that is what we call great data. it was not uncomplicated because you have the overlay of ethnicity maybe other behaviors make them more vulnerable maybe it was muslim men. there other things that is in the system but that needed to be sorted out. it could have been a few years to get the data that was rigorous to act on it from a public policy point* of view but could have done that by the nineties. then the conversation is over. people did not believe it. who is the advocate.

>> guest: to circumcise more and then in africa? it is hard to imagine a less appealing subject to take on but my co-author does and finally 2005 now we have very rigorous bright findings that show circumcised men are 70% less likely to get a j.p.. that is of wasted decade. when talk about the science not moving faster. >> host: not to cut you off, of bedford, we have one minute left. i would like you to summarize where to go from here? i remember the page but you

have 2 billion paragraphs that say this is what we need to do. that is what we could do best rodrigo from here? >> hef -- . >> tree does many as we can. prevent others from giving them to children. male circumcision save, voluntary and easy and talk about sexual behavior. adobe scared matter how creepy we feel ourselves but share the science and we encourage these programs and be on point* 279 to wade in the interview and the book i encourage people to buy it. we just touched the tip of the iceberg. a fantastic book. >> guest: this was fun.

>> i surely appreciate you coming out to see me it on this dark and stormy night. the weather is horrible. [laughter] there is a full moon. this is a wonderful town. and i am glad to be here. you are guinea p.i.g.s. because this is the first speech i have given on ronald reagan. i have four books at out right now that the same time. it is driving me crazy.

but i made notes on re again in case i open my mouth and nothing comes out. the reason i was approached to write the book and i accepted is because i realized two or three years ago my daughter caroline ad, 10 at the time, there were not teaching modern contemporary presidents or politics at all. yadda realizes politics is all around us. everyday they get a big dose of politics. they don't have tools to look up presidents. maybe there are a few books

on other presidents and i the hot i would start a trend. i selected reagan because he was the most interesting of those contemporary presidents going back to john kennedy because of his childhood and his life. i like to write about movie stars but i have met to every president since kennedy, i was a reporter in washington 10 years. amid johnson, nixon, and ford when he was in the house. i met to carter coming into new york, i came and on sunday night and stopped and for dinner.

they see to me at the family table where it bachelor's and wayward husbands and then the police came over and she said he really wants you to come back there. i was at the table next to where woody allen psat and a guy stood up and he had on it jimmy carter mask. i looked closer. it was jimmy carter. [laughter] being of big publisher from doubleday doing his biography but that is how i met carter. i used to play tennis with the first george bush and i knew young george when he

worked here in the early '70s. but i thought reagan, he came out of nowhere. a little toward midwestern town, so poor he did not even know he was poor until he got to college. his father was a drunkard. his mother took in laundry. they got by. the first instance of his termination the red he decided he would play high-school football playing 90 pounds. he was crushed. he continued. then he was eliminated but then the next year went

again and again until finally he was the captain. not all captains don't windup being president but it tells you about his personality and his drive. he gets to a tiny college in your recut illinois. playing football, waiting tables in the sorority house in washing dishes. he got through school with pretty good grades, majoring in economics he was the president of the student government association. and he enjoyed acting. he graduated 1932 coming out

of the great depression. there were no jobs. this was serious. the father sobered up long enough to think they had of possibility of a job for him amoco reward. it turned out he did not get the job and thinking his stars ever since. it would take him down the different career path. he got out of eureka trying to figure out what he wants to be. how do you do that? he finds a job in a tiny radio station. this catchment said look at here.

give me five minutes make it interesting. i remember the last five minutes he retest played northwestern and he won. there he goes. wonderful. you have the job. it started college football than being the voice of the chicago cubs. very well known in the midwest as a sportscaster. at one point he was broadcasting they were cheap. they didn't want them to travel with the team so they would have one guy who goes to the game and telegraph

the various radio stations what is going on so the guy like reagan does play-by-play but he was 300 miles away. it worked well until one day they played in the cincinnati reds. and the telegraph went dead. and it is the ninth inning and the score is tied. and a foul ball is called. the ball goes into the stands.

so he goes with the foul ball seven minutes. it was in ripley's believe they're not. [laughter] finally the telegraph comes through. but that is the wit the man had. he seemed blessed with the star that shines bright upon them. the guy that owned the cubs, and they take the team there for spring training. remembers the growth from eureka she has a job as a dancer or something had to

write it in? try that. we sent due to mgm. they put him it in the movie playing a sports caster. they wanted to change your name. he said i am pretty well known in the midwest. everybody knows my name. he got to keep his name. people make fun of reagan the movie called bedtime for bonds though. i watched it. it is a comedy but it makes them look like a fool. but looking at keene the zero, they are very, very good movies. he was a very good actor he

found william holden, of william powell, john wayne. doing well in the movie business until world war ii breaks out he loved to ride in new he could not have the money to ride courses in college and so went to offer service training school and became a lieutenant and calgary. got to ride the best horses in the world for free. one weekend per month. now what? with the calgary they became the armor. and then they said eyesight is too bad to leave the

united states then they put him in the motion picture division he sat insana francisco and the movie studios would build replicas like tokyo our cities in japan and bring the pilots then and it is bigger than this room to see in three dimensions what they look at. he went back into the movie business 1945 when the war was over. the old system of -- system and the studio ran everything told the director and the actor what shows to do was changing.

it did not work as well for ronald reagan because the others had become the new movie stars. but reagan did become the head of the screen actors guild. every kraft known to man has a union in the movie business. the the end of road laying union, ceiling fans, but when the communists tried to infiltrate holly read they thought it would be great propaganda. the half -- acting kraft has always been to the left but it was big time in 1920's and '30's i hope i don't go

down too far but the group theater in new york send a lot of doctors to moscow to be trained because it was free. they also train them to be communist they came back and for communist. they migrated from the group theater in manhattan to the movie business in hollywood and 1920's and '30's and by the time reagan became president it was just about taken over by hard-line communist actors and directors. what they did, the bid -- big-time actors just paid their dues.

one un-american activities committee held their hearing. what reagan did to say we don't need to outlaw we can get rid of it democratically to get rid of the big time actors. for them to come in and wrote so they voted the stranglehold on the union and the was the beginning and was his conversion from a democrat to republican because he was raised as a

democrat has will live. his father was an irishman and any respectability working for the government. he was raised as a democrat. he was employed by general electric you may remember the g theater on sunday night. they got reagan to make speeches and he spoke against communism and suddenly realized there was a great force out there that was against him. the was conservative and there was tension brewing. one day at a lecture hall, a

woman said to him from the back mr. reagan, when we become a republican? he said i ought to buy have never got around to it. one said i register an average register your right now. [laughter] and the famous statement was i did not leave the democratic party. they left me. so his acting and speaking career morphed into a political career. he was approached by important people they wanted him to run for governor. they said that is why rewind you to run.

because you are an actor. he said okay. he ran against brown. they said deily reason he is good on tv. ronald reagan did not wear make up. the first day it made him look funny. he did not have skin to start with. so there's all these comments and the newspaper about wearing makeup. everybody including governor brown has pancake makeup. it was a political coup. they play it over and over. he spent too much money.

that you play along to go along he has to do that to. he wants to ease the state's debt. one of the stories that is told about him he got back 1967. there were all of these demonstrations at berkeley. that is part of the big university system. to think it would settle them down. he got some of them a room. leaders. finally after they settle

down enough one said governor, we don't think you can understand us at all. we grow up of jet planes and space travel you don't understand what we talk about. bregenz says that maybe so but our generation invented those things. [laughter] you left the governor's office would he be interested running for president? he thought they were insane. i am ready to retire. he was getting older. nixon made a disgrace of himself, ed carry-forward

did not distinguish him and -- did not distinguish himself. re again probably ill-advised they ran in the primary against a sitting president. and pylos. jimmy carter did and his record after one year was miserable. the country was in horrible shape. inflation was so bad. at the big supermarket i bought groceries there was no prices on anything. you had to go to the checkout counter for a list because the prices we're going up so fast. $0.10 every hour. you can get 19% interest in

a money-market fund but it was killing the country. at the same time the russians were storing up trouble. but it there were some serious nuclear problems that had not been resolved. jimmy carter left in a terrible state. they were in deep water. ronald reagan ran against jimmy carter and he won. there you go again mine. he was determined to try what was called supply-side economics.

it was an ugly word but get the regulations off of everybody's back. he got 10 and took a lot of flak from the mainstream media. those that i knew from the democratic establishment from world war to call rate and an amiable dunce. calling him senile and stupid or something like that. everything he did they would criticize. he liked to eat jellybeans.

today would see if they could figure out what was going on in his mind. but the thing about reagan reagan, he did not care. it bounced off him. >> and got his goat. but he is determined when he got in the office to do things as interest rates back to normal unemployment

had gone back to normal. but his biggest success was foreign policy. dealing with the soviets, these words serious situations. use were paid warhead missiles. we would have been destroyed. from world war ii, there is a policy that is a decade called containment. merry try to contain the expansion. vietnam was clearly a part of that.

that morphed with henry kissinger to peaceful coexistence. we would try to be friends with the communist. reagan in thought i will kill them. others say they treat the people like barnyard animals. he made a value judgment but he made it. here is his initial problem. everyone died on him. kept thinking these guys were 80 years old drinking vodka. gorbachev was well educated.

he was an educated man and reasonable. reagan thought he could reason with him but it did not start off well. he got a lot of flak when he came back and gorbachev would not do it. reagan, from the very beginning of his presidency he went to some mountain in nevada or idaho with the central control and asked this guy went are our defenses? we don't have any. what? we cannot do it.

what do you mean? furthermore if the soviets decide on strike it would kill everybody. reagan went back to berkeley where he had good connections and said we have to get something going. they call it "star wars." it could have worked if they kept on doing it but it terrified the soviets because they did not have the money to do that. was an expensive and proposition for those who could two to their missiles. this is the enormous bargaining tool.

every time gorbachev had a meeting may willing to do away with this number of missiles? you have to do away with "star wars." once we get it finished and will give it to you. there enough? no. as a result the soviets agreed to and grumbled reagan went to berlin with the berlin wall and made a great speech. he made friends is gorbachev he thought. but he was still determined and he would not back down to say in the speech, his

own state department was horrified. he said mr. gorbachev, it you want peace in the world world, teardown this wall. the germans thought reagan would be gone tomorrow. everybody was stunned. suddenly it was a mantra. people were taking it up on both sides of the wall. he started to ease controls the people took power in you see the whole eastern bloc began to crumble. he started this. you could make a case where one single individual who brought soviet communism who

in the east down it is ronald reagan. after the satellite countries like czechoslovakia, poland and east germany got their freedom you went to moscow to visit gorbachev. reagan made a speech to the law school there in moscow. they never heard about democracy or freedom. it was against the law. but he did it. he was cheered. that was his legacy he was a lot smarter than people gave him credit for.

presidents have speechwriters to some extent. but reagan wrote to his own speeches. i have the book with his own handwriting. he kept a diary. which is extremely articulate. he wrote letters and i was fascinating -- fascinated by his mind. basically he was meat and potatoes type of guy. santa barbara. with the things he did. [laughter]

the press would always go to big telescopic cameras across $10,000 for the lens and sit on the mountains trained on his ranch all day long just to see what would have been. he knows they are there. he falls down. [laughter] the reporters go crazy. they say the president has a heart attack. [laughter] he gets up and waves and smiles. i hate to reading things. let you read it. i do not need to read it. but the last couple of pages sums up what reagan was and what he did it looks a lot

more pages but they had to type it big. he passed away the office alzheimer's and his mother had it. road and note to the american people to explain what would happen and he knew and he had a good time and he thanked everybody for their kindness and even sam donaldson. [laughter] june 3 coming 2005, ronald reagan passed away at his home in california. 93 years old. when june 9th his body was flown to washington d.c. to light in stay at the rotunda of the u.s. capitol 1,400 people viewed it on

june 11th the funeral service was held at the national cathedral attended by many leaders including his old adversary mikhail gorbachev. was buried in california at the ronald reagan presidential library. on his stone is inscribed from his speech at the dedication. i know in my heart man is a good. what is right what will triumph and if there is purpose of worth each and every life. during his political career reagan was disliked reviled by the intelligentsia or the mainstream media but today there are those that look at

russia's decision to stop pointing missiles that can misstates but many others remember him from his record of 34 television network addresses. the matter their politics, or his, he was a man of straight talk. good humor, could well. a cheerful president and times he could be angry with a arms conference and murder on the currey an airliner that i did not get into. reagan had a clear sense of right and wrong that

infuriated many journalist. most of whom are convinced applying those convictions are simplistic dangerous and in contrast reagan believed he knew what was right and what was wrong. bubble llc was an original. his heartbreaks and triumphs and died in his own bet. he had come a long way. you would never know he was poor. sportscaster, released dark comment president of a screen actors guild, a governor and president of united states. because he did not get the

job of montgomery ward's. that is the way he saw it. if you visit the reagan library will notice a 9-foot concrete slab model with with -- monolith near the entrance. [laughter] on the west has colorful graffiti of butterflies and flowers on the east side is a dark gray and actual 6,338-pound chunk of the berlin wall sent by the citizens of a grateful germany thankful for his tiered down the wall speech. as a call for freedom for east germany and the rest of the communist world.

reagan said that our children and grandchildren come here to see the wall and reflect what a mental history only vigilance and a strained will deter tierney. each year they come by the tens of thousands, the schoolchildren read the words and look at his grave close by. a little to the right also facing west. nine know the end of the buck. you don't have to buy it. [laughter] you have been a great group. i hope i did not take up to much of your time. thank you for coming. we can assign some books if you like 55 knickknack.

[applause] >> my job was to give people a readable story of the constitution in. going clause by clause to break it out so those students california or may not or hawaii or washington d.c., across the country, would know what it means to read the constitution what the founding generation said what it meant. also i was motivated to write the book because of the constitution itself. of the founding generation left it to their posterity.

that is to us. we have a sacred trust to know what it means, understand it it, digested, read it, i hope the american people would do that if they are students of the constitution. you hear different ideas. some say it is elastic. it is stretchable it has words and you can read these but we have to go beyond that. that is what judge or scholar says it means. then others say it is a limiting document. you cannot go beyond that. may have to interpret literally.

people are confused. which one? loosely interpreted, plastic or limit change document? i thought to cut through all of that. i did not care what scholars said the supreme court said that what the founding fathers said. my journey began their. when they originally had the concept of this book you can pitch the idea then told yes, sir. no then you go from there. i would focus almost primarily on the opponents on what they thought and the publishers said that is not a good. it may look like an anti-constitution.

we brainstorm the little bit decided we would righted based upon the founding generation said. for and against. as i started to dig through the mountains of research, i realized i only scratched the surface and what i knew would be changed or what i thought i knew would be more involved. i got the material. it is deeper than i thought. there is so much more to it. of course, when you look at this document not just the

founding fathers the you are familiar with but a generational block for the american incineration. i went to to look at what everybody said. public documents. because it had to be sold. they wrote it. what would be better thing going to those who wrote the document itself? those who went to a hostile convention to say this is what it means. they had to go to the press and say it will not do that. this is what it means. that is the founding fathers constitution as ratified. the whole ratification

process, the constitution meant nothing until the state decided to ratify. that is the overall subject. reading a quote from the founding father of north carolina, oftentimes you can get the statement the founding fathers were combative. what founders? we know the big names. hamilton, at madison, john j., the author of the federalist papers. most people that read the constitution look at the document and "the federalist papers" to say that is it. it is much deeper than that.

i say those federalist papers are not as important as you think. written in the york but not much of impact in york. it was only ratified by three votes. three valenz. these 85 essays that are the definitive source to not have much impact at the time. the others who were more important than james madison. he is called the father of the constitution i call it a misnomer. he did present the virginia plan the the constitution that we have is not his. it was gone over and over and modified over and over

by a number of important people. you have never heard of john dickinson in delaware. he was one of the most important men of the founding generation when he went to the philadelphia convention he looked at the constitution to say we are not having that. this will not work in the united states. or sure men from connecticut in jefferson said he never said this stupid thing in his life. when he got to the philadelphia convention he said we're not having that in these united states. connecticut one not agree.

john rutledge, another important founding father he would later serve on the supreme court held to win the war of independence and said no. this constitution will not work in south carolina we need to modify. that is what happened. it is called a miracle because nobody was sure if it would get out of philadelphia to begin with. it appeared the constitution would die before the summer of 1787. a story you hear large states against small states. dickinson and sherman and rutledge came from small states. medicine from a large state.

but what type of government would rehab? so today we have a federal government. the founding generation did not call it that coming out of philadelphia. masonry one to a federal government to use madison wanted national. there is a difference. federal is general and only had general-purpose this basically everything else was left to the states themselves. and national government put all power in the central authority. when you talk about general verses federal. you still hear the term that

we are a nation. the founding generation and say it is a general government for general purposes. when the constitution came out to nobody was sure if it would get ratified. they poured their hearts out but no one was sure if it would make it out of nine states which is all that was required. that it had to be sold i do bring up the philadelphia convention because sometimes you cannot understand the language without knowing what they meant but to oftentimes it cannot understand of less what they said that the state

ratifying conventions throughout the united states. madison agreed. the constitution only brought to life and newly found meeting because of the state's invention that gave it all the validity and 30 possessed. what we presented in philadelphia means nothing. what the state ratifying convention said it meant means everything. the most famous supreme court justice ever, john marshall never once referenced the ratifying conventions. that is rare everything was discussed, and hammered out out, those wavering states were sold a bill of goods on the basis of what the

constitution meant to have the time. but i bring in both proponents and opponents. you often hear there are two groups. federalist an anti-federalist. that is wrong in fact, abridged gerry said there were rats and anti-rats. that is funny. eldridge was very colorful. you how the federalist but in reality is a nationalist. they thought more power should be in a general government the anti-federalist and much of the authority.

how much will that have? that is what we get out of the entire process. to go through the different opinions but what i found shocked me. there are different opinions. but what i found over and over the opponents of xyz were told about the proponents that you are wrong so the general consensus is there with the interpretation. essentially a general government for general concerns. that is it.

we will talk about the bill of rights and a minute. but it would not be a national government and would not abolish the states as some people feared. has said doug through the declarations a multitude of volume the general consensus began to appear. i put as much as icahn handbook the everything i heard is a use a lot of quotations that can make it drive-by wanted it to be the founding fathers constitution. i put as much of then and it as a good. they are better at saying it then i am. it is not hard to understand.