♪ the long-haired preachers come out every night ♪ ♪ try to tell you what's wrong and what's right ♪ ♪ when you ask about something to eat ♪ ♪ they will answer invoices so sweet ♪ ♪. ..

♪ then they tell you when you're on the -- [inaudible] ♪ well, you will eat by and by, by and by, in that glorious land up in the sky. ♪ work and pray, live on pay, you'll get pie in the sky when you die. >> that's a lie! >> thank you. ♪ holy rollers and -- [inaudible] come out, they holler, they jump and they shout. ♪ give your money to jesus, they say, he will cure all diseases today. ♪ you will eat by and by in that glorious land up in the sky, way up high. ♪ work and pray, live on pay

you'll get pie in the sky when you die. >> that's a lie! ♪ if you fight hard for children and wife, try to get something good in this life -- ♪ you're a sinner and a bad man, they tell, when you die, you will sure go to hell. ♪ you will eat by and by in that glorious land up in the sky. ♪ work and pray, live on pay, you'll get pie in the sky when you die. ♪ well, working man, all countries unite, side by side --

[inaudible] ♪ when the world and its wealthy have gained -- we'll sing this refrain. ♪ well, you will eat by and by when you've learned how to cook and how to fry. ♪ chop some wood, it'll do you good, you'll get pie in the sky when you die. ♪ then you'll eat in the sweet by and by ♪ [applause] >> well, that was probably hill's best known and most enduring song. i think one reason for it is it's a good song, but also because it's not so topical as most of his writing was.

it's not about a particular strike or an event. and also his music, i should say, wasn't written to be performed. it was written to be sung en masse by worker, and it addressed workers' concerns. and so the power, i think, in his music was that workers really embraced it, they saw it as their own problems and hopes and dreams, and that's why i think joe hill was -- his music was so popular back then and also why i think his music hasn't really endured as well, because you really have to look at it in the context of his times. he left spokane and the northwest and headed down the california coast and settled more or less on the docks of southern california in the san pedro district which is where the l.a. harbor is. he liked it there for a number

of reasons. one, he was comfortable on the water where he'd grown up in sweden, but also because he had access to a piano there, and that was pretty rare because, as i said, he was an itinerant worker, he was always on the go, but this was one place where he actually could work on his songs and try them out on a piano as he preferred to do. so he stayed there as long as he could which was until the summer of 1913. earlier this year he had helped organize a strike of dock workers which was an ill-fated strike. it lasted only for about three days or so at which point it was broken up, and it was busted primarily by the american federation of labor, or as hill called it, an american separation of labor. the af of l and the iww were archrivals. the former was a reform organization, and the latter, the wobblies, was a

revolutionary organization. the affl believed -- it styled itself, basically, as a full collaborator with industry and government. it saw themselves that way. its slogan was a fair day's work for a fair day's pay. the iww didn't believe in pay, they didn't believe in wage slavery, as they put it, and they believed as the first line of their preamble had it that the employing class and the working class have nothing in common. so there was no room for them with, no need to tinker with the machinery of capitalism as they put it. they wanted to overthrow capitalism. and so, so the affl controlled the hiring halls on the docks in san pedro, and they quickly broke the strike and blacklisted all the wobblies who had been involved with it, joe hill among them. so without a means to support himself anymore, he had to give up that piano there, and he

accepted an invitation from some friends, some fellow swedes who had come to the harbor from salt lake city, utah, to go back to salt lake city with them and to work in the mines or the smelters that, that were in and around salt lake city. so he got there in the summer of 1913, and it was a time of really high tension between the wobblies and the state of utah. the iww had won a big strike that summer against the largest and most powerful corporation in the state, utah construction company. and so tensions were really high. there had been a celebratory rally after this strike win, and the police had broken it up and, basically, caused a riot. and so this was the environment that hill found himself in when he got there. in fact, an official from utah construction vowed, he said something like you iw ws

caught us with our pants down this time, but by the end of the year, we're going to run every one of you wobblies out of the state. of it was ten days into the new year that joe hill was arrested for murder, and here's what happened on the night of january 10, 1914. hill and a close friend of his named otto with whom he had come to utah from southern california, another swede, had been tinkering with a motorcycle all day long, and they split up around 6:00. otto and a young woman named hilda erickson all decided they would go to the vaudeville theater that night. they left joe a note saying see you at the empress if you can make it there, and that's where they went. hill got there late, but he did go. after the show hilda and her friend went back to their boarding house, and joe and otto

went somewhere else. and they proceeded to argue. and they argued over hilda erickson. and that was because hilda had been engaged to marry otto, but she broke off the engagement sometime between christmas and that day, january 10th. and joe hill started teasing his friend about that saying that hilda broke it off because she liked joe better than she liked otto, and according to a letter that hilda later wrote, otto shot joe in a fit of anger. now, hilda added that he felt bad about it immediately afterwards and carried joe to a doctor. and it was at the doctor's office that joe hill said his one and only thing ever publicly about his gunshot wound. he said that he had been hot by a friend this an argument over a woman, but he didn't name otto, he didn't name hilda, and he never said anything else about it. but that's not how history records joe hill received a

gunshot wound on that night. what history says is that on the night of january 10th joe hill and otto applequist wore, put on bandannas across their faces and burst into a grocery store, a small mom and pop store in salt lake city, brandishing revolvers. and the minute after they burst in, they pointed their reso fares at the proprietor, a 47-year-old former police officer named john morrison, shouted in unison, we've got you now, and started firing. and morrison went down right away. at that point his son -- he had two store sons in the store with him -- one of his sons turned around, got a revolver, fired at joe hill and hit him in the chest. that's the official version of history. there are a lot of problems with that version of history, and i just want to go into a few of them here today. but for one thing, there was no blood in the store other than

that that belonged to the two morrisons, and i should add that the younger morrison was shot and killed in the immediate -- right after he attempted to shoot joe hill or whoever that was in the store that day. so he went with down right away. so the only blood belonged to the morrisons. there also was no bullet in that store that came from that gun which is odd because the bullet that shot joe hill passed through his body because joe hill did not have a bullet lodged in his body when he went to the doctor's office that night. so what happened to that bullet? well, it was never recovered in the store. police never found it, they don't know what happened to it. there was no other direct evidence against joe hill. there was no murder weapon found, no positive identification, and there was no motive. there was no suggestion at the trial that joe hill and john morrison had ever crossed paths. so why would joe hill have been interested in shooting and killing john morrison?

was it robbery? well, there was no attempt at robbery made. and as i said, immediately after they burst into the store they shouted, we've got you now. it sure seemed like a revenge killing. and, in fact, that's what the police thought. and they had a suspect in mind right away. it turned out that john morrison had been, four months earlier, had been held up at gunpoint and had fought back that time and had fired shots at his assailant. he didn't get a good look at the assailant, it was outside. he was on his way home on another saturday night, and he had night blindness, so he wasn't sure who shot him, but he was sure that whoever it was was going to come back and get him because that's what he told his wife, a fellow police officer and a reporter as well, that he thought they wanted his life and not his money. the man the police were looking for right away was a guy they knew as frank z. wilson who was an ex-con, had done time in utah

for armed robbery, had been seen on the day of the murders near the store and then 75 minutes after the murders he was seen acting strangely as a passer by put it. he was lying on a snowy sidewalk howling, moaning at the moon. and then he gets up and jumps on a passing trolley car and takes it back to the vicinity of the store where police detain him and start questioning him. and ask him where he lived and where he worked. he gave false answers to those questions, and they found a bloody handkerchief in his pocket. and so they detained him. but then the following day the governor of utah posted a $500 reward for information leading to the arrest and conviction of the perpetrators. um, it was at that point that joe hill's doctor called up the police and said i think i have your man. and he told them at that point that joe hill was a member of

the industrial workers of the world. and, in fact, when hill was arrested, he had a red card, an iww membership card in his pocket, and it was at that point that frank wilson was released from custody and quickly fled the state. and that was it for joe hill. he never had another free day. he would be in prison for the next 22 months before he was executed. so the trial itself was really a kangaroo court. the all right and the judge -- the prosecutor and the judge worked hand in glove together. if prosecutor was asking leading questions but the judge didn't think they were leading enough, he would take over the questioning. and the judge gave some jury instructions at the end of the case that violated standard of proof in utah, and there were just many, many problems with the trial. um, nevertheless, hill was

convicted, he was financed the death -- sentenced to death, and it was at that point that the iww kicked into high gear a campaign to try to spare joe hill's life. and they organized rallies in every major american city and not just in the cities, but in mining camps and remote logging camps and forests, everywhere around the country. and not just in the u.s., but in the u.k., in australia. in fact, in australia dock workers organized a boycott of all american ships. they refused to unload them until joe hill was granted a new trial. so this was the kind of worldwide support that the iww generated for hill, manager on the order of -- something on the order of 40,000 letters and petitions and telegrams were sent to the governor of utah asking him or in some cases, many cases demanding or threatening that hill be granted a new trial. he didn't want, hill himself did not want a pardon, he didn't

want a commutation of his sentence from death to life, he only wanted a new trial because otherwise it would have implied guilt, he thought. and yet he didn't help himself. he never testified about the circumstances of that gunshot wound, and he did some other things in court that he probably shouldn't have done. nevertheless, this was the circumstance he found himself in. he had a lot of help from all around the world, and in particular he had help from some of the key members of the industrial workers of the world. one was elizabeth flynn who was the most prominent woman in the union. and she managed to get into the oval office to see president woodrow wilson on the eve of joe hill's first execution date. she had pulled some strings in new york city where she lived, and she prevailed upon president wilson to send off a telegram to the governor of utah asking that hill be granted a 30-day

reprieve which he was. he also had help from the kick of sweend, from if -- king of sweden, from helen keller who was, in fact, a member of the industrial workers of the world, eugene debs and many well known personages of the time. but it was flynn who especially did great work in organizing the support for hill. and, john, you want to come up and sing -- yeah. hill wrote a song for elizabeth flynn called the rebel girl, and he was inspired by flynn, and he dedicated it to flynn, so let's hear that one. >> i have to say the last time i performed this i was 9 years old -- [laughter] and i was singing at a may day rally right before elizabeth flynn spoke. and i had trouble with it then, i'll probably have trouble with it now.

[laughter] um, and this is a very, you know, most of the wobbly songs are to tunes you're familiar with, but this one is a really kind of complicated chord progression. ♪ there are women of many descriptions in this queer world as everyone knows. ♪ some are living in beautiful mansions and are wearing the finest of clothes. ♪ there are blue-blooded queens and princesses who have charm made of diamonds and pearls. ♪ but the only thoroughbred lady is the rebel girl.

♪ she's a rebel girl, a rebel girl, to the working glass she's a precious pearl. ♪ she brings courage, pride and joy to the fighting rebel boy. ♪ we've had girls before, but we need some more in the industrial workers of the world. ♪ for it's great to fight for freedom with a rebel girl. ♪ her hands may be pardoned from labor, and her dress may not be very fine. ♪ but her heart -- that's

beating that is true to her clan and her kind. ♪ and the -- are trembling when her spite and defiance will so hurl. ♪ for the only thoroughbred lady is a rebel girl. ♪ she's a rebel girl, she's a rebel girl, to the working class she's a precious pearl. ♪ she brings courage, pride and joy to the fighting rebel boy. ♪ we've had girls before, but we need some more in the industrial

work of the world. ♪ for it's great to fight for freedom with a rebel girl ♪ [applause] >> that is a tough act to follow. [laughter] on the night before joe hill's execution, he sent a lot of telegrams and farewell letters off to his friends and supporters. to bill haywood who was the general secretary of the iww he wrote, bill, i die like a true, blue rebel. don't waste time in mourning, organize. of course, that's been truncated to don't mourn, organize and still used as a slogan at many

social protests, and you hear it a lot, actually, during these occupy demonstrations. and he sent another telegram to haywood that night which i think is not as well known. he said, bill, it's 100 miles from here to wyoming. can you arrange to have my body dragged to the state line? don't want to be found dead in utah. [laughter] and they honored that wish more or less as i described in the reading in the beginning. they held his funeral in chicago. he had one other request, and can he expressed that in his last will which i'd like to read as well. unless somebody can recite it. [laughter] anybody? [inaudible] my will is easy to decide, for there is nothing to divide. my kin don't need to fuss and moan, moss does not cling to a rolling stone.

my body, oh, if i could choose, i would to ashes it reduce and let the merry breezes blow my dust to where flowers grow. perhaps some fading flowers then would come to life and bloom again. this is my last and final will, good luck to all of you, joe hill. his, his body was cremated in chicago, and a year to the day after his execution the iww met again in convention for its annual convention in chicago, and it was there that bill haywood distributed 600 packets of joe hill's ashes and asked the dell dates there to -- delegates there to scatter them on the following may day in 1917, which they did. and haywood asked that the delegates tell them where they were scattered, and what he

learned was they'd been scattered on most of the continents and 47 of the 48 states, all except utah. [laughter] so i'll leave it there, and if anybody has any questions or comments, be happy to hear them and address them. [inaudible conversations] oh, or ri. >> because we're filming, we have to -- you won't be able to hear throughout the store, but we are going to be speaking into this for q&a. >> i just wanted to ask you how the cio figured into the afl and the iww? >> how did the cio figure into it? >> yeah. >> the cio wasn't formed until after hill's execution, until the '30s. the wobblies suffered a serious body blow in 1917. what happened was they were vigorously anti-war and started strikes and slowdowns in war production facilities, especially in the west and copper mines, for instance. and the u.s. government clamped down on them. they raided every iww office and

homes of the key members on the same day in september of 1917, threw hundreds of them into jail, and many received long sentences. and that really was a devastating blow to the i work w. iww. it continued to exist, but it really was never the same and, indeed, it still exists today, the iww, but its heydey really was until world war i, until 1917. yeah. >> i have two questions, one about then and one about now. um, i'm from chicago, and i'm wondering why the funeral was held in chicago vis-a-vis other things that might have been going on in the city's history, and my second question is who will be the joe hill of occupy wall street? [laughter] >> the chicago was chosen because it was the headquarters then of the industrial workers of the world. and they just felt that that was, that would be a city where

many people would appreciate hill and his life and, apparently, they did. 30,000 people turned out for the funeral. as to who will be the joe hill of occupy wall street, i don't know. i mean, there are many people who are doing a great job singing all over the country, but one thing i think is that, you know, as i said, hill's songs weren't written to be performed per se. they were written to be sung en masse, and i think if anything, he would probably appreciate it if occupiers were singing all the time. finish and so i think john fromer and a bunch of other people are writing some new songs for the occupy movement. it's important. >> a lot of songs being written for the occupy -- >> [inaudible] >> anyone else? one sec. >> i'm intrigued about your

experience as a writer throughout the years it took to write the book and where was the place where you got most possibly depressed about it and where you felt most inspired. >> the therapist question. >> yes. [laughter] >> where did i get most personal hi depressed? -- personally depressed and where most inspired. hmm. i don't think i got personally depressed. maybe because i knew the ending before i started on the book. but also i took some hope, i think, from hill's story. you know, he preached this gospel of solidarity and the importance of people sticking together, and i think when you look back on hill, i mean, it didn't end well for him. but i think the importance of music as a way of organizing people and that message of solidarity i think are hopeful in a way.

so i didn't get really personally impressed. and inspired? um, i think -- the iww, you know, they preached also this message of passive resistance and nonviolence, and to trace that history from the turn of the century through the sit-in strikes in the '30s and the civil rights movement in the '60s, anti-war movement and what's going on today with the occupy movements and to follow that strain and to just see the historical threads there i think is kind of inspiring. >> [inaudible] >> we'll have two last questions. [laughter] >> i was wondering whether you had difficulty getting some of the information in your research? was there anything still classified or difficult to get

or that you really had to make an effort to dig out? >> um, yeah. i mean, i did have to make an effort. i would say the most surprising piece and probably useful bit of research was this letter that i referred to that hilda erickson had written about the circumstances of joe hill's gunshot wound in 1914. but she wrote the letter many years later, 35 years after the fact, in 1949. it had never been published, it was written to a researcher who had intended to write a book about hill but never got it written. and i found the letter in the attic of the researcher's daughter and only because i had seen correspondence between the researcher and various archivists around the country. i knew he'd done his homework, and i wanted to find his research materials and so that led me to that.

that was probably the best piece of single information that i dug up. >> whatever happened to frank wilson? >> oh, frank wilson. frank wilson was the, was the ex-con whom the police initially suspected was the perpetrator in the murders of the morse softens. morrisons. and wilson, as i said, left the state. he went on to a 50-year career as a violent criminal. [laughter] his heydey was probably 1929 when he was a henchman as one of his family members put it in the al capone gang. and wilson owned the getaway car used in the st. valentine's day massacre that year. he didn't own it under that name. in fact, as i discovered, he used at least 16 different aliases and was imprisoned all over the country, but he did

have quite a colorful criminal career. well, thank you all for coming. thank you, book passage. thank you, john fromer. [applause] >> for more information visit the book's web site, the man who never died.com. >> we'd like to hear from you. tweet us your feedback, twitter.com/booktv. next, burton and anita folsom contend that president franklin d. roosevelt used world war ii to promote his own agenda which according to the authors including the expansion of the executive branch and excessive spending that left the country financially ill prepared for the japanese attack on pearl harbor and the subsequent u.s. entry into world war ii. this is about an hour.

>> good afternoon and welcome to the cato institute in exile. we're glad to have you folks here, and we're or very proud to say that in about two months the construction on our building will be complete, and we'll be back in the hayek auditorium. but for now we're glad to be here at the undercrofte. auditorium to discuss this book, "fdr goes to war."nder a long time ago i went to mayfield high school in mayfield, kentucky, and in my senior year i was the co-editor of the high school newspaper, "the cardinal." newspaper, the cardinal. i think the the features editor that year was my classmates any dab france to has gone on to bigger things and she got married to burton folsom and to history degrees, worked for president reagan and senator

mitch mcconnell and kentucky. presidential the left door and most recently, has directed hillsdale college free market forum last five years. who are at -- per co-author and has been is a burton folsom, jr. ph.d. from pittsburg and i actually visited there for the first time last fall and saw something that i had never heard of, the cathedral of serving which is the second tallest university building in the world the tallest is in moscow they thought they we're doing something better than capitalism but it is a 42 story building the first few floors are built like a gothic cathedral. it is amazing. go spend some time in the cathedral of learning. but since then being a

different colleges now holds the charros claims share of history and management at hillsdale and serves as senior historian at the foundation for economic education rican find some of his articles. he has published seven books and and when he explains the difference between political entrepreneurs which is a good text for the increasing discussion for the differences between crony capitalism and free enterprise. the work with the administration coming out in the fall 2008 as everybody said we need to emulate what fdr had done. and the newest book is "fdr goes to war" which he co-authored with anita folsom. as i said in my book 15

years ago, in many ways we're still living in the washington the roosevelt built. welfare state, foreign policy, the president as a dominant figure in the political system, that all goes back to the fdr transformation of politics and policy. it is important to study and understand how fdr governed and change what had gone before. also the additional importance that the libertarian movement arose in opposition to roosevelt's new deal and imperial presidency. if you want to pick a day when did the libertarian movement begin? obviously they have a long pre-history but if you want to put a date it would be

1943 when three women published books about individualism, a free markets and constitutional limited government to bring for the nucleus of those ideas. that is why we occasionally turn from public policy to history and why we're delighted to host this event today so please welcome a co-author of the "fdr goes to war" how expanded executive power, spiraling national debt, and restricted civil liberties shaped wartime america" professor burton folsom. [applause] >> who and let me start with some opening remarks. franklin roosevelt. president. world war ii. of the event. you cannot miss for an exciting book with those topics. president told the dramatic

great then life himself and the biggest military event in the history of the world, world 42. in covering this, you have tremendous go. you will give a history of world war ii, 300 pages readable for people to grasp. the president who conducted the war. pearl harbor and the dramatic attack and a turning point* militarily for the united states in many ways. the generals eisenhower and patent and marshal all conducting enterprises that were essentials two victory. the atomic bomb itself in here you have to give roosevelt credit for thinking ahead for what might make up a little difference in the war. then you have the end finally of the great depression which dominated

the thinking of generation of america coming to an end for the end of world war ii. we work with those elements in the book fdr goes to war. i would like it needed to start by commenting on some of those features of world war ii of franklin roosevelt >> it is the pleasure to be here today with david and kato institute. but yes, in our goal in retained this book was to make it larger than the economics although that is important but to give everybody a book that in 300 pages or so you could -- could get an overview of world war ii whether young person trying to learn, a son who is 26 and i can assure you most of his friends know almost nothing of that entire period. it is amazing.

we have material you probably never heard before so i want to set the stage about the 1930's to explain part of what led through world or to being such an upheaval is the policies of for oakland -- franklin roosevelt during the thirties. to give you some statistics statistics, factory output to increased every decade beginning 1899 for the following 10 years factory output was up. 1909 through 1919 up 3.4%. every year. 1919 o 1929, factory production was up 5.1% each year.

192-93-1939, it decreased slightly every single year during the 1930's. our industrial complex has aged and out of touch with cutting edge innovation going on in europe and elsewhere and suddenly we are faced with the problem of the military complex and we have nothing to compete. i mentioned the army chief of staff at one point testified before congress pleading for enough money so the arm you have enough bullets we're talking literally about to enough bullets demand 100,000 army is.

that you are not for a strong military presence overseas we do think a strong defense of america is our problems. germany was aware that led to the border comes along to the united states is suddenly factories have to be converted. overnight stay restricted products to consumers. overnight january 1942 you could not buy tires for your car. if your tires had been getting aged and you thought next week i will run down two sears roebuck to get a new set you are out of luck. the l.a. to get a new set is to go before the government tire board to prove to have

the essential reason to get a new set of tires. the comet american could no longer purchase all of those were used in the war effort most supported those changes and that was of course, with a wave of patriotism swept through everybody wanted to win the war. fighting men overseas and the way in which the war has begun with japan for the declaration of war was given to the secretary of war that a angered everybody. but what did the government do to suddenly help the economy? it did when it did and it began regulating everything.

so the allocation of almost all materials with a good be used to control the fuel supply and industrial production. the board is one of the most powerful agencies ever created with hundreds of thousands of bureaucrats. looking at every american new york city alone 7 million ration books were issued. the very first week it went into effect spring 1942 and without ration stamps many other items and if they were issued there were unintended consequences discover paying these were easy to copy.

having a picture of world war ii and the solidarity that it is like any other time, there is a craftiness of human nature and the incentive became to seize let's just print or own ration books. big business. also the theft of ration coupons was big business but there is an account of a veteran coming, after serving in the war coming home to central indiana during the latter days of the war and he is that a high school rally in central indiana giving history of fighting the japanese and the hardships endured and went outside to the parts cannot and somebody had broken into his car and had stolen his gas coupons. america was not as solid as the rosy picture painted of

a great many struggles but by and large most did support the war and most did want united states to win it. entrepreneurs had to come up with things on the good side such as aircraft manufacturing because that is where we lagged behind the most glaring example and 1940, henry ford was asked to get behind the mass production of aircraft. before we enter the war but we knew he was good at assembly lines. ford said his son and top executives to california. what of the main places when aircraft were built. because most were put together outside. that sounds unbelievable but putting planes together one at a time and the california sunshine for you could not

build 10,000 bombers and ford had to figure out how to do the assembly line for the be 24 and in typal f >> he didn't want to go overnt into the county where detroit hd was because he didn't want to give those democrats any tax money. to the assembly line curved around too. another huge success during world war ii that we often don't realize is the development of penicillin. penicillin was not available before world war ii. now, sulfa had just been developed, and it was a great breakthrough, and as we mention in the book, after pearl harbor one of the few successing stories in the spring of '42ng that not one injured man who was injured by the bombing at pearla

harbor had had to have an amputation due to infection. this was a new, this was a new world in military medicine. because the sulfa had prevented the infections. bomber had to have an invitation due to infection. this is a new world of military medicine because it had prevented the infection and used it liberally and it worked but the problem is that it did not deal with extremely deep wound infections in the abdomen or in the chest and that is so common sell penicillin had to be developed but the british of course, penicillin was discovered in the 1920's and before that chemists knew certain types of mold kill bacteria. but ian fleming publicize the discovery in the 1920's. 1941, the british brought over the strains of penicillin that they had and with their limited capacity because they were so strained only then could they develop enough for five

patience. they tried it on five extremely ill patients in new it worked well and they said to the american and department of agriculture can you grow penicillin? face and we will try. it was a great partnership between the department of agriculture and private pharmaceutical companies in still took the year and a half is still revolutionize medicine in the american public because by 1945 penicillin was available for americans of decisions. we were very quickly sending it overseas so that is a better success story of for al gore to the overall the american public has the challenge of falling together in the wartime emergency knowing the japanese were sailing off the coast of california knowing hitler had overrun europe. that the challenges through the entreprenuership and the

spirit of the people to make these great contributions. now we will talk more about the economic and less -- got us out of the war and the great depression. >> we look at world war ii and franklin roosevelt seems so long ago, 70 years since the bombing of pearl harbor. you don't really realize that much of american politics for form policy to domestic policy is shaped by the defense that happened in world war ii. of franklin roosevelt was very anxious for the active role of government world war ii provides that if he goes into those details. but roosevelt wanted it that way after the war. that is the important thing.

you have franklin roosevelt to create the national resources planning board. they were supposed to take ideas for after the board to run the american economy for roosevelt picks this up in his state of the union speech 19442 talk about the economic bill of rights. it includes the rate to a useful and remunerative job. the right of every family to a decent home the right to a good education. the right to medical care these are rates a roosevelt describes as the new economic bill of rights. sometimes he calls it the second bill of rights.

they roll off the tongue so nicely. the right to a good education to a useful job. roosevelt issued the i's and they become a plan for after world war ii when the war is over common than their rights could be given. if you think about it, if i needed has the right to use old job then somebody has the obligation to provide that job. if i have the right to decent homes then taxpayers have the obligation to provide that home. if david has the right to adequate medical care than hospitals or through federal funding of some kind, those hospitals and physicians are obligated to supply that medical care.

how different this is from the first delivery this the right to free speech is not impose obligations excepted are paid for it. freedom of religion does not obligate anyone it provides the opportunity for someone to practice as the first impose obligations but what we have seen as the hit tax structures set up that roosevelt wants to use after the war to find more federal programs. 1932 the roosevelt was elected president, the income-tax maximum anybody

had to pay with 25%. that was the most anybody had to pay. most americans did not pay income tax at all. of course, in some ways there is a problem with that. but really had 5% of americans paying any income tax rate to 41940. it started at 24% the exemption was only $500 if he made over $500 you started paying a 24%. that increase in a progressive way at a maximum of 94% on all in come over $200,000. that means if you earn 300,000 on your third

comment 100,000 you keep 6,000 and give to the government $94,000. a lot of people thought that might stifle entreprenuership. roosevelt believed it is essential providing decent homes, a good education and adequate medical care so this is the basis of funding for those kinds of actions. so what we see is a dramatic increase of the taxpayer base and tax revenues and we see withholding introduced for the first time. we have a chapter on that money directly out of the paycheck so government can use it right away instead of waiting one year. what we see is the defense of franklin roosevelt by many people. i like to read from one kentucky senator. the state where david and anita were born.

but neither of them agrees on this point*. he said this "all of us owe the government. we all went for everything that we have. said is the basis of obligation. the government can take everything we have if we need it the government can assert their right to have all the taxes it needs for any purpose either now or in any time in the future. the chandler rio expressed on the senate floor and many other quotations like this are the defense of the idea of government becoming the main source not only for the economy to provide jobs are health care but the tax revenue going into the government so those programs could provide those types of

jobs and decent homes a good education. when we got to the end of the war, roosevelt died, harry truman comes then but on these issues trim and is ready to go along. true mint comes 10 but they think the war goes on to 1946. germany surrenders in 1945. he did not know about the atomic bomb when he became president. that was a shock. roosevelt never informed him it was being developed. oddly, the day truman became president he did not know we had an atomic bomb but stalin did. one of the ironies of history.

other russians knew that we had it with the president did not happily the secretary of foretold that to him early in his presidency so now that he knew when he made the decision to use it on japan congress is out of session it takes most of america by surprise the atomic bomb on an hiroshima, nagasaki, congress is out of session and the war is over. the planners did not have a chance to come in with their programs. immediately he was to get them back into session by this time some congressmen said this 94% tax that don't think would get america back on track. the keynesian believe it. the truman secretary of treasury gives you the idea where the americans were who favor this intervention in. maynard keynes came out with his ideas with public

works, stimulate aggregate demand, of waterbury intervention he will eliminate unemployment through that. and then at fred vincent said "japanese have surrendered he wants massive government intervention and history shows us business labor agriculture cannot assure the maintenance of high levels of production. in other words markets don't work. the government must assume the responsibility to take measures broad enough to meet the issues. one reporter i f. stone agrees as to many others. new agency's new ideas and new directions are necessary. and dice the unemployment.

they are no longer available to the alien capitalism. that dealing capitalism no longer has the worst transfusion for the 12 million soldiers are coming home immediately. we have to have programs for them and without massive government programs new programs to build roads, to train people, without the use roosevelt and truman of one do to build the tennessee valley authority but others around the country and other types of public works programs and the use of gm's and the building of public works was very much in truman's mind. we have 12 million veterans. senator kilgore said but i say 80 million unemployed effect of that is worse than the 25% we had when he came