he died very bitter who was refiled the in that area. it is not surprising to me that after all he would have the ambivalent reaction. i think that feeling is more general than not. go to santo domingo that is and ignore adaptation service monument it is 600 feet long and has all but a light 62 tribeca sap blacks out the areas around it. there is a huge protest. i am not so sure he is so honored by a profoundly important. but people feel uneasy about him. >> there is a lot of movement these days from the

purest to get back to protect what they call hong then natural species in an area or the native plants. do you think that is an exercise of futility? but clearly that to is bad and end in new england for example, the side the exotics that causes tremendous damage. any rational person but would want to protect the it tomato is exotic. that area we are very proud of the asparagus and ballet.

is it the exotic species but non invasive. so it seems foolish the then to frown but at the same time we are building a house. and we're trying to decorate the garden with the ones that we're not going to each. we are having a lot of fun with it. with these plants we don't know very much about. i see no harm as long as you don't take it seriously. >> when i found 1491 in the bookstore it opened my eyes to something i had not read the four. making the comment about the

tax bucks. i am drawn to the rating of jarret diamond. is there a community of writers or other people you could imagine who write about these perhaps it in ways were not revealed to us in the past? >> guest: my but, there is a book called the colombian exchange almost 30 years ago i say it is still in print and worth reading i say my book is scribbled in the margins of his book.