tunisian people would like to see. therefore legitimacy was one of the very clear steps that outlined the model of democratic transition and all citizens were able to see it and see that the process that we're going to follow. the legitimacy of the constituent assembly is not absolute. it will end on the day that the, constitution is drafted and will not continue to last forever. and, once the constitution is drafted, we'll go back to elections. so all these steps are very clear to the tunisia people. and therefore give a very clear model and broad space for dialogue and also some, gives comfort to the tunisians. . .

we decided that tunisia in this stage means a government in which all parties are represented. and another wanted to prove that all of these years in which we lived in the islamic movements with the assumption we couldn't cope with democracy and also lived by side by side with leftist groups. we managed to prove that we are able to reach agreement with the other parties including the leftist party, and therefore i

think in the next stage we can prove and also provide a very real model for the agreement on harmony and also another point is that people have the right to also engage in the drafting of the constitution and to take part in the six committees that were formed and passed with writing specific segments of the constitution. all of this makes the space course tunisia. the differences of the regime that we would like to adopt is a space regime, is it a parliamentary or presidential system. in reality this is not a major difference, because regardless of the system, we are not going

back to the authoritarian regime, and even if we decide on a presidential system, it will be bound by the constitution and respect for the rule of law and human rights and the will of all parties of left tunisian society, and now the party is only a modern of even with respect to issues of women as we know that islamic movements have an issue with female representation in parliament. as you know, the members of the ennahda party represented in the assembly are 43 women and any party in the u.s., and which party in the u.s. or europe has such a high level of female representation. the other point that i would like to point to is that we would like to reach a very broad

agreement on the constitution, and also to address some of the issues that are not basically understood, and nobody has a plan or a model that is the best solution to all the economic problems, therefore the best way to resolve these issues is to reach consensus and also engaged in and buy a lot of and now members of government are not ruling the way they did from their offices. now they go down to the streets and they talk to the people where rights are being held, and they also go to the outlying areas in the country. this method is a convention -- is a conviction of not just the policy, and we will continue working on this conviction.

[speaking in native tongue] >> translator: the carnegie endowment for this occasion and we are very happy that at this time we have this dialogue between the western islamists who for a long period of time had some justification for the presence of the previous oppressive regimes and the islamic parties. we hope that this dialogue will result such things to continue. in fact, libya, the situation in libya has said it differs from egypt by the threats that it

gave and it deferred from the revolution in libya and libya is similar to the syrian uprising because they were forced to take up arms and forced to leave the places of residence and many of them out of the country and lots of assassinations took place and libya, and many people were forced to fight for gadhafi and his brigades, said this had affected adversely the cohesion and society of libya and also affected the relationship, the relationships in the libyan society. also, the difference in the libyan revolution, libya for 40

years did not build many institutions, nor any true institutions of civil societies, nor did we have ministries. the first ministry we had was the oil ministry, because it is the main supporter for the regime. one person managed everything. we didn't even have parties. we have only the revolutionary council. anybody who raised his voice otherwise would be either killed or represent for 30 or more years. so the situation in libya differs greatly from the situations in other countries, therefore, this had left in the libyan case in a lack of experience and political

practices also. this had many negative things in the libyan society. i would talk a little about the constitution. we haven't reached the phase where we will draft the constitution. you know that the country is being led by the provisional council, which was formed by agreement among the libyan council and leads the country during a provisional period of time, leading to government. as i said, because of lack of experience -- evin thus governing council suffers from lack of experience is in the political field of governors and a great number of people had hoped with the disappearance of gadhafi things would

dramatically change and become different, but this is difficult. there were people who said that libya would become some sort of a paradise within a few months, so the affected the politicians in the council and fri hoped for the best and the better in the situation. so, libya is not conducive and as simple as other countries. it is rather complicated. there is some chaos particularly in the areas where gadhafi controlled until last minute. but a short point about the constitution. the provisional council decided that the announcement of the constitution that there were the articles that the election would be held next june and these would produce the national

council of 200 people representing libya and would lead the country to another provisional time period and would lead the country and nominate the president also would be headed this council will assign a specific number of people to draft a constitution. the country had the constitutional monarchies and that was obligated in 1959. so there's no constitution that is known and libya. so this committee that will be formed out of the national council will be assigned to draft a constitution. there is a proposal from the provisional council that the membership of this council will

be 60 people representing all different districts of the country. perhaps you talked about the case. some people fear for the centralization that caused this country to be in many parts particularly based on the part to be marginalized. all of the people in libya or marginalized, because on the government institutions or departments that caused the regions so marginalized. there was the action to this feeling that the marginalization would appear again and therefore the demand for the revolution. the provisional council had the

competent comedy to the committee would be representing all of the different regions of the countries of this is an option that the council once they are elected would have the right to prove this option of that because it is recognized logistical party. so, this committee in fact will be the committee that will draft the constitution, which will be subject to a referendum. we come as brotherhood, has my brothers stated before me, is that the constitution must be drafted in some sort of consensus and acceptance by all libyans. the next phrase that any group be dominant be one of the political parties or even dominate and governing the country. we and other society had suffered a great marginalization with the yen's lost six libyans

lost a lot in the experience is and people are fearful that one dominant party will total everything. this is not an easy process to reach a consensus agreement and that is due to the inexperienced in the political field. people are not allowed to practice politics, except the composition and i in my lifetime never submitted a balad other than britain and i participated twice from britain. but in libya i do not participate at all except in the elections for the muslim brotherhood. now, the libyan people should be able to build that state that they aspire for.

>> wear your specific party movement is trying to contribute. i'm going to try not to ask some very specific questions and i would ask if we can to keep the answers very specific as well. my first question actually has to do with tunis and the relationship between the islamic legal tradition and sharia on the one hand and the legal framework on the ground in tunis on the other. understand the position. the position is you don't need an equivalence of the famous article 2 of the shall be the main legislation. you don't need that in the tunisian constitution so my question for you as a member of right now all of the assembly, the assembly as i understand it is responsible not simply for writing the constitution it is also serving as interim parliament and will set up a permanent parliament. when you are a member of sunufta

or think about the kind of legislation and would like to introduce to what ways do you draw on sharia, how do you conceive of the relationship not between sharia and the constitution but an ordinary legislation when you get down to the business of making the ordinary law? >> [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: we have an effective participation for all segments of the tunisian population. this is not all of the civil societies, and this is another movement trying to build on the decisions on the basis of what they believe are in the best interest of the tunisian people come in and to be consistent with the movements. so anything that the tunisian society deems to be the way that

represents the arabic and islamic native people coming and that would not allow anybody in to subject, subject to any questioning. the first open session for the constitutional assembly, every current party represented a expressed their vision on this constitution and the legislation , and as you mentioned, the assembly has a legislative authority also. so, all the activities move towards dealing on the road for investments. all of these experts the statement of the arabic islamic

nature. so i don't think there will be a big problem between legislation on the one hand and identity of the tunisian in the constitution or in the legislation. and in tunisia which have a system that is very close to the liberal system. this will continue to be. we can also include the additional opportunities through the islamic parts that would allow an opportunity also in ways that are consistent with islamic sharia. i don't think the one will also greater opportunity to attract the largest force of investments it is to seek general public

consensus and of course the aspirations of the public which is the centrist islamic approach they are not very -- i ne, all societies are extremist. of course we have extremism on the right and on the left. we have a very strange even though the left we respect the right and the respect of law for the people that live in the centrist region of islam that is prevalent all over the region. so we believe that the future there are lots of reports that are present in the islamic sharia will be prominent and

positive in the playing and adopting the legislation not only in drafting the constitution. these islamic values must prove the quality and building a state, democratic state that will be prosperous and economically and be respectful all segments of the people. >> you do have an existing article in the constitution, which exists in the constitution declaration. and again if understand the position of the freedom and justice party the existing article was just fine. you do not need to go further than the principles of the islamic jury or face specific rulings or profession. but so my question is there is still reference to the principles and the islamic sharia and how they should inform legislation. who does the justice party think is all for christ to give interpretations of the sharia in egypt? is this adopted parliament, is it for the constitutional court? who is the one we should be basing this determination about

what the sharia is and what the law we should be based on? >> it gives us an opportunity not just to basically talk about overarching principles, but talk about specifics that people get an understanding of and a term that is commonly misunderstood and misrepresented. they get an explanation in the session about what does it mean, etc., and now we are talking about specifics in the constitution. so, article 2 in the constitution and basically having sharia as a primary law, a primary source of the religious nation is an identity clause was statement cited falling lake in different countries and the official language, again, there is an

issue of identity that the salafis relates to. and in egypt there actually is consensus along this. the identities statement to and from the secularist from the christians and the egyptians, all egyptians almost every -- agreed on this. second, we need the positioning of sharia principles as an identifier for the system that judges the spirit of the constitution and the spirit of law. at this is really similar to many parties across europe, and even some of the parties in the united states where there is a value for religion in the state.

and that all you hear is basically identify what's right and what's wrong and basically the framework in which the spirit is put into, and this is basically this is almost the location of the islamic principles and the sharia principles and identify with. interestingly enough, and this is actually like mentioned here these are not contradictory to the universal acceptance values like freedom, justice, democracy, will fall, etc.. these are the conformities. these are some of the -- of course there will be some differences in the system, but

the major values there's still an extension, and across the civilization ucb applying states and sometimes it is applied with wisdom and was done in the right way leading to the greater success and contribution to the civilization, and many times it also was a field representation. we try to come up with a relation that basically the implementation of these rules are a wise implementation that focuses on the spirit, focuses on the principles, but at the same time also respects and this identity. we hope that we come up with a formulation, and the alternative to this, an alternative that is actually presenting the model, and this model in a time will

build more conflict between the implementation of islam and universal. specifically who will decide this in parliament and the parliamentary discussion's coming and not only the parliament of the entire egyptian population because the constitution is going to be discussed in the constituent writing assembly with a presentation from everybody and is going to be posed for the parliament for discussion again and voting. then it will be sent off to the egyptians, so the egyptian people will vote on the different items in the constitution, and i don't think there is any -- i think that there will be lots of agreement on these different issues. and as was also mentioned, the majority of the modern constitutions is an agreement with sharia the implementation

is the modern implementation and the judging society organizing the relationship between the state and the regionals. there is no intervention between, and the laws that lie in the areas that is basically the social and acceptable and most modern communities to marriage, divorce and also there are some implementations in the penal code under grievous and most people do not accept particularly in the western societies, and this discussion really is not there because there are also conditions for the implementation and acceptance of the penal all that still exists. so it's not part of the discussion and it's not part of the way it is implemented and is

actually the discussions are going to be about the articles, and actually all articles you will find this discussion of the modern space constitution. >> let me turn the attention now to libya. you have two alternatives laid out. you have the tunisian, which just says we rely on the people we don't need it in the constitution. the egyptians say we need it in the constitution and rely on the people. does the libyan muslim brotherhood have any specific inception of what it wants to see with regard to sharia in the constitution? >> translator: perhaps we are closer to the egyptian model in this regard, because the libyan people -- because the component of the libyan people or 100%

muslim. the majority are arab, and we have the constituents 5% and there is a great harmony between us and them. i personally have lived with several members of the minority. therefore there is no conflict in the libyan society, and the majority of the libyans are sunni tradition, therefore they don't have the differences that could be present in egypt or tunisia in terms of religion and ideology. surely we have some liberal of thoughts but they are not similar to what we hear about egypt, therefore there is agreement on the political

sphere in libya and there is no polarization between the islamists and the liberals. we actually don't even like this label, because they're all moderate islamists. this is a very important introduction to understand the libyan society. second of all, the islamic reference or sharia is now a demand all libyans. it's not restricted to a particular group of the libyans. it doesn't concern the islamists demanded by all libyans. but what is our own understanding of this reference? as dr. dardery said it is the overall intent of the islamic

religion which is to establish justice and consultation and a quality among people come and to defend freedom even if people have hold different views. therefore, the sharia and our understanding of the sharia, is to understand the larger intensive purposes of sharia. for example, the sharia encourages people to express their views and engage in dialect and encourages differences. as we know, we have several islamic traditions that interpreted the sayings of the prophet, therefore there is no justification for differences over our understanding of the sharia. so, once again, libyan society is all religious, they're all

muslims and second of all, we don't have the same kind of polarization. almost all libyans are sunnis. all people wanted the sharia to be the reference, and upon our first celebration after the revolution, people demanded that sharia be adopted as the main source of legislation. once again, i would like to stress that the intent is not important -- >> i see a common element, and that i would see would be the supreme self-confidence in two ways. you're all confident that you really represent the islamic and the cultural values and in some ways the socially conservative values perhaps, although you didn't make reference to that, of your society. so you go to the space process, and the people will voice support for your program.

but, writing the constitution isn't simply about giving voice to the majority. it's also about protecting the individual. on your confidence there as well, that essentially if you draw on the islamic tradition and the profit of sharia you'll find material to regulate or the relations between the state and the individual. so that confidence is natural. if you didn't have it, you wouldn't be islamist and we wouldn't have invited you here. [laughter] but my question is that that's not the only conceivable source of protecting individual rights. there is a whole host of international human rights, treaties and conventions and so on. so my question as to what extent do you prepare to draw on the constitution writing process and even more specifically, if somebody from another political party movement stood up and said i want to make those documents that we have ratified in force in our courts, what would you say in response? >> let me start with a little surprise --

>> [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: anything that poses or agrees with the arab islamic tunisia nature, that's fine. we will never see any difference in international agreements. so therefore we will not to draw back from what was anything that might conflict with the identity we will not adopt. i do not think this is present, and certainly we must live this phase of the world has lived in, and i have read it isn't only libya or reject, this concerns all the world, therefore we are here in washington.

we are not in tunisia or cairo or libya. this change is not merely a change in the democratic system, but somehow it will include improvement in the movement towards accepting all civilizations upon which the human civilization has built on a general. so, we either recognize what the islamic culture has presented on the civilization and also all values and all positive of course there are negative things in all these values about the islamic culture has provided as accepted in the article, so it is not subject. the question is we always believed that human values are not cities that will be taken on the margins but it will

represent all of the civilizations that have been built will be of the source. so, in the case of sharia, there was talk that what sources shall do is an agreement is it sharia we decided not to choose this past. we decided that a legislature which -- legislation which gives the people is to establish a state that respect the citizen regardless of their political leanings and are not purposely had originally -- regularly. there are messages that are said to these telling them that the presence will be respected not

only as a minority, but as the traditions. the picture or the image that we are trying to build for the country in the movement is on the segment of the society that pushes strongly in that direction. i can give you one example. today' minister is a person that was subject to this twice but is still alive. he was sentenced to death twice. he also was with the red prison, said he would go and would be taken back-and-forth to read i

don't know how much was political assignment. do you believe that she is a minister now do you think that he will not extract from the personal arguments that will prohibit the violation of the human rights and the minister stated he was appointed as i told you the prime minister now he was tortured under the chambers tunis to go downstairs, go up words because these were torture sellers underground.

so this minister will come to take vengeance against those who tortured him he will not do that. the principal of humanity and the principle embodied in the sharia are the sharia religion that respects all values we aspire to build tunisia in the future that will respect all citizens and minorities. >> i'm going to be obnoxious trying to pin you down in a very specific way. what i heard from that is when we make the law in the parliament, we will to control sharia -- you didn't say this with the costume and international rights document but those will not be automatically ensorcell it will have to be through the implementation. it did i hear correctly?

>> they -- >> of the constitution that is in this provisional phase now for the international agreement will be brought through this parliament for the people to be approved on. so, the people of a representatives choose their options from sharia and the humanitarian values that they feel have something in common or mechanisms that contributed to the humanity that select the principles that they feel are suitable. >> the libyan muslim brotherhood, have they developed one towards international human rights instruments? >> as the libyan muslim

brotherhood developed a position on international human rights instruments? >> it's an early question to pose to the islamic brotherhood. we haven't reached that stage yet. but we have principles that i could defer to. and as my brother said here, it is the islamic reference and the universal human rights conventions that do not conflict with islamic sharia or even the culture of the libyans. but i would like to point out that there are some things the westerners interpret based on their own world view and surely there are some minor differences related to the culture and tradition among the nations. for example, yesterday i noticed

that there's a difference between the american people and the british people. the americans say how were you when they see you, and in britain this is not the case they say good morning, the culture of people is that people are to themselves the people would even try to offer help. this is a difference that relates to the culture of muslims and arab and there's a difference from the western culture and we shouldn't forget this. we have the universal human rights conventions and these conventions are not just ran from the islamic understanding of human rights. when i took refuge in britain and i was being interrogated, i was asked by an interrogator who

didn't believe what i was saying that something, but when we are talking to our a egyptian people they will think it is a very simple issue. people who are being killed by the hundreds and that was accepted, there for the difference in the culture affect snowed out the details in the form and the items i would be included. >> about the muslim brotherhood it didn't have detailed proposals. my response is usually you haven't read the documents. they go on for hundreds of pages after times, but among those in the party's recent platform, one ran in the parliamentary election was if i remember correctly the review of certain international documents. so what is the party agenda when it comes to the international rights?

>> the previous regime all international treaties i don't think even the agreements of these particular human rights it was interesting on the one hand and the human rights on the other, so this distinction is actually a form a new implementation signing an agreement on the tradition, and the question of the actual implementation and this is the sentiment that you talk about so many good things that you agree with on the universal values what we actually do this? and this is an element we actually need to find a process where we start building trust between each other and try to help each other, and this is the

world view that we would like to live after the region went into the democracy to really actually need your help to do this. but part of the difference may be in agreement with some is we actually until the individuals make sure that these rights are discussed, and this is a part of the difference what is planned in the individual relationship between the person and the groups basically you have an instrument where you actually make sure that you are not implementing it only because of rule of law which is a value or respect the agreement but it's actually part you have to do it at the individual level. the previous regime exercised a practice that changed fiction

which and and you'll find lots of practices and incidents across the region of human rights, women's rights and also because the operation needs these kind of practices, and religion breeds protection of one another and interaction and collaboration among one another command the level of dialogue and getting to know in the community was the most experience as one has. we have lots of common ground particularly within this organization and the communities that are out of common ground between us and actually we want

to use the treaties and the agreements to ensure the commitment on the political level. we want the six society and as a means of checks and balances to make sure we do not go beyond these agreements and we want our religion to plea also the role in making sure that we protect our rights of the egyptian citizens to be equal in front of law to be equal citizens and to exercise the respectable dignified life. >> are there any of those agreements the old regime signed even in sincerely and dishonestly that you want to remove the signature from? >> to follow to this again, all people in this position have the

right to review the agreements written in a context democratic representative so it is an inherent right from the egyptian people and the american people on the broad agreements we made the commitment as a party that we are going to honor and come at to the previous agreement and there is no disagreement if it is our position as a political party if we want to be part of this international community and our position that the party is we actually want to be monitored implementation of this one and we want to be the alternative model that respects our identity and tradition as the global committee to be a disconnect okay. let's now turn it open for

questions to be we have about 15 minutes left for questions and we have about three hours' worth of questions so i'm actually going to go to the back of the room just because i don't want those people to be discriminated against so let's go back here. they are harder to see if so let's not have them forgotten. we will take about three questions first. islamic i would ask one question. i am a student and researcher from egypt. i heard about this, so i came. a member of the par party but going back after the latest nomination my question is simply regarding this whole dilemma about implementing sharia back in egypt my question to you, sir is why all this happened in the issue is a yes or no answer implementing sharia has also had

some sort of commitment from your side as a party to deliver economic prosperity and sustainable mode of living to be able to implement the corporal punishment. so let me put this one in arabic [speaking in native tongue] [speaking in native tongue]

>> translator: therefore feel as a party and this was towards the people. >> let's go back here. going back here. yes. no, right back there. yes. yes. >> hello, my name is anne and mr. into international relations and have a question for the representatives of tunisia. you said you would go along with human rights to say confirm with the arabic and islamic identity of tunisia and that you gave examples of torture flexible you think both of those kind of say the same thing and i know you said that the parliament is to decide on the human rights but from your point of view can you give some examples of the human rights treaties that you think don't go along with the arabic and islamic identity? >> let's go up here. yes.

>> i am with nbc television and my question is for saleh. when it comes to the roy and women that can you assure us this hasn't been the case and a general question for all the panelists it is also said that they understand only from the democratic program and once they get to power their forced to leave. is this a valid criticism? >> we are going to get one more because the person that was hardest was maria and she put me out here. i owe her. >> thank you very much. we have all the discussions on these values.

it is set on the constitutional framework of how to govern. so what i would like to ask of all of you, of each of you is what is going to be the most hotly debated institutional issue in the riding of the constitution? is the presidential parliament? is it the centralization? what are the issues on which it is going to be difficult? >> okay. we have four great and a sharply worded questions and if we get answers we will have time for a second round. >> the gentleman from egypt, i'm not sure if you're an ex member of the party. [laughter]

you have a great discussion collecting votes. the short answer for your question is actually yes, our primary concern and commitment is that the egyptian people. this is what our economic program is focused on. this is our primary concern, and this is why actually we were voted in the parliament. and no doubt my answer is also we are not achieving prosperity to cut people's heads. we are achieving prosperity to actually not cut people. we are achieving prosperity in order to help us build a society where everybody exercises citizenship, and with the question about when we are in power, nobody has the right to get back to power actually we are entering the news of the egyptian people and this is the

process we are committed and we are going to put in our parliamentary and of legislative program and in our contributions of the contribution to the constitution balances to make sure that dictatorship does not come back in the previous system, so we actually try to do so and this is the number one reason of why we push the candidates. these are most of the previous ones that are not necessarily committed to the parliamentary system or the system with limited authorities we are pushing for the president who is committed to our party program of pushing more for the parliamentary system and the two most be dated we believe particularly if you look at the 71, the 1971 constitution, the first is almost the consensus

focusing on the rights and identities on the mechanics and language to make it more efficient, but on the fifth and sixth chapter on the nature of the democracy which is either parliamentarian or the discussion basically is the role of the military within the state and within the constitution. >> translator: thank you for these questions and several of them. the reality or what we discussed on a daily basis inside these committees. with respect to the saddest of women we have six committees designed to try the constitution, and another party chairs the two of the

committees, and each of the committees has 22 members representing all parties according to the election results and some of them are also independent with us and a career orientation. and some have been elected to the constituent assembly just to deal with human rights issues. each of these committees is represented in such a manner that all the members of the political respects are represented, and such that they would respect, for example, we have a committee for rights headed by a woman who was a member of another party who has struggled and who has also proven over the years a kind of defense of all of the men and women who have suffered under

the yoke of the dictatorship and that's why another party nominated her to chair this committee because of her longer history of struggle and she's not just defending the rights of women, but all parties. and i believe that in the future stage, we should overcome this obstacle that the human rights are reflected to this party or that party or that women cannot have such rights and political life and that political life i am living inside the ennahda party i do not feel that my female colleagues ennahda party are not equally represented they are not taking place as i said 43 out of 89 members are women

and this was not a trace of the party. these were voted or elected by the people come and 5% of the women present on the constituent assembly are from ennahda party that is why when it was given the opportunity to present its programs in all fields with a human rights or any other field, it proved that it's able to provide and give more and more to produce democracy in which the women are represented not through the court system, but the women themselves are taking part in building their own political future. we address all issues, human

rights issues are real issues that the state and the people who lived under dictatorship has experienced, and we will not allow for our future state to revert back to torture and human rights violations and any other such issues. we found these issues to be present in the tunisian people. with respect to the differences and over the constitution of the realities are various differences. but what we are happy about is that none of these differences are divisive that could divide the tunisian people. we are all moving in the same direction coming and with respect to the differences, perhaps we need your help, and this is how we can establish an

economic future for the people and balance system. i wanted to also talk about what we have been discussing inside the committee, and it's not for the purpose of just a beating the other issues, but sharia is one committee concerned with this issue and the other committees discussed the other various issues and that's what i was trying to focus on. there's one other important issue, and that is that the six committees' focus on public groups, for example, as my colleague here mentioned in libya there are marginalized groups that don't get the attention of a minister or any other public official.

we could not write the constitution on these uneven principles. now we have a special committee that is studying the ideal way to allow the opportunity to have some kind of balance between all parties coming and we are not trying for example to weaken the growth that at some point used to be to benefit from the states allowed to it under the previous regime, because for 20 years for a simple they were active, and now we try to marginalize them. ..

protect these rights, and how can we achieve this? this is again the subject of discussion. and we are trying to benefit from experiences in the west. all of these issues, so they don't have, they're not going to differences. there are minor differences with respect to points of views. and these are the kind of differences that the constituent assembly -- [speaking in native tongue]

>> translator: self-governance are the main topics that are being presented and debated on the social media and among the young people and other groups. that led to failure of, left many of these leaders behind. so because of the states policies, there are other reasons we really deprived and poverty, but we have 2000 kilometers along the beach, along the coastline that doesn't have a beachfront where you can go and enjoy with the family.

because lack of focus on development and these different rural areas, of course cause displeasure among the people. so this is a lot of debate, criminal justice people avoid discussing these points because of its sensitivity. as i said earlier, the previous regime tried to create chasm between the different groups in libya, so really helped fester animosities between the different groups. so a strong government that we willing to take initiatives to prove, to appear to prove to the people that they cannot unrest,

and so on. these are one of the topics that are being discussed now as the human rights. unfortunately now some been take place and these are being debated. it's no secret. we have cooperation with the human rights and other human rights cooperation. they are discussing these issues. >> one apology into instruction. the apology is i hope to for a second round of question. i've been handed a note that has taken that authority away from me to extend this session. i apologize. especially for the people sitting in the front. that's the apology. i should add if the optimism that these people represent is accurate, then they may be back in town fairly frequently.

to instructions. number one, we heard in the morning session that eating can be -- as long as you don't do too much. we at carnegie do not endorse that interpretation but we now leave you free for the next hour and 25 minutes to implement it however you see fit individual. we will break until 2:30 p.m. for lunch, and we will reconvene at 230. the second construction is if you could please take off your headsets and leave it on your chair. and please join me in thanking our guests. [applause] [inaudible conversations]

>> [inaudible conversations] >> [inaudible conversations]

>> we will bring you back to the carnegie endowment for the discussion at 2:30 p.m. on the challenges of the transition. live coverage here on c-span2. other live coverage coming up today, president obama will be signing into law the jumpstart our business startup act, the jobs act which seeks to make it easier for small companies to raise money for investors. the house voted to send the bill to the president for final approval. we are expected to see eric cantor among those attending the bill signing. that is live at 2:10 p.m. eastern over on c-span. with the u.s. senate on break over the next two weeks we are featuring some booktv's weekend programs in primetime here on c-span2.

>> this weekend marks the anniversary of the bloodiest battle to be fought during the civil war. up to that point, the battle of shiloh with almost 24,000 casualties and we will tour the battlefield with chief park ranger stacy allen saturday at 6 p.m. eastern, and sunday night at seven the angel of the battlefield and founder of the

red cross clara barton operates the missing soldiers office in the washington, d.c. boardinghouse until 1868. join us as we rediscover the third floor office as it is prepared for renovations. this weekend on american history tv on c-span3. >> you are watching c-span2 with politics and public affairs. weekdays featuring live coverage of the u.s. senate. on weeknights watch key public policy events. every week in the latest nonfiction authors and books on booktv. you can see past programs and get our schedules at our website, and you can join in the conversation on social media sites. >> former president bill clinton recently spoke at the closing plenary session of its annual meeting of the clinton global initiative university here in washington, d.c., moderate the forum was comedian jon stewart of comedy central's the daily show. from george washington, this is about 90 minutes.

>> i'm a little hacked off actual. i thought i was going to get to interview him instead of the other way around. i want to began by announcing the winner of our second annual cgiu commit to challenge. are we caught the cgiu bracket. as most of you know, tonight the ncaa final four will be battling out for who plays in in the championship game monday night. and while a lot of attention has been given to march madness, we want to celebrate our own version of the bracket elimination with cgi students commitments. the voting opened on tuesday march the 20th with the last finalists. the 2012 cgiu bracket has received almost 200,000 votes. that's more than twice as many as last year.

[applause] >> in our final four, bamboo bikes battled night night monsters. million dollars dollars to gone cell phones. and, finally, there were too. george washington university's -- [cheers and applause] bamboo bikes and tufts university cell phones. [applause] the polls close an hour ago. and we have our winner. panda cycles. [cheers and applause] so i want to invite to the stage and that wilkins and jon tory, all undergraduate here at george washington.

[cheers and applause] with their bamboo bikes. all other cyclists -- a sustainable alternative form of transportation. they will build and sell bicycles made of bamboo at a fraction of the cost while comparable in quality. they also plan to implement the one-to-one model, donating one bicycle to bicycles for humanities for every bike sold. bicycles for humanity will coordinate with other organizations in africa to distribute the bikes, free. the bikes currently retail for about $4500, but panda cycles have priced their product for less than $3. by the end of 2013, the group plans to have sold two dozen and to donate the same number to

africa. if you order more at a cheap price, which could be driven on any campus in america, we could have 2400. so first i've got to get the championship trophy here. [applause] let me just say, one thing i would like to see as i would like to see these things made all over the world, because you can plant bamboo in a way that is very good for the

environment, maintains topsail, controls a roche and, and this might be the beginning of a sustainable livelihood for people all over the world, thanks to this great idea. so let's give them a hand. thank you. [cheers and applause] thanks, guys. test rides are available outside. our fifth cgiu meeting i believe has been a real success, and i hope you do, too. we had 950 new commitments at the meeting, which now brings us to more than 4000 since the first meeting. i'd like to ask you to add one more. jon and i were talking backstage about, you know, that we are

probably get into this and questions, perhaps in a humorous way. so he said, okay, all of you overachievers, what about the other 11 million college students? what about people who can't bear the thought of raising money? i promised a friend of mine i would talk about this. this is something you can do on every campus in america for free. and i want to talk to you. last year, 39,000 people in america died from drug overdose. that's 1000 more than were killed in all automobile accidents. increasingly it's not about heroin or cocaine or crystal meth. it's about prescription drugs. mixed with alcohol. and people are dying in large numbers every year because they

do not know that if you drink four or five years and then pop and oxycontin, for example, it shuts down the part of your brain that tells your body to breathe while you sleep. and the last couple of months, two young men i knew personally, including one who was a student here whom i love very much, died in his sleep. they were not addicts. they did not intend to die. they have no earthly idea they're putting their lives at risk. no one had told them the simple biochemical impact of mixing a prescription drug with a couple of beers. and this is happening all over the country. this is a simple thing that is claimed peoples lies. it simply deadens the part of your brain that tells your body to breathe while you're asleep.

if it happened at noon and somebody passed out, the survival rate would be 100%. if it happens at night when you're asleep, you are alone. and the mortality rate can be 100%. every one of you can go back to your campuses and make sure that every single student at every college and university he represented knows that simple fact, for no money and next in no time you can save a very large number of lives. [applause] and since we're in the middle of this health care debate you might be interested to know that medical claims caused by prescription drug abuse now add $20 billion a year to the nation's health care bill.

and since a lot of people who make those claims are uninsured, that's part of the reason that those who do have insurance pay a thousand dollars more a year for their health insurance than they would if everybody in america have health insurance. so i ask you to think about this. and take it seriously. not to be morbid, the father of my friend who died who was a student here said he was a good man, and he would want his life to mean something. if we can save a few thousand lives, because people understand the basic impact of what was essentially an accidental death repeated over and over and over in this country all the time, we could do an enormous amount. so please, when you go home make sure every student at your school knows this. if you do, you will be doing a great thing. now, let me just say i want to

welcome the people who are joining us live on the websites of "washington post" and comedy central. i keep waiting for stephen colbert to appear to demand equal time. [laughter] [cheers and applause] >> before and bring out jon stewart, i want to briefly, again, thank the people who have made cgiu possible. thank you, george washington university and doctor steven nafta. you have been great. [applause] >> thanks to the foundation, the peter pearson foundation, microsoft, lawyers university, joan jacobs, the prospect fund and hamilton for sponsoring this and making this meeting

possible. they could not be held without the sponsors. and violent a want to thank all of you who came, who participated, who committed. i am grateful that you came from as close as your own campus, to as far away as nepal and turkey. and china and elsewhere, where you're very welcome here and we are grateful for you. [applause] before it ever appeared on the jon stewart show, my daughter told me years ago when she was just a little older than you that more people in her generation got their news from jon stewart and from the network news. [cheers and applause] at first i thought it sounded a little weird. but i can tell you now i have

been on jon stewart's show to talk about two of three books i've written since i left the white house. he had clearly read them here he knew what the facts were. he had been well briefed. and every other time i've been on there, he really seemed to me to put in more time and more preparation to ask forces questions, while poking a little fun at me along the way, than anybody else who interviewed me. in short, he's done what we need to do more of in our schools. he makes learning fun, and it is still learning. please welcome jon stuart. [cheers and applause] >> thank you very much.

hello. how are you guys? how are you? [cheers and applause] >> it's an absolute honor to be here. you know, it's funny as i see -- [unintelligible hollering] >> what you signs? i cannot read them in any way. i'm in the light that you are in the dark so i really -- [laughter] this is an honor. as i went over a lot of the projects that these kids are doing around the world, i can't help but think how much they remind me of me when i was their age. [laughter] just that commitment and dedication. [unintelligible hollering] i can tell you how incredibly impressed i am with the work that you guys are doing with the enthusiasm to bring to it, the passion and ingenuity. i made a bong out of an apple once. [laughter] i did not difficult it can be.

and now i know i should've used bamboo. [laughter] clearly that's how you win. that's how you get prizes. but i'm honored to be here. president clinton is being very modest. he could've taken the route that some ex-presidents take. you do a couple of speaking engagements, get your self a nice little manner and a pool, you know, the whole thing. but his commitment to changing the world and to making conditions better around it has been very inspiring. i just want to thank you. you have done well. [applause] >> and it's exciting. >> i got a better do. i get to hang out with them. >> it is kind of exciting. >> keeps me young. as long as i don't look in the mirror. >> so you better now, you've been doing the cgi for a while. what did you learn this weekend

from interacting with the students here, so the projects they are doing? what did you take away from it? >> two things. one is we had the largest number of non-american students, people who are citizens of other countries, many go to school in the united states, some go to school around the world and came all the way from where they are in school. and i learned all over again that all these young people, partly because of the social media and internet syndication generally have a much more global perspective on a person-to-person basis than any generation before. the second thing i learned is that every year the commitments are getting better. that is, they are thinking of things that they can do that they really can do. and they understand that, and they don't overpromise. that is, these guys could've

promise they're going to go 24,000 bicycles instead of 24, but they know they can build 24. and they understand that the power of their ideas will rest on part of what other people have done or are putting money into what they are doing so it can be done everywhere else. but they think about things that they can actually do that will not only help the people they set out to help but could help other people. and that i think is really important to i mentioned when we opened that a couple years ago a commitment was made that, i confess, i didn't notice at the time, an undergraduate at vanderbilt who is now graduated, to train people who have been sent to prison when they're released from prison but they're not yet free, they go to halfway houses, transition. no, and he offered them training in making sure marketing, hanley the inventory, and their upscale

good service so these people would buy them without knowing them. and he knew he could do it for 20 people. so that's what he promised. but the point is that every college in america had a similar plan to train ex-inmates, the repeater rate would go way down. and the chronic long-term unemployment rate would be positively affected. because even though we like to say we're a country of second chances and almost everybody who goes to prison is going to get out, the truth is that most people are expected to wear some sort of scarlet letter around their neck for the rest of their life, and it's nuts. we should try to put these people back in two productive life in america. so that's the sort of thing that we need to do. [applause] >> is the plan anyway to get, you know, you got cgiu is, you know, it has taken off as its

own separate entity. is the plan to integrate this into the larger initiative where business leaders, people that have taken on commitments on a larger scale can come in and steal and exploit their ideas? [laughter] wait, that was subtext. hold on. >> actually -- >> but they can interact with so they can get a sense of where those ideas will go? >> last year i started having a separate meeting with non-american students. they have a lunch and i just go by and answer questions for 45 minutes or so. i did that today. the very first time one of the students asked me the same question, we graduate our ideas of the cgi, and we are also having, in june in chicago our second cgi just for americans, try to help grow jobs in america, which i promised to hold until we return to a full employment economy. so what i'm going to do when all of you go home is take all the

commitments and figure out which one we could present at either cgi america as things that would create jobs in our country if someone would support them, and try to get some of the people who are there to finance them, or take into cgi in new york in september a plot back that's a really good idea. i'm embarrassed without all the way to the fifth cgiu and i never thought about it. but you're always one step ahead of me. >> so you think these kids are thinking when they get out of college? [laughter] doesn't work that way anymore. it's a different world out there. what d.c., you know, you've been doing this for five years. you obviously, you've been quoted quote the most powerful man in the world. the ability to affect change. what difference to an ngo through the type of student

commitments that you see through this and the governmental actions? i find that there has been and erosion of confidence in the government's ability to engage its own corruption, create change in the way you want, and yet there's been an enormous energy towards these ngos, towards these smaller groups. what's been your expense on both sides of it? >> well first, when i took office as president, the confidence of the government was very low because the economy was very weak. and inequality was going. we had a lot of problems. when i left office, we had a lot of jobs because the first time, going on now in more than 40 years when the bottom 20% earnings increase in percentage terms as much as the top 20%, and 100 times as many people moved out of poverty as in the previous 12 years. there was a lot of -- [applause] a big increase in confidence and

commits i think the letter of confidence pretty much tracks people's sense of well being, whether they can do better. but there is a big difference. if you're president into your hand and more money and you can directed to more places, you can help more people. for example, we gave out 2 million microenterprise loans a year in poor countries in africa, east asia and latin america. but you also have to do with all the things that you is expected to do with, the incoming fire, the boston, kosovo, and so, and you have to go through congress and bureaucracies that deal with resistance a foreign country. if you run a foundation for your like them with ideas, you wake up and you start with one thing, and you just see how far you can walk it out, how big you can make it. so we started out with a very

modest proposal with aids drugs, and now in our foundation we negotiated contracts that get for many people, about half the people in the poor countries, give them aids medicine. so i think that in some way -- [applause] running a foundation to any kind of nongovernmental work gives you more flexibility, more creativity, more ability to build from the ground up. it's hard to help as many people as you can help if your president, if things are going well. and you're not spending all your time trying to bail out. but it is immensely personally rewarding because you get, you know, for example, a couple years ago i visited this reforestation project we were running in malawi, to a young malawian university graduate who was, we are in an area with incomes less than a dollar a day, where the kids never went

to school. but the people all chose in these three different villages different kind of trees they want to plant to get their carbon credits and then decided that they would keep only 55% of their income into the other 45% to their fellow villagers to get them into the system. they had the sense that they need to plant more trees. they wanted to reverse global warming. they wanted to preserve agriculture. it took me an hour and a half to drive about 11 miles, 18 kilometers, on this road to get there. but it was worth all the money in the world to me to see one more time one of the worst places on earth and one that was hard to reach, and one where people didn't know who i was from adam. i guess they knew i wasn't adam. i don't look that old. that intelligence -- [laughter] you know, intelligence and effort and actual social cockiness in a way are pretty

evenly distributed, but investment and opportunity are not. is a real inspiration. i want to ask you, malawi brings up, there's a sense that we've got to do all the global initiatives, got to the people in malawi and in areas that are quoted quote third world and underdeveloped. you know, a friend of mine runs something called the global portrait project or to connect kids in different communities to each other through the internet and classrooms and things of that nature. they connected kids in haiti with kids in harlem. and the idea was through art for them to learn and understand each other. and they were stunned because the project upset the kids in harlem because they felt from everything they had heard and read that their lives were going to be far superior.

this is post-earthquake and these are kids in haiti that had been hit really hard. but what they found was, the kids in harlem were suffering really badly as well. so what do you do about in so-called developed countries, the problems of poverty and how do you attack them in the same creative ways that you can in countries like haiti? >> well first, in my mind the two problems, i don't think we have to or we should choose one or the other. that is, the united states does not spend high percentage of its income on foreign assistance and foreign development. if you ask people what we should spend, they say oh, let's say between five and 15% of the

budget. you say well, what do we spend, they say oh, 25% of the budget. the truth is we stand 1% of the budget. >> you are saying people are sometimes misinform? >> yes. [laughter] and interestingly enough, these numbers have not changed in 20 years. and it doesn't matter how may times that someone like me says, we can say until we're blue in the face, people are preprogrammed somehow to think we are putting all this money into foreign assistance in america when we aren't. so since we live in an interdependent world, since we need more customers, since america is only about 12% of its gdp tied to exports as compared with germany, the number one country in the world which has over 25%, they do even better than japan, we need to widen the circle of opportunity, particularly in places like africa, a special tie. on the other hand, i think that

we need to go back and take a whack at america poverty, too, much harder. i personally believe we should reinvigorate the empowerment zone and grants. i know the president has proposed this. and i proposed at the end of my term when we passed a bill to try to make it possible for everybody in the country that had an unemployment rate above the national average or income rate below, give special emphasis. the poorest communities in america are still the native american communities that have no gambling. i think everyone of them should become a center for solar and wind power west of the mississippi. [applause] and all we have to do is build a transmission line sufficient to

carry the power back to the urban areas. one real problem, for the americans here, we rank first and second in the world in every survey of potential to generate electricity from the sun and olympic every single one. the problem is that with the exception of california and a few other places, the sun shines brightest and the wind blows hardest where the people aren't. we have 140 separate electrical grids that are connected, so for example, if we're about to have a brownout in washington, d.c., in theory they could wield power all the way from california to us. that as you go from one system to the other you lose a lot of power, a lot of addition vision systems, like in wyoming they're building a big win from now and the people building the wind farm having to build their own transmission line to connect it to urban areas in california. this is a huge do. if we could just simply do that,

if the government could do that, solar power now has gotten about as cheap as wind power. it will be forever, but there's been a lot of overproduction. we could revolutionize the lives of native americans in a way that will allow them to be self-supporting, diversify their economy and lift themselves out of poverty. the same thing is true in the mississippi delta. the same thing as too in appalachia. the same truth is in a lot of industries. wondering i do in harlem, oakland and a number of other cities is run a mentorship program for people running inner-city business. with inc. magazine. they pick their most successful small business people and they come and help our folks. and they help them on market surveys, on inventory management. you would be amazed, when i started, how many business with in harlem that still hadn't computerized their records and

the know-how to manage their inventory, and hadn't measured the changes in markets. so they're no different than people in the. they are perfectly intelligent enough to make the most of the modern world if they know what their options are and they know -- that's what i think is important. and i'm not surprised, trust me, the people, most people living in haiti are still much worse off. we still have the money people living in tents. but the haitians are incredibly gifted, creative, intelligent, hard-working people who have never had a government or a society worthy of them. [applause] >> so if you're going and when you're first starting to sort of unravel some of these issues and try to empower the local populations, you were going to rank we need to attack first. is headquartered? is a corruption? is it health? is at all three at once that you have to focus on? when you're stepping into an

area you want to unleash the type of creativity that you see here and in those communities, you have a hierarchy of issues that you feel like you have to walk through to get to that point. >> yes, but it depends really, i have looked at the three baskets. first of all, the number one thing everybody in the world wants is a decent job that pays a decent income. they want a predictable income that will enable them to support them and raise the kids with dignity. they will solve a lot of the other problems if they have them. but you also need to help them build systems that make good behavior have predictable possible consequences, which is why predictable positive consequences, which is why i work on building school systems and health care systems and water systems and energy systems. and to get all that done and

make it work, you've got to have honest, transparent government that is also capable of providing security to people. so i see it in those three baskets. then i ask myself, what can i do the most on. so, in haiti, for example, i work first on the investment and. second on helping get money for health care assistance and school systems and energy systems. and third on supporting the united nations peacekeeping force in trying to get order, and in working with the donors to haiti, to put every single red cent that went to the commission that i co-chaired on the internet. here's how much candidate? no, here's who got it, here's what they're supposed to do. when it is over you'll get a performance and an accounting audit. all that i think is really important. meanwhile, we have to have governments that are willing to

give money to the haitian government to rebuild its capacity. but you need to think of it in those three areas, and not every person will have the ability, you know, whether i have a pretty wide portfolio, i can't do all three of those things in all the countries. so let's say we have an enormously gifted group of people, over 1000 of them working all over the world and increasing health access your i still won't go into any country unless the government invites us and science a strict no corruption plan. i don't ask them not to corruption in some area i'm not working in because i don't have, i'm not president anymore. i don't have any control over that, but if somebody pays $500 for my $60 medicine that keeps children to live for a year with aids, that would be known in 72 hours in some of the country

where people don't have the $500, so if it happens there you have seven or eight kids die for everyone life we say. so i think the best thing that ngos that are actually wanted by government can do is to say when you're dealing with us, there has to be a no corruption. we have to be able to enforce it. we have to be able to monitor it and report on it. i think that's really important. >> now, has there been somebody you've seen through cgi the last five years that has had pound-for-pound the most impact in terms of when you look back and you think of a program, an initiative, a commitment that for what was put into it gave you the results in a powerful way? >> well, there are, i can't say one over the other, but i can say that a lot of these, all

these programs that the students do, the ones that help people in america do what they're supposed to, probably had the most immediate impact, like students that went home and organize the greeting of their own campuses, maximize their retrofits of all the buildings, had bicycles on the campus instead of cars. recycle all the ways, did all that stuff. that's something we can actually say here we are, here we are a model of america and we proved it was economical but it didn't raise your tuition. instead it lord of the utility bill of the college. that's an example, something that has comprehensive impact. on the other hand, a lot of these commitments, again, what we've got to do and i need to help do a better job of getting other people to recognize their potential, like we talked a little bit about the soccer ball where one of our mentees a

couple years ago said design a soccer ball that was actually captured the heat energy driven into a soccer ball during a hot soccer match on a hot date on the hot field, and then it could be used to run lights in the village hut. >> so you take the soccer ball and you plug it in? [laughter] >> it's a socket but it was an interesting idea because it was a way of turning human heat energy into usable energy. so that's the kind of thing that i would like to see done. i think this bamboo bike winter here, if you think of all the plays in the world that can grow bamboo and where it grows and what it can do, to produce all kinds of other environmental problems, it has staggering potential. so, you know, what i think we

need to do is do more to try to take these things to skip it and it may be the way to do it is to take those that are proved extraordinarily successful in taking to cgi and say, instead of thinking of a new commitment, how about funding some of these? [applause] >> how many people do you think coupled up this weekend? just ballpark. [laughter] i'm just asking for ballpark. about a hundred? sorry. hitting back to -- [laughter] [applause] very disease and poverty we were talking about. >> one of my promises to myself and my old age is that i'm going to try to find an opportunity every day for the rest of my life and even if i'm just saying to myself, to say either i don't know or i was wrong.

[laughter] i don't know. [applause] >> i don't know. i don't know. i'm always surprised of your ability to be tenacious. your ability to approach these issues that are seemingly -- has your commitment ever wavered? as your commitment ever been challenged in a way that, not necessarily -- that you thought to yourself i just can't keep banging my head against this wall? because everybody is going to face it with the type of idealistic solutions that they're looking for. they're going to come up against seemingly intractable issues. >> well, the closest i came i think was in, after the financial crisis of 2009, and my

foundation, i didn't have any private wealth when i left the white house. i was in debt. so everything i do with my foundation comes from other people's contributions. thankfully i make enough money now where i can give money to the foundation to every year. i didn't for a long time and there was nowhere do enough to run a. so we had a bad year in 2009, and i couldn't blame anybody. i had people who were giving me a million dollars a year, who lost 75% of their net worth overnight. and we had saved a small endowment, and i do mean small, about $27 million, and we basically had a decision to make. are you going to choose shut down what you're doing in ethiopia where i've hundreds and hundreds of employees in clinics because people are still dying anonymously in ethiopia. because they just live out there somewhere and there's no clinic.

or are you going to bet that you can come back and blow what you saved, and i chose the latter course. and that the boy, if this sucker doesn't turn around, i am one dead duck because there's no way i will ever be able to do this. and i was really worried. i was afraid, you know, i could have another health problem, something could happen, i've got all these jobs depending on the, all these lives depending on the. and what if i make the wrong call here? maybe i should cut back now. and instead i decided to roll the dice and try for one more year, and it worked out fine. but that was hard. and then, you know, when you are working something and it doesn't work, that's tough. i had a much more ambitious plan trying to turn around businesses in inner-city areas and help them hire more people get we start off with the whole

strategy to get them mckinsey like consulting services across the board, and it was highly expensive for business, even though susan allen, one of our sponsors, and the association an african-american for humanity association and others were helping. it just didn't work. and i just, in one of the business i helped to start failed. i was personally involved, and i'm not big on, you know, i hate to fail. especially when someone else gets hurt so those things are hard, but you just have to go on. you've got to figure out how you're going to keep score. if you're going to keep score, in a way that if you ever lose, you fail, then you shouldn't play. the only thing that mattered is whether somebody's better off when you quit then when you started.

and so that's what matters. [applause] but it's hard. now, i don't ever wish, you know, i were sitting on an island in the florida keys somewhere, you know, going to play golf, drinking peanut coladas, because -- peanut coladas. this is fun for me. this is the most selfish thing i do. i love bring all these young people here. i love listening to their ideas. [cheers and applause] so i don't, i feel like i should pay for the privilege of doing it. it's just fun. it's not that. just that when you have more yesterdays than tomorrow's, you just hate to fail. you know? you just hate, but that's part of the human condition. you just got to keep banging your head against the wall and pushing the rocks up the hill. sometimes they get there. [applause]

>> well, i think what i took away from that is the president bill clinton is going to start paying you all for this privilege. i think that's what i took from this. [laughter] here's what i want to do. so, we've got all the students gathering. all this energy. i want to open it up for them, give them an opportunity to ask questions of you, some ideas that the ethics i think we have something set up. >> i give you permission to ask questions of him. >> i will lie to you. [laughter] president bill clinton will not, i will. all right, so we've got, i'm just going to see if i can get under the light a little bit. is there somebody right there who has a question? here we go, right here. there you go. right through there. if you can, just take your name and whatever your question is. >> hi. i'm here at gw. i was just wondering what continues to inspire you? there so many problems out there so what shall we continue to focus on?

what inspired you to do the great work you did? >> i'll tell you what inspires me the most, is two things. one is the whole cgi network. cgi in september, cgiu, cgi for america, there seems to be an almost unlimited number of people who care about other people and find meaning in life by doing something that helps other people. i mean, you couldn't come here and listen to your ideas without being inspired. the other thing that inspires me is when i go out in the world and actually see the people that we are working with. let me give you one simple example. when i made my african trip a couple years ago, is climate change, i stopped is the one of our farm projects, and we of

agriculture products in malawi and rwanda. i grew up in a farming state. i lived on a farm when i was a little boy. i love agriculture, and i know farmers are equally intelligent everywhere in the world and they're pretty good environmentalists, general family farmers take good care of the land and make the most whatever the water they had to so we are meeting with these 11 farmers, and also we were in tanzania then. rural tanzania. and they picked one, and these people had a little farm, average one or two acres. they picked one person to be the spokesperson, the only woman. she was a widow with a 13 year old son. personal asset was a quarter acre of land. in the previous. she had made $80. she and her son lived on $80 for a year. so we come in and give them

better fertilizer and seed and feed, and we take their products to the market. do you know the average african farmer loses one half of his or her income every year paying someone to take their food to market? because none of them have a vehicle. it's scandalous. but we take the food market. this woman made $400 the first year we worked with her. her income went up fivefold. that's less than $2 a day, but to her she was relatively rich because it was five times more than she had a year before. and i said well, what's the best thing about what she said my 13 year-old son, he finally got to go to school. they actually have to pay tuition for the kids to go to school. so this woman was sending a kid to school. [applause] now, i'm about to go to vienna

to the oldest aids fundraising initiative in europe, they support my foundation every year. and so i go over there, and every year i see this couple who run along with a group of catholic nuns and one catholic priest from brookland, an orphanage in cambodia. that they support and i support. we provide the pediatric aids medicine that keeps 320 plus kids alive. and my second book, the only picture in it is beholding this nine month old boy whose parents had both died of aids. his father before he was born, and his mother slightly after he was born, being raised as an orphan. and he was about to die. he got this medicine.

so about a year later somebody in california to work with the orphanage came out to me when i was doing a book signing and said i see you have his picture to. here he is now. they had a picture with him of all the other kids, h2, looking good. then they gave me a picture of basil at five looking good. i know when i go back this time of going to get another picture of this cambodian kid. he doesn't know me, but he is alive. that's the most meaningful thing in the world to me. god only knows what this kid will make of his life, but i know he is going to have a chance. that's, that's what keeps me going. [applause] >> all right. let's get someone else. if you're asking me i would you say, you know -- [laughter] yes, right here. >> then we will go over that

way. >> so, my kryptonite, we found out that 80% of each dollar is spent on reservation, and most power -- only goes to l.a. and las vegas. so what can we do to help develop these extremely poor global areas in the united states speak as well, first of all i would go back to the energy. every indian reservation -- [unintelligible hollering] >> you are navajo? good for you. >> you think anyone else will shot las vegas? [cheers and applause] >> i went to the reservation at window rock, do you know where it is? so, i went to visit to highlight this very problem you're talking about, where there was this young 13 year old student who

had won this great contest, and her price was her very own personal computer. except in her home, she didn't have an electrical outlet to plug in the computer. so my first suggestion is, right now solar panels are the cheapest they have ever been, because this is actually what caused the failure of the famous solyndra company, they needed, they were designing the solar panel that was actually cylindrical like this, and had a higher efficiency conversion rate that cost more than twice as much as the average. like all electrical products, they go down in price as the volume soul goes up. so they knew they were going to lose money for four or five years and they needed this one. and that's why the energy department gave it to them because it was technologically so much more efficient. ..

ought to help to make every one of these reservations at least self-sufficient with the centralized power. they do this in for electricity that cell phones to for communication. and every one of these buildings on every reservation in the united states that will efficiently handle it should have solar power. every one of them that can generate wind power on site should have wind power and then you can have a simple battery

that will give you a storage if the wind doesn't blow or the sun doesn't shine. and i believe that they ought to be able to export power. if the elma coal plants it's okay if they sell it, but the problem is they probably don't get much benefit from it. i don't know, it depends on what the agreement was when they gave permission to build the plant on the site. but energy independence would be a good place to start with a diversified in the income of the native american reservations. [applause] >> right over here. sir, right there. yes, sir. there you go. >> my name is steve from the university of oxford in the u.k.. my question is regarding africa. since president bill clinton pays a lot of visits to africa i know most of the leaders talk of you in very high regard. in scale of your efforts and

work you do by encouraging those presidents when they leave power to actively engage in similar initiatives to support the people. [applause] >> you know, there's now a program funded by a somali billionaire who made a lot of money in the cell phone business to actually give cash stipends to former presidents who are honest when an office and wished to do public service when they get out of office. it's a great idea. and i actually keep in touch with, for example, every year at the cgi come almost every year at least two to former presidents, one from nigeria and from what ghana, but a number of others -- ghana has a good

record. they keep rolling over people, that's pretty good. and he finally admitted that he lost the last election which is a good thing. they had an honest election because they are doing well on most indicators. anyway, i would like to do that. i have done work in zambia with probably the most respected afrikaner formal leader next to mandela. we do work in the aids education prevention together. but i think it's a good idea and maybe i should try to do it more systematically because a lot of those people are still very vigorous interested. before mr. mandela got so frail i support all of his work in south africa. i try to get every year around his birthday and see him and do some event that supports the

work or the foundation or the work of some other foundation that he supports and i think it's something that can make a real difference in africa. thank you. [applause] right there. right there with the blue. >> les, please. [laughter] >> he's not a piece of meat, he has ideas. [laughter] coming from afghanistan studying at the california university pacific. this is my second conference at the speed and i've been impressed by the commitments i have seen here. from technology to agriculture to other commitments identified as well and make commitments to buy can come and not to bring peace in afghanistan because i cannot do that. so my question is all these commitments that people make the back to the country to have security that allows them to

implement those commitments. when i make a commitment, my commitment is at risk because it's in danger because it's not secure. if i could to kandahar or helmand, i'm in danger of being attacked by taliban. what could be done to bring peace, in your opinion, having served as united states president, and now with all of your secretaries and mobilizing an army of change to go and do that in the country's what could be done? because i think the idea, my dream and i think everyone can hear that is that we should see on cnn, bbc, al jazeera news about commitments, about changing the world, not war. [cheering] >> well, afghanistan is a

particularly different case for three reasons. one, there's the question of the capacity of the government and its allies not just the united states the the other countries that are there to actually create a secure environment, and there's the because why the widespread corruption and third, with the likely path to arrest a violent future on the daily basis would be some sort of agreement between the afghan government and the taliban and most people question whether that can be done without the guarantees of the constitution for equal rights with women and girls being severely eroded, so

we are in a terrible moral dilemma that you want your people to die and you want to stop the violence, and you don't think the government is currently constituted will ever be able to totally to fit the tel dan and dominate the country but if you make a deal under the conditions of weakness or without the guarantee enforcement, you may be selling the futures of countless women and girls. so, that's not the answer you want. sometimes i get to say i don't know but i don't want to say it. but that's the truth. and i think my experience has been working in other aerias that were dominated by violence, nothing as bad as afghanistan but in different places. for example, when president musharraf was still in office and pakistan and be aired on television actually when i was

president and to his credit with the support in a big press conference when. but the musharraf government actually invited our foundation to help them set up a national program and provide the medicine and equipment and the training and was the first non-african muslim nation, not a city, not an area come a whole nation to ask us to come in to say we are out of denial, we've got a problem here, will you come help us but i feel what we did do and none of our people were ever heard or anything when place by place security arrangements with the powers being father was worth doing so my guess is given

the conflict some of the plan as well as the taliban and the government in order to be able to go to kandahar there's probably a deal to be cut with somebody locally and would have had to be done that way if you had the support of the right people in the government i think it would make a difference if i can help you get it i would be glad to try. but i think that the united states has said we would be happy to support the resumption of talks between the taliban and the government but we don't want to sell out the future of every woman and every girl on afghanistan to make peace. it is a harmful alana, and i applaud you for loving your country and making commitments to help and it may be that we can make a deal that would secure the safety and freedom of movement for the people involved in the attachment and the

specific areas for the specific purpose is you want. i have had some success in doing that in other countries, and so are some of the promises they do it they've done it. nobody's ever built across on a deal like that. [applause] summit somebody give him a hard question. come on. yes, ma'am. right there. >> i'm from rochester new york and i was just wondering the economic situation is hard enough to go to college and try to get a job when you graduate like occupy wall street as highlighted, but it's even harder to graduate from college and try to start a business with humanitarian endeavors such as all of us here are trying to do to further our commitment. so what do you suggest that we go ahead and try to help fogle with the same time keep our heads above water?

>> i can take this one. [laughter] >> if you might want to host your own tv show because -- [laughter] i found the money is terrific. you have a broad platform. so that's what i would recommend. you might want to help her. [laughter] >> first of all i want to compliment you on inviting the competition. most people don't do that. [laughter] here's my specific suggestion coming and you can find this out on the internet or contact my foundation and give information. there are eight or ten phoenicians in america whose specialty is funding other peoples non-governmental activities to come and vital voices can help. the rockefeller fund sometimes meet foundations.

there are other people depending on what you want to do and how you want to design a, but there are foundations with a lot of money that interested in doing this. so i think assuming you could find somebody who likes your idea in this economy it might be easier to start a business that as an ngo than to find a particular job that you find fruitful. now, i believe once we get the direct student loan program fully implemented in america for people who did not take bank loans over and above that for the pell grants or whatever grants were available and all the loans came to the student loan program when that is fully implemented, and i think the degree to move it and fully implemented next year then, from

then and for working she will have less pressure because of your buddies loan obligation per year will be tied to your income so you're payments will be a function of your job, so your job doesn't have to become a function of your loan payments. [applause] in 1993, my first year as president, passed this as an option for the colleges and the banks went crazy because they had guaranteed loans, but a lot of the colleges to get into a lot of students to good vantage of it, the students save $9 billion lower interest and repayments. the ones who joined could pay back a fixed percentage of their income and the taxpayers save $4 billion because when people can pay back their loans they do, they don't default. so when president obama was elected a there was a democratic congress, and they gave him a mandatory program that just

forced everybody to shed to the direction of loans, but it took a few years to get implemented to be when that's done i think it will change everything. i think that a lot of young people like you will be able to say well, you know, i want to teach school for a year or two but i can't do it for life and i've got $50,000 in student loans. it's totally irrelevant now because the loan repayment obligation will be kept as a percentage of your income. i'm going to go teach native american reservations or an inner-city school or do something else or work in some other way for a couple of years just to see what it's like and then maybe i will go back into the business and he won't be bankrupted by your own loan repayment obligations. so you remember that. [applause] stomach of a woman right there to the it yes, sir.

>> my name is bertoni kaine i'm a graduate student from houston texas. [applause] >> from houston texas. >> yeah speed and also a mother and survivor of domestic abuse, brittled domestic abuse. and i know that when you came on earlier you said that we in this room are overachievers, but because of my past haven't always been that way. my first semester of college, i felt completely flunked with everything i was facing. last night a gentleman said that talent is universal but opportunity is not. so my question to you is how we optimize the talent of those who don't always have the same opportunity, someone like me, who's had to fight very hard just to be standing today with everything that i've had to face? so how do we make that something that's real? this is an excellent opportunity that i sought so how we make that something that's real?

[applause] >> how did you get through it and become a good student, how did you get over it? did somebody help you back in your home, was it somebody on your college campus or high school, how did you get to where you are? >> i think because my daughter was so dependent on me as a single mother looking into her face knowing we are going to make it to it had she not been there i may not be standing today. and i think maybe i've always had this unwavering determination and resilience, but i also recognize everybody may not have that character trait which is why i ask that question. when i wake up every morning and i still see i have the ear to take a breath i have a purpose on this earth, but i remember there are those that feel like there is no purpose when hope seems to elude them. but i will say that i have had -- [applause] i have had people who have come alongside me and encouraged me

and told me to keep pushing. and those were the people i sought out and some people just kind of saw my determination and resilience to help me but for those that may not have that drive for that motivation or a child looking at them say and what are we going to eat tonight? what do we do for those people? >> there's been an extraordinary amount of publicity given to the problem of abuse of children both physical and sexual abuse in the last several months not only to the well-known case at penn state, but a major league baseball player that's written his memoir in his own experience the senator from massachusetts scott brown broke a memoir about his own experience.

joe huji hd it could taught the dodgers his whole foundation is called the safe at home foundation and brutalized as a child until it got some big enough to stop it. one of the things you can do, all of you can do is to try to get people that work with us to establish some kind of a beachhead on every campus so that people will have someone who could help them get over this because one of the things you have to do is get to the point where you either will put it in a box somewhere or forgive somebody and do what ever. so they don't hold your prisoner any more. i mean, your daughter basically, your daughter or son? okay, your daughter because you

have to care about her coming you didn't have the option of being a prisoner to your past. your daughter set you free. people who don't have children have to have something else that will set them free. i told you in an interesting story. in the day nelson mandela was released from prison, early 1991 sunday morning, god shall see out of bed. she was somewhat younger than she is now. [laughter] and i sat her upon the kitchen counter and i turned on the television and i said chelsea, they're letting nelson mandela of present today. this may be the most important thing you ever see in terms of a political event. so he walks down the dusty road. none of you are old enough to remember but he may have seen come it's on the internet.

he walks down this dusty road, this dramatic gesture, he gets in a little card, the open the gate and he drives out to freedom and before you know it, she's president. after 27 years. so when nelson mandela and i became pune friends i said you know, you're a great man that you are also a canny politician. it was smart to invite your jailers to the inauguration. it was essential to invite the parties that put you in prison to be part of your government. you held the country together. but tell me the truth, and i told him about getting chelsea up and watching him. i said when you were walking down that road for the last time, told the truth, didn't you hate their guts mcginn? [laughter] and he said well of course i did. he said i was full of hatred and fear. i hadn't been freed in so long. but he said i realized if i

hated them after i got in the car and got through the gate i will still be their prisoner. [applause] and he said the -- and he smiled at me and he said i wanted to be free, so i let it go. he looked at me and said so should you. so should everyone. and all these cases of childhood abuse, it's so caught up with things that are wrong, but shouldn't happen to people, but the power of relationships are. it's just like it's so hard to let it go. but there are people that do this all the time on every continent. think what it's like in africa for all those kids turned into soldiers. think about the childhood soldiers that somehow miraculously made something of their lives and the u.s. or europe or gone back to africa.

i mean, it is the cruelest of all kind of child abuse, but in the end, it's about no longer being a prisoner to it takes a you have to get people the strength of mind to look forward instead of backward. your daughter set you free. [applause] >> let me see if i can get someone from in the back there. yes, ma'am, in the back of stomach - loren and i'm an undergraduate at the university of pittsburgh. as we've been talking a lot about how wonderful it is that we are getting off or bought and setting ourselves all of these wonderful goals with the bees and africa and we sped off numbers of how well they felt these countries. what about the negative impact? we haven't said a thing about that all weekend. [applause]

>> she's talking about the negative impact of foreign aid, about people being sick, that's pretty much what it is. [applause] she's saying to you have anything to say about are there any negative impacts to foreign aid and is their anything that you've seen that has gone in that is -- >> there are -- there can be negative impacts of foreign aid and negative impacts to development. let me just mention foreign aid, if it's not held accountable it can reinforce the status quo in the country and increase the amount of money available for corruption, one possibility. second, foreign aid can be a project the dillinger feels the country needs that the country hasn't bought into in which case it will be wasted money as soon as it runs out the project will vanish and it won't have any lasting impact. foreign aid can be harmful if the country sees that less than

half of the money appropriated is actually being spent in the country on the people because that developed countries and ngos are getting cut off the top. so there's lots of problems with foreign aid, and i spent a lot of time trying to help to improve its impact in countries where i don't take the money to ackley . obviously i have a conflict in the united states now, so i don't do that. but i do try to help improve the impact of american foreign aid by seeing that a high year percentage is actually spent in the country on the people that it was intended to reach. we could -- if we had several requirements, a requirement like the health care law today, 85% of all of the money that you pay and health care goes to your health care instead of profits or promotion, if 85% of all of the foreign aid appropriated by everyone of the country in the world had to be spent on the

people and through the people in the country that it was assigned to help and in a way that was transparent, accountable and honest, that would turn radically increase the impact of what ever dollars or appropriated by parliament and congress are around the world. but let me also say that there can be corruption and private development, too. that's the well known resource. why do so many countries with oil and minerals windup with average people poor and the economy polluted because they just pay off people who want to be paid off and they don't reinvest money in the country. one of the most rewarding things i do is work with the canadian companies who put money into the funds in bolivia and peru to reinvest some of their profits in the areas where the money occurs to diversify the economy in a society so that when the lions play out the people will

be better off? every country in the world with mineral wealth or mining well for all leal wealth should have the money spent the way that botswana spend its money. there's a reason the per-capita income is twice that than any other country in sub-saharan africa apart from the fact it is a very small country with a lot of wealth, and that is to put 100% of their money into the transparent trust. the money goes into a trust, you know what contracts are worth and you can follow the money to see if that much money is in the trust, then in the money is spent it spent to diversify the economy, and that is all transparent. that's the way that every country should handle this resource. if they did it would be the biggest boom to africa and ordinary people would see their incomes rise. i go to nigeria once a year. we must just have climate change project st nigeria. but i go there once a year to a

major precedent where a nigerian press brings all the people from all sectors of the economy and brings people like me from outside to tell them that they should be honest and transparent because it would work better and point of hard-working and other places, because if nigeria works, south africa works, you can avoid the worst of what is going on and give them the responsible path forward. the rest of sub-saharan africa would have magnets that would guarantee much more rapid and positive growth. so there are problems with foreign aid but also with private development, and they both need to be addressed in a way that benefits people in the countries affected. [applause] >> the gentleman right there in the baseball hat. >> hello. my name is dan and to be honest and putting a lot at risk for speaking right now but i have to bring an issue i feel needs to

be addressed. mr. president, during your presidency assigned significant legislation to suggest the mask "don't ask, don't tell" and the defensive mayor reject. after there is also a focus on the lady ending poverty began the commitments to sustainability, education, health and development. however, i identify as being a minority because of my identification with the ltte community. [applause] thank you. those campaigns such as the better protective made considerable differences in the lives of lgbt youth in america and across the world. lgbt youth are most at risk for teen suicide. what can we do to ensure equality and fair treatment for lgbt americans? also, when will this country parnell you ruled that separate is inherently unequal when it comes to the social institution of marriage? because i will not ask my future partner to civil unions were domestic partnership with me and

be treated as a second-class citizen. thank you. [applause] >> first of all, one of the things -- [cheers and applause] the answer to the gay marriage question is this, the supreme court is not even sure you should have to have health insurance. they are not about i don't think to say that you have a constitutional right to be married. they will say that it's a matter of state law. but i think we are making progress there. and my answer on the marriage issue is i changed my position and a lot of other people have. we've got it in new york. you have to keep working, and you will get there. let me just say since you brought it up i think you for doing it. i always curious how selective people's memories are.

the lgbt community must wonder about how i maintain such broad support in your community when i was president since i did those terrible things. here's why. number one, i did not sign don't ask "don't ask, don't tell" until both houses of congress had voted by a veto-proof majority for resolution saying if i kept trying to gays in the military they would try to make a crime. colin powell came to me as the chairman of the joint chiefs of staff and said if you accept this, your beat on this whole thing. if you accept this come here is how we will enforce it. no gay person will be asked about his sexual orientation. getting the material, going to gay bars out of uniform, marching in day parades out of

uniform, none of that will be used to kid anybody out of the military. in other words, we will let everybody alone if you agree to this. so rather than go back to what happened i agreed to do it, and what happened? the minute he left the door of every single commitment they made to me and started wasting money trying to kick people out. the reason i supported gays and the military in the first place is partly because in the first gulf war, the military allowed more than 100 game members of the service to put their lives at risk, and the first gulf war of 1991 knowing they were gay waited until they put their lives at risk, wait until war was over and then kicked them out. salvatrucha i did it. but if you understand all the facts and what my options are, i'm not sure i did the wrong thing. and on the doma bill, the whole purpose of doma was to keep the congress from voting out a constitutional amendment banning

gay marriage in the u.s. constitution, which had eight gotten to the states, but almost certainly come back then, have secured the votes of three-quarters of the state legislature in the country. was a cold calculation based on that we may have been wrong but most of the leaders of the community, and most of my congressional advisers believe that if we didn't go along with that that the republican congress would put gay marriage ban amendment to the federal constitution and they would get the votes in the house and senate and they would send it to the states. so, i may have been wrong, but i think under the circumstances since we believe that what happened it's worth it to block it because since then, there's been steady progress towards recognizing gay marriage which support. [applause]

>> president clinton, i am from california which you've visited. my city is about 140,000 people, and last year we were the sixth highest city per capita in homicide rates in the entire country. we have the highest incarceration rate per county in california of locking up youth under the age of 18. so my question to you is hall of dewey as students and youths when who are trying to bring down the road barriers and reduce the use recidivism rate and incarceration rate how do we break down some of the barriers for mr. bush runs like a local

judges, our local district attorney's? >> let me ask you something. why do you the incarceration rate is so high? why do you think the crime rate is so high? why do you fink fasts happens? skill let i think it is a two-part answer because the lack of resources in the educational system in our area and the other one is because of our local district attorney has been going to drop the hammer and throw away the key mentality. >> what percentage of these kids that are incarcerated have offenses involving drugs or guns >> it's a very minimal amount, so a lot of the times that our youth are getting incarcerated it's because what some people call crimes of passage which is maybe sometimes underage

drinking, smoking, marijuana, the passage crime i would say. [laughter] >> let me ask you a question. >> would you consider dark side of the moon by pink floyd a life passage crime? [laughter] i have no idea what that is. [laughter] >> and sold. this is unconscionable. >> i'm guessing that was something in the 60's. [laughter] >> get mia lee walker. i'm going to get out of here. in my second term, we had a precipitous drop in the crime rate where we had a tear drop in

the crime rate but we went after juvenile offenses and tried to keep people out of prison and one of the things we did is to appropriate enough money for after-school programs for a million and a half young people which is federal money, and i gather a lot of them had been cut now under all these financial constraints, california has been under. i believe that we've got to go back to turning these tools and to community centers, leave them open every night, we've them open on the weekends to offer real support to kids and we also started something in philadelphia that we had half a million kids where we would tell people in middle school they could go to college and we would tell them you can go to college and here's what your benefits will be if you do these things in school and follow this path.

i think you've got to figure out, look, most people don't want to fail. most people want to succeed but they don't think they will be able to so they do dumb things, or they don't know how to come and i don't think there is a magical elixir. keefe got to go child by child and figure out if they each need a mentor of some kind and then we need to put them on a path for the future by the time they're 13 there are many in detention under 13. there may be some but probably not many. and i think somehow they have to be able to choose their schools over the streets. we've got to go back. i don't care how we find the

money. we've got to find a way to go back and do what i was trying to do at the end of my second term which is to turn all the schools and community centers and let me give you one example. andre agassi, the famous tennis players started a school unless they guess, which i had been to several times, and he put it in the poorest neighborhood in las vegas, one of the poorest neighborhoods and all of nevada, and was the first school in in the entire county where half the population of the state was to receive an excellent rating from the state and they are open every night, every weekend, all the parents whether they are two-parent households or single working moms invited to come into the school to get full of them computer training, they do e-mail and with the teachers, they give the kids something to do at night and on the weekends. and other words, the school

recognizes that the families are under enormous assault economic and otherwise to these kids are in trouble, and they also start early preparing the neither to move into a training program where they can get a decent job or going to college, and it's made a huge difference. now, andre agassi is not one of these celebrities that has to have a charity so you can check the box and somebody else runs it. he runs the school. he is heavily involved in it, and in the lives of kids it is stunning but happened once they went after every one of these kids one by one and their families one by one and they made them feel they have a home in the school and that they were committed to their success and somehow we have to recreate that for everybody. you know, when we leave here,

the basketball games are on tonight, and when -- [laughter] a goodbye, jon. i want to say this because it's related. so, one -- you have what may be a rally or a fascinating game between kentucky and louisville, and louisville has all of these kids, there's no way in the world they should be on the final four except someone that can block shots like crazy and they have a great point guard with lots of tasks. but they didn't expect to be there. but the coach said an interesting thing. they said how did you do this? to have no business being on the final four you keep running these games and he said everybody that plays this game points to succeed but some don't think they can so first of your buddies got to believe they can.

the entrance of the will to succeed for different reasons. someone to make their mother's proud, some want to make their parents proud. of the father left home early some want to show that they are still good. some want to do it for their teammates. someone to succeed for different reasons to believe you have to convince everybody that the only way you can succeed on your own terms is if you are part of a team doing something bigger and better than you are which is really smart. and somehow all these kids that are getting in trouble, they drift off, most of them are not bad kids, they get disconnected, they think that life is a dead end anyway. we've got to bring them in and i have no better idea than what i have seen it work in las vegas and several other places. you have to give -- you have to make the schools, the governing committee institutions, and when this economy picks up again, that's the first thing the congress ought to think about doing.

to then do all this other stuff, but kids have got to believe they can succeed. they have to want to succeed and they have to be given a way to do it and their families have to be given a place to secure them, and i think putting everybody in jail, this too many in in jail in this country. [applause] we've been given the all clear sign and that is all the time we have. i just wanted to very briefly state what an honor its been to be here. you know a lot of things and it's always a pleasure to hear you speak. i have rarely been in a room where i felt like i would like to work for each and every one of you. you are a pretty incredible a group of individuals and i wish you the greatest success in all of the commitments that you have been working on. >> see you tomorrow morning.

>> the reminder you can see all of our coverage of that even from the weekend in the library, c-span.org. we will stick to the carnegie endowment for international peace hosting a conference on the arab uprisings, high-level representatives of the islamist party and the middle east and north africa have been participating. next, challenges of the transition with a number of lawmakers from egypt, libya and jordan. >> you have all of our distinguished panelists so and not going to go over the details except to tell you who is sitting where. , to nisha, nael the fellow sitting next to me is from

jordan, and then of course from egypt. what i would like each of the panelists to do is to take ten minutes to answer the question which i think you know is on many people's minds about the economics which is the following, a year after the arab spurring and all of the country's bitter sitting here, the good news is that there hasn't been an economic crisis so all three have managed to avoid the crisis, but that's really all that one can say. if you look at the economics a year later, there's been no growth in these economies, a lot of negative growth a couple. unemployment has gone up, the social pressures are rising, and

even maintaining the macroeconomic stability has become more shall lunging because the pressure on the economy's increased. so one immediate challenge facing all these countries, and indeed the government that will be taking office or have already taken off this is how do you avoid the crisis in the next year? that is the immediate challenge. but what brought about the revolutions and the uprising was and because there was macroeconomics stability in the country. that should never have macroinstability before. what brought about the revolution was the sense of the growth happening wasn't high enough for being created, young people were coming on the market without any opportunity, and what opportunities were there were not being distributed fairly so there was a big project for the economic transformation. and five years from now with the

economic outcomes of which the government in all of the middle east will be judged is within the avoid a crisis like heart attacks everything stops and you focus on that. so you want to avoid that but just avoiding the crisis isn't going to be enough and what people judge the government on is how did you generate the jobs were needed to meet the growth more inclusive and have safety nets that were targeted to have people feeling that they have an opportunity to participate. so if you could take this into layout where you think you would like to be in five years to help get you there and what help do you need from the rest of the world to help you get there and

then i think we can get into the specifics of that, and i might start with you if i could. >> sure. thank you very much for giving me the opportunity to lay down the economic policy of tunisia iv. going back to the revolution, the two slogans that were raised during her the revolution which is liberty and dignity so it isn't the bread and food revolution is that it's dictatorship to gain freedom and dignity as one. we need to keep that in mind. but there were also some social economic problems developing in the society before the revolution. now, the strategy for tunisia has been published just two days

ago and i would encourage you to look at it on the web, because the government presented this strategy to the national constitute assembly on monday as well as the complimentary budgets in 2012 and there is a lot that can be done from and official government document which is 120 pages of many details of. but basically, let me brief you about the general outlook and the general picture in the government strategy when we sat down to the strategy for this government and the coalition government we were freed by if we had an elaborate strategy in digital policy had a general remark and a very difficult policy published that would give the wrong signals to the people and would be criticized as being

just for the purpose of one year and giving a general policy where the execution of the policy might acquire five years or ten years. on the other hand if we didn't do that, then we would just issue a set of measures with no general framework for those measures and which would not give the visibility to the people in the state of the vision for tunisian we start and the vision is to make tunisia space, modern and prosperous. a democratic is the political reform process which we talked about this morning. it is what you'd like to make which is an important society that modern society where it'll be a reconciliation between islam and between the democracy, and prosperous as the economic program and where we want

tunisia to be in the next five years. now, this vision was deepened and the general policies or how we were going to execute this on the economic and social front, the economy basically starts that in tunisia growth, employment comes from growth. we have no oil, we have no gas, we have no minerals. the only way we can provide jobs is to create growth, and one percentage point of growth is equivalent to 15,000 jobs. so in order to absorb all of the newcomers on the job market which is approximately new job-seekers every year, we need a growth of about 7%. now the economy was growing approximately 55% from the past five years before the revolution

and in order to create growth, that growth can only come from investment both domestic and international. and for that investment to be generated and stimulated, we need to create the right environment to attract the foreign direct investment and in order to encourage people to go and invest. now in order to create that environment, we have adopted three pillars. the first one is a set of political reforms that have a direct incident on growth. for example, the eradication of corruption for the government and prosperity. the establishment of the independent judiciary. these things are very important for investors, and they usually lead to reforms in the area to direct percentage points of growth. the second poorest to introduce

13 sets of reforms, the reform of the investment growth of tax code, the reformed of the public tendering law, the knowledge economy growth. all of these reforms need to be. out starting now. some of them will finish by june this year. some of them will take a year and will finish during the mandate of the government. others might take two to three years but are going to start now. and others will be subject to debate. so the second poorest introduced a set of reforms which make the business environment friendly for investors. the third pillar for the sustainable growth is the development of the infrastructure, and the government has increased in the complementary but, as a public

spending for infrastructure development from 5.2 billion to 6.4 billion dnr and the increase of 1.2 billion dnr infrastructure project. the role of the treaty from the industrial zone, all kinds of infrastructure which are necessary in order for the businesses to come and invest especially in the regions of the interior. now, what we did between december and now is as the national consultation in the region and we ask people what kind of and for stricter projects you would like to see in the region, what did the dictator do for you, is a hospital, is the industrial zone, would you like to see the plans, and we gather all of that information after one month in the consultation and all the regions, and afterwards we

decided on the two priority projects for each. so, for this year each region will get in addition to the program a infrastructure project at least the two priority projects that will be executed and estimated to the 1 billion dnr. now this sustainable track will take us from - .2 growth in 2011 to 3.5 in 2012 to five in 2013 and then six to seven points in 2014. the sustainable track is the main point in the region and we will develop our economy that this will be the first job in a year-and-a-half to two years and we get 800,000 unemployed youth today to swing the other track

which is the component in the economy for two years, 2012, 2013, and we are going to increase government spending through stimulus in the three major programs. one program is to create immediate temporary jobs for out 100,000 people to read just like the new deal did in the 1930's which is to provide the youth with some coverage of waiting for the economy to take off. the second program is to do it on job training for the college graduates to change and make them more adequate for the employees. some of the college graduates have the degrees in certain disciplines but have not been required today or ask for jobs to give them english skills and and itt skills that makes them

more attractive for employers. the third program is to build 30,000 social housing units over the period of two years. now, this will be done to increase government spending, but to reassure the world bank and the imf its quinby in the growing stock market which means these programs are clearly stated for two years, 2012 to 2013, and they will stop after 2013, and by then, hopefully the system will track will catch up for the economy to provide the necessary jobs. now, the announcement of this program had a good psychological effect in tunisia today. although clearly in the steps that are going, the government was careful to say this is a general program, this is the vision, this is where we are headed economically, but we can only do this much in a year

because our mandate is for one year so we don't scare the opposition we don't say like the question today islam comes to power they don't intend to leave. that is why in the program on the first page of the program the government has announced officially that it will see confetti date of the 20th of march, 2013 for the next so we have the next election also announced we will maintain an independent committee and maintain the election committee who did a fantastic job and by the way is known to be the leftist secular commesso for those of you who would like to know where we are headed. the idea of giving the road map, the clear direction, the sense of of junction to the investors

and the society and introduce the production to go back again. so along side of the decision helped create in the past ten days the climate of security that are more less tension between the different rivals and that's very important for business. business and politics are closely interlinked, you know and the good political framework and the sense of direction is good for the economics. so at the same time as i told you we introduced the complement i would say two words about a complement free budget flow increasing public spending to .5 billion from the original

law. now the finance goes back mostly from the sales of the confiscated assets from the assembly which is estimated to generate this year 1.2 billion for the tunisian economy. also, although we did the public stimulus package for the economy, we will only, you know, we will reach a budget deficit of 6.5. we were on a budget deficit of approximately 3%. ..

direct budgetary aid. other packages as well. europe, european firms have confirmed their intention to stay in the tertiary and to increase. a lot of companies from other gulf countries also visiting to visa to invest. we have every reason that the involvement will be good for these firms to make money and to have job, have real economic opportunities. we have a dick -- in agreement

with europe the issue of our european condition. seeking the status of a province partner with europe. secretary clinton, president obama gave the green light for the free trade agreement negotiations with the united states which is obviously a good sign for american firms. so, you know, the investment, growth, that is what is going to create jobs. we, the government, was to create present. >> they key very much. you read it out very nicely. i'm sure many people will have specific questions that the what to come back on. before we do that i too want to attend to the other panelists. of course jordan is not the same situation as tunisia. both in terms of laying out a

government plan. a sense of your perspective would be a bit different from that. but also, economically to visa has a bit more space for doing the kind of physical extraction because the initial debt levels were known, the budget deficit was quite small before the 2011, two, 3% this year. jordan is in a slightly different place. so less space to do the kind of things tunisia is doing for the short term. yet some of the same challenges that you are facing in terms of human employment, the shock of high energy prices. so i wanted to get a sense from you know of how uc the kind of policy package that you think would make sense from where you think which may be different

from what the government is doing. obviously you are not in a position to speak for that. >> thank you. [speaking in native tongue] >> translator: actually, i am a medical. the economical in which is not my language. that is why i have to speak in arabic because it is easier. today i come the project totaling about $50 million. a little of the islamic economy and which brings the bills of free economy or private sector principles upright. and the islamic movement, moving across the islamic movement, the nature of all the reform program . and its public or general data

as economic information. i believe that in the islamist movement that wants to start to with economic reform should try to stop the bleeding in medical terms, hemorrhage or bleeding. we have to work to stop that. soak in order to support other kinds of science for life. so i think that the islamists movement has its many peoples in the nation suffered a lot, corruption and public funds end i believe that it is imperative that there should be as serious step in this direction so that we are able to control the resources that are being wasted in various ways.

no doubt that corruption is a general phenomenon. we in the arab world, population of about 50 million, about 55% in agriculture. and, of course, a shortage of water. the number of unemployed, 15%. those who are below the poverty line, about one-third i believe that if we wanted to do -- if there is any -- if we look at these numbers there will be concerned with stopping that waste of the resources. the islamist movement is not like the public sector. particularly had experience in the public sector.

other areas have experienced the public sector. for example, i have about 1,000 citizens working with me. what better people like me in tech country like jordan, you would employ about 100,000 people. currently the government employes a newly about 6,000 people because they're is a lot of heat and manpower. so the government tries to work on the employment by employing people within the government sector to kind of camouflage the real numbers. so you will find that the ones to produce a more productive. focusing of the private sector and economic reform is no doubt a step that must be a major

steps. a fundamental step, but we cannot talk that worse experience. we cannot compete with establishing conglomerate stigma for instance. that use of capital. we focus on small businesses. but a bigger share. the project, the private sector and some small industries that would be able to produce, at least the domestic market and also to produce some immunity for the domestic economy that it will provide the necessity, basics, and decent life for the

citizens, and were not talking about luxury here or authority. that is something else. we are concerned on providing the basic needs that we will work toward prosperity among individuals. i believe that is more development projects that should be done. through the programs that would be employed by those who would be in government. other issue in my belief, the infrastructure, the focus for the project, long-term projects normally. promises of the means further estimates. no doubt their is a problem in the finance resources. i believe that as long this movement can work with two

tracks concerning infrastructure. the first track is to gather the system of brought, more so the people that are there that have many of the citizens living abroad. they invest their businesses. these could be gradually moved by providing the right climate so that they can invest in their mother countries. i believe there is more than a ticket that makes this issue. so the government's party is islamist leading party. providing for secure investments . more than 2 million turks have returned to turkey.

selected on the possibility. so this is an example, an example of borrowing no. but the shame and in the economy to borrow, nor is it a shame and in the country because there is no country that can do completely without having any economic relations of other countries so that its finances are poor or benefit to the principle of mutual benefits. so i believe that investment balanced investment which is properly guided insurers that it will lead for purposes, not to

interfere in the sovereignty of the country, but rather to take their advice to maintain the price of the currency. i think it's a very sensitive and serious problem for the recovering nation because the issue of currency is not a domestic matter. it's a regional and international matter. so it is imperative that for a certain matter of time the focus should be on international and me to maintain the price of integrity and take care. the relationships with the islamic banks and to commission banks, no, i believe that this list are not unable. the national arena, defend of

this world model that comes side-by-side. but it is not wise for the islamic woman to fight the commercial bank or to make it competitive. lots of the relations are based on commercial relations. therefore this should be looked at from the point of what is good for the country and economy and the protection of the economy of the country. so i believe it is possible to cooperate. we have no islamic banks. the question now, of course, the choice now is finally left to the citizens. they will decide with which peg their want to get. there are some bizarre peckers

more favorable to them. obviously the commercial bank is easier to deal with and so on, so it is not really prohibiting or allowing. and i will stop talking afterwards. i believe that international economics, there are agreements and international editions that should be respected and should be seen that as an integral part of the globalization which we cannot avoid as an islamist movement because it is an international order that has no affecting a great aspect of life that most likely also in the economy. thank you. >> take you very much. that was very helpful in both the going into the detailed development that many people have of their mind. so you have already given so of

the answers to the question that people work trying to raise speed of sure that will stop the for best the other questions. before turning to that let me know attend to our final catalyst. perhaps you can give us the edge of perspective. one topic, if i may suggest, which affects both jordan and egypt tunisia, how you see dealing with one source of problems with the budget which is the generalized subsidies on energy products in both countries. and as you go, the benefits of these energy subsidies tend to it grow mainly the rich people rather than poor people, particularly when it comes to gasoline at a price like that. and yet of the beliefs to the way to help poor people seem to be to have a system which really

helps rich people. so i would be interested also in kentucky but harvey the form of subsidy. >> a key very much. next to the committee for making this possible. the freedom and justice and has outlined an economic strategy. wants to. when is dialogue to get as much feedback from a different perspective and so on. the other is to technical formulate a policy package set would support the strategy. the next five to 17 minutes, calculate out the strategy in i hope clear terms. the strategy is for terms. one is to expand the private sector, limit and hopefully

shrink the government in power, the society. fourthly, egypt and the global economy. just go a little bit into each one very briefly. just to give you an idea of how hawaiian depress the egyptian economy is an underperforming it is and other is a huge need to expand the private sector, the judge and contribution is close to a quarter of 1 percent of the global trade. that comes to a population of 1 percent of the world's population, so this is definitely an economy that is not performing up to the potential of its people. that's just a very macro picture. this is a very depressed. and why does the economy underperforming? there is a great book that i

would recommend they take a look at. in the other country. it's called why nations failed. it's great read. the coach of the describes distracted. political institutions and economic institutions verses inclusive political and economic institutions. and, of course, one of the classic examples, expect institutions are was that extract the resources, opportunities to buy and sell one of an economy for the interests of a very narrow group of people in a particular country. political institutions that support that type of extraction, permission to be oppressive to the people. the end result is the creation of a albeit very rich and varied cable, but very, very tiny class

of people who have endorsed about power, enormous amount of money, enormous amount of wealth at the end of the day when you look at in the country of 85 million people, on the other hand it creates a very low demand because the rest of the populace has suffered. also a statistic that i suffer with because we say sometimes, the economists and numbers. you actually have to go spend a day there. we always say that 30 percent of egyptians spends $2 a day or less. is not just a statistic. if you actually go and spend the day in one of the villages you will get a feel of what this really means. then it is just awful. i too want to go in there and dug grow very passionate about its. anyway.

so will we are going to do, removed that it extracted institution and put in its place an exclusive institution. in other words, let's include more and more people and give them more access to economic opportunity in the country. we would like to do that first of all by reversing, and that is the easy part, by reversing what the previous is done. look at this book that i refer to. it outlines in very interesting ways how this extractive institutional program works. it gives examples of five or six key indices in egypt. the iron industry, cement industry, media industry. and it details how these industries are so limited. there is entry barriers. it details how it actually happened which coincided with

data that we are now receiving. our people, from the government agencies, the central bank. people are coming forward now to say how this actually happens, how this was possible. amazing government contracts, amazing terms. tax breaks that you have never heard of, of land deals, real estate deals with totally unheard of, that kind of thing. when you look at these privileges that were given to these few in the political institution that supported, the outcome, as i said, is a strong economy. we would like to reverse that and give access to people by reversing these. here is where the second comes in. we would like to restrict the government. we would like to make it simpler for people to practice economic activities.

we would like to make it simpler for people to invest, first of all, the safe to invest, pick projects that would like to go to. we would like to make it easier for them to get licenses to work and so on and so forth. again, sometimes the egyptian public sector is about 7 million people strong. just to compare it, you talked about turkey. turkey has almost the same size population of egypt, and it has 650,000 public employees last time i checked. that means that for every turk public servant who is that an egyptian we cannot -- again, does not include creating more jobs in the public sector. we actually want to restrict that. hopefully reverse that trend and start creating value addition jobs and move abuse parts of the

public sector into the private sector and cooperative sectors to these measures. why we include the department of the civil society, because we need a much stronger so society to serve the mechanisms of checks and balances on the government. it is not, by the way, not just about a party taking over. and sure we've all had this experience. it's about the institution of the government. the institution of the government can very easily defeat the program of any party unless you is to to have the checks and balances that put enough pressure on the gunman bureaucracy in start reversing the trend of this widespread corruption. as the question of corruption and corruption. a very interesting one. back to this.

the fourth pillar of the strategy is to integrate egypt and the global economy, favorable terms. by that i mean we looked at the strength of egypt, the competitive advantage of the nation. we looked at the practice of the previous government and how they articulated this is of egypt. accretive this is basically in terms of location. in terms of it being a country in which it's easy to go and institutes polluting is it -- industries and so forth. we identified the strength of the egyptian economy, the consecutive advantage in the workforce. egyptians have very large, young relatively disciplined, it's tedious work forces that is definitely underutilized. i agree 100 percent that the revolution was not about threats a huge part of it was about us.

is just about millions upon millions of you who have been looked at that as assets or resources or an advantage, but actually as a burden. and we would like to reverse that. by giving more access to these millions of egyptians we aim at increasing the competitiveness of the egyptian economy. one way, of course, of doing that is to redefine what we call the, the industries in value added industries as those that are associated with an elevation in the capacity of the work force. whatever industry is going to add to the capacity of the workforce. during the economy. to us a value added industry. looking very closely now that they select it medical at sea,

more energy and so on and so forth in addition. we would like with these four pillars to achieve four objectives. what is clear, which is broaden the demand of the economy. the second this to create more fair distribution system in the economy, and we don't want to do that through regulating. that would not work. we would like to do it by stimulating the economy. when we stimulate the economy, improve the checks and balances of the system. get more access and hopefully will get a better distribution of income and wealth. the third objective is we would like ticket to five and this is really huge committee what it does egypt of the history of it knows how hard this is. this is part of what we think the legacy should be given where we come from. we would like for this restriction of the government to redefine the relationship

between the states and the population in the society in egypt. born with the state. wind farm. some sort of a sense. it started. so egyptians relation, so unique. it's sort of, into bins usually by the end of the day because the government to or three times. but did you go and say ben talked a little bit. rationalize the subsidy. people were going. in other words, people stay so much connected. we would like to change that with time. from that of a controlling one

to one that is in power in. really latching on the potential of egyptian society, not just the economy, in ways that are very helpful to the values of revolution, freedom, dignity. their own minds with a prospective. and finally to of course, the objective is to include the competitiveness of the egyptian economy. some of the programs, looking at these in order to kick off. the first thing, we are looking at trying to attract foreign investment to egypt, but not in this sentimental way of comment save egypt. in the next couple of years between 50 and 100 very sound projects that have plans behind them to a financial models and so on in the number of selected.

this is what we're working on, try to look at what industry would qualify for these projects. each of these projects we hope will acquire an attractive investment of around 1 billion with should be that we are pumping into the economy in the next two plus years between 15 and $100 billion. reality at two kinds of industries. some in which egypt is already strong, but these are suffering. tourism, and so forth. reality and other things. the industries, with the work force we have in egypt we can excel very quickly. that is one. the second is to create jobs, looking at a very ambitious small and medium enterprise to be launched immediately as soon as we take over. the bad news is to egypt is already chai that.

it is a great that the we can up with. we actually know that the enterprise campaigned as been done before. the problem was not with finance. the problem was with the way it was managed. a complex undertaking that requires a system in place, not just to finance, but assistant to educate, to train, to integrate, and to force the finance then to look at the social and economic picture of what is going on on the ground so that people can actually repaid a lows that they get, have a success rate in the projects they do and so on and so forth. we are hoping that we would probably have better luck with designing and executing an enterprise campaign in egypt. the third stream we're looking at is similar to what i think, looking at its flex cut the

program. we would probably do a massive government spending and infrastructure and we get to the same process of identified what kinds of infrastructure with help. in egypt we are looking at sort of a highway kind of of a project amongst a number of others. these are the three we're looking at. in the short term we have challenges. illiquidity issue. working with imf to grant the loan. the political issue, not an economic or fiscal issue that is ending the loan, and we hope to of preserving the very soon. we have a government that is probably going to take the money and spend it and have an elected government the book, a few months later. and we are not sure if this is the right formula, so we're working on that.

not just important in its own right in terms of the money it provides to egypt, which is very important, but it is important in terms of integrating the new government of egypt in the global financial institution at the very irresponsible kind of deal and opening the door for more deals in the short term. if you looked at the numbers there is no escaping the egyptian economy. we need a lot of boost from outside. this will not happen unless there was a responsible government in place that is trying to spend the money wisely and is going to repay. the second challenge we have this the huge expectations. we have the people in egypt out he think that with the revolution and with the coming of the freedom and justice party to power of government workers should become permanent. everybody who used to have a system, and companies to go.

these are very, very interesting expectations. our second challenge is to be extremely open and frank with the people and also come to them with the plan. we don't want to just go to people and sickened you know, it is a very biased situation. we want to say it is a dire situation but here is a plan. we have the challenge of moving obstacles. local and international investment. there is no need for the kind of bureaucratic complications that we have. we can deal with that. and we also need to a score on a number of quick winds. we have a theme working on something called the first 100 days. we're trying to make sure that the very first few months of the working of this government will mean some tangible benefits for

people. we think that what will save the city a lot of money and stuff like that, looking at some of the basic services. have any of you ever driven a car in cairo? you know what i mean. you know, visiting cairo in the midst of the debate. came in the office in hour later he set in broken arab. [speaking in native tongue] [laughter] so the kind of thing we are facing. but to two conditions, and my father, there are two conditions for this program. not kidding ourselves about it and we are not being naive. this is the kind of problem that will not succeed.

[laughter] is it time to go to back there are two conditions. the first condition is one of if we cannot get to very significance of the egyptian institutions and egyptian society, this plan will never work. it will never work. very significant parts of the government's to accept that. the private, appealing the private sector to look at the situation favorably to come and is sure the enormous task because this is not protest for the party but the revolution of people. so on the one hand would be a partnership. and the other hand we need ownership outside. global institutions with groups

of investors with multinationals and working on that as well. if we succeed in securing these conditions then this plan or strategy has a chance. thank you very much. [applause] >> i have to say that really very clear. of course no good to get some questions. encourage people to also be a little bit to market in the questions because i am sure people who have laid out the plans want to hear the kind of issues on their mind so that they can be implemented. as before would encourage you to identify yourself when you speak. over there first. and then i will take three or four questions and then have her . >> the key for taking my question. i am with the corporation.

by was very impressed by each of you approaching the subject of the infrastructure. different editions. both tony's in egypt, their in the dialogue. figure out priority which sounds laudable. however, as the industry some questioning you that if you don't have a master plan or if you go look ballistic especially as the jesuits asian infrastructure you will end up with a hodgepodge that it would be very difficult to display later. so that is a comment. the plan a major research project. how welcome our u.s. firms coming in to help of of these two to searches and engineering firms, from other parts.

>> i want to go to the side. >> they cute. for i have other questions. i didn't have the chance test, but i have requested from egypt and the question. for egypt, would you consider or agree to military aid, airplanes and tanks to economic and development. maybe not great, but the symbolism is very old and would be helpful. the other question for the three panelists, a did not hear the word is occasion. it is critical, especially to do education and developmental. the kind of background investment.

>> they keep. the lady at the frontier. >> just to follow upon the question of military, speaking of favoritism, will you be able to get the military out of the economy and also to speaking to the egyptian panelists said also how can you revise the tourist industry? will there be a political problem especially with members of parliament, will this give the industry? what are your plans for handling that touchy problem? >> and i will take one more question and then i will come. >> my question is to khaled al-qazzaz perry to be the partnership from all society.

my question is how we try to convince them ready of the constitution, how will you overcome this charge? >> so we have -- what i would like to do, such specific questions for egypt. there were two more general questions. yet there was a question of how you will ride out contracts. so maybe i will start on that. public tendering. you have exactly the same chance as any other firm.

visited tunisia and a talking to them and have exposed to different opportunities. the technology, good know how. the second question regarding education is a very important one. one important program destined to fix some of the problems we have with our education problem. one of the projects. there are 13 structural reform projects. develop education in general. education has been very important. a good education program 500,000 students 5% of the population.

as a matter of fact, if we want to turn our problems into an opportunity because today we are graduating approximately 70,000 new graduates every year. we have a problem with employing people with college degrees. we have to order thousand people who have college degrees and did not find jobs for them. that is a very, very painful situation for us. so the reform of the education system is a very important issue. thank you for mentioning it. did mitchell on the program is one of the 30 programs where we are going to have massive restructuring programs. well last time. we are confident that any think the department of education is the in the long term, so it is not something we will be able to

do in one year, but there are many things that we would stop in this government and that will be carried later on. not in terms of the structure, but how there are approaching. it's an interesting phenomenon that in this region the more education you have the harder it becomes for you to get a job which is sort of action in the opposite of what you see in other regions. some are very glad. and i think now what was to make it too headed intervention. >> the queue. [inaudible] >> my concern was old education

reform. including what efforts so far from new. very odd concentrating on the engineering aspects, the technical aspects of the problem , trying to increase scores in math and science is, trying to build more schools. "we don't hear is the value system. are we teaching our students to criticize the question, to treat , you know, truth as relative rather than absolute? are they being told scientific reasoning. these are all issues that if there are in the old systems taught how to do that, the fear was that they would then be able to criticize their own government with -- whether secular or religious, and that is why they have not been. is there a realization that in today's world unless you teach people the elements and the

value of diversity and tolerance and acceptance that different parts of use and accepting that what you're be taught a class is not necessarily the truth, is their realization in all of our countries that unless we do that we are not trying to produce productive economies. we're not part to solve the unemployment problem, or are we still talking about investment in the technical aspects in the engineering aspects, but not the rest. >> they keep. would you like to respond to that? >> thank you for making the point. a very good point. there are just like in the economy we are facing special circumstances today. we are not in the country sitting where we can have the luxury to flight and do everything. we come out of a revolution. we very specific short-term

demand. long-term society culture. so just like in the economy we have to taxes, sustainable check and a short-term version. in education we have to do the same thing. there are students today who have degrees, and it's too late to think of programs such as you describe because these tests of they start from the primary schools, the secondary school. we have 500 dozen students in the university system already there will be graduating soon. so i wanted to be frank and practical, find ways to give them employability and try to improve their skills so that it meets the demands of the job market. have in tunisia in our, of course, if you make the revolution, in the society based

on the values of democracy, prosperity, critical thinking, that's just the other employees. we are talking about that. that we will do just like in the constitution in the context of a consensus and general discussion because we don't want to convict or indoctrinate the margin of society in the educational system. we want to engage a global discussion, as long as domestic killers to all components of society will come in and discuss about the kinds of economic situation that we would like. the short-term programs for education would include these technical programs in order to improve employability. larger programs will have to grow on the basis you just described.

>> i think actually in jordan we have a good experience in education. the consideration, but in jordan we don't have the oil or gas. we have in jordan 25 universities. the coming against the limit. thousands of jordanian graduated to go to the the country for work. but at the problem of training and to direct the education

toward a special program to build a special skill wanted a said the kutcher -- the kutcher. get a real education. >> you have the general points. then also, what about their role of the military, military aid was developed. how can you convince everyone. can you do tourism as one of your partners jack easy question. >> about education the only investment that a person ever done in my life is an educational institution. the school. did that just saying that to say that the whole idea of a different level of education is so vital.

researching here in the u.s. and came up with something called the creative curriculum. i can give some detail. i cannot agree with you more. when we provided this service to kids in egypt the -- actually rethink the whole mottling of education in our country because we have already gone out there, different debates, models that have been tried, we have associations that are helping us to maturity are teachers and so on and so forth. so my thinking is hopefully in egypt we would go with this of the fast-track because the education system in egypt, it is just in an amazing need for the form and developments. but i think the whole molly is very much aligned with the

statement we put out that is not yet -- we put out a statement for egypt. they keep. i think we are all indebted. by personally, so maybe we internalize the affiliation. we have a lot to learn from rtz brothers. in that statement of the projects, we actually speak very clearly that we need to rethink the mullahs behind education. education helps security and so on. we need to rethink the mumbling, but just build the institutions along the same, like. the key very much.

i don't think we would get the military out of egypt. we will do that gradually. and this has been the subject of negotiation. depends on how you look at it. if you look at the real state lands is a bit larger if you look at it from a productive contribution from that kind of perspective. expand the civil part of the economy large enough so that percentage is smaller. retaking the military. only they intend over that subject. we actually went to countries that would to any military kind

of paradigm. press the biggest lessons which also along the lines of the pro-business. we try to learn about their reconciliation program. we are not in any position of our country, not a position to exclude anyone. unnecessary premature kinds of sites. include everyone who has even been part of the business apparatus in the old regime so long as they expect new rules. so the discussions that these other rules. in order to do something big in have to go through this.

imagine how narrow the basis. that was the system. otherwise be would be to visit. how could incriminate after the fact that the hit that was more less to read what we like to do is gradually stop it. all kinds of new measures of transparency, checks and balances and so on, but try to ease people. running the matter of the country. and nothing good will come out. one of the first meetings we had was the different investigative teams. the owners of the industry. we head to houston all meetings. they, of course, came up with all this concern.

what are you going to do about peaches and liquor and stuff like that. and our answer to them was we actually would like not only to a maintain the industry but to extend and make it aligned with the promise of egypt. we know that it is one of them those in the world. an amazing country. how many people would like to come again to make very few. that's because -- it is because of what happens when you go. the experience you get. you just go see it once in your life. repeat business, repeat tourism. 4 percent. this is 60%. what to give. using your kids on their honeymoon.

what is it to iraq we actually want to work with that industry to improve it. okay? >> very good. another round of questions. sitting in the for row here. you can bring the question now. >> take you very much. i think this was music to my years. the plan. the revolution started that because the fruit and bread on the table but it freedom. my way of is a fantasy plan that has been put forward. pillars, objectives. i think you're going to have

bread and food, revolution coming to you. as obama's said, you are starting from zero. the world where everyone is bankrupt, they are part of unisys and elsewhere, cut prices and even saw the prices. the only way to kick said the economy, to sustainability. the decree to sit ability year to create jobs. to a half years. if you don't do that we're going to have revolutions. and i would look at egypt.

what happens to all of us, we should think that to this is where we are today. we are going forward. all of us should be paying basically texas. [laughter] >> but there is an envelope. [laughter] >> i'll take 10%. bell, egypt, i think, be serious, if egypt, is of the three afforded million arabs. so egypt is going to play. so all the arabs have an interest. to get it right you need to create jobs immediately. i don't think you're going to do it the way. is that going to happen. you need 20 million jeff if you

have to create them. the only way you're going to do that as infrastructure. the big infrastructure in the next to a three years. is that going to happen easy. discussions back-and-forth. happy that you guys are here to push, egyptians to push here, jobs, jobs, jobs. ..

to go forward because my problem is i would like to bring that back fighting elsewhere when you were younger on this issue of thinking shouldn't work in egypt because the physical thinking is not there and is not allowed and it's not to do with skills, its values ? as winter ask him that ? he is talking about the constitution. under the constitution. now the muslim and brotherhood act

to accept a lot to be buddhist or atheist. the constitution protect those rights to serve the questions that need to be answered long-term basis. that is critical thinking being about to go through so i think we need to think from that. >> hauer from the beginning -- >> i have a question about tunisia. it hasn't applied the boycott against israel and it is a statement in the media -- >> can you repeat the point? >> there has been over the last decade has not applied a the boycott against israel and there's been stories in the american media that some members of different islamic parties are now saying that the boycott should be reinstated, and i

wanted to find out what the decision was on this, especially considering that we are going to move forward with the free trade agreement and any free trade agreement means to be approved by the u.s. congress. >> good question. >> the command over here. >> is interesting to know that an amex does a lot of talk earlier about the support of the country's tunisia and jordan even in my country and egypt so if you could expand on that. there's a general feeling over here that in egypt or most of our country's many of the western countries have taken

from the economic dimension of the arab country the tools to have leverage and they're coming out of solutions. based on your experience and reaction on such factors to which you agree with your statements and if you do agree how do you plan to deal with that? >> just to be the questions you wanted to raise, the second is about the extent to which you feel they agree that there's been a marwan economic lever is the one that is being used. >> the use of the economic lever by the west you said as a way of influencing the policies of the

new government. there's one question over there. my question is for both relevance of dr. ben ben ayed. dignity and freedom more important, but it's known coincidence that the uprising began in the interior of the country and the egyptians slogan on the first day of the revolution was freedom and social justice and i haven't heard anything about social justice. i've heard the comment that there will be an attempt and a keynesian mode to establish 100,000 jobs initially, but i heard none of that with regard to egypt. so for example, under your program and leadership will lead unions be able to be independent and have the right to strike and

what kind of social justice measures will you have for the 40% of people who are living on the margins at or below poverty because i think there was a very important part of the revolution in tunisia and egypt and elsewhere. thank you. >> that's four questions now. maybe this time i will switch the order says there are more questions for tunis. it's a very egyptian kind of -- creating jobs for infrastructure we're looking at these kinds of programs one of which is a 550 to the 100 projects, 100 billion each, the second and third is the influence. as we are looking at the infrastructure as its own rights probably next year or to start to take up some projects in the

infrastructure side to get the economy going and would like to create what the program if it is successful because this is not enough on the one hand, and because of the pressure from the governing democracy as well it leads somehow to strength so it doesn't agree with you and the social justice issue is a very key question because i agree with you come the revolution i think it succeeded i think because it emphasized some basic human rights, basic human values and emphasize the narrowly defined enhanced social justice would simply be a very central goal of objective of anyone serving the revolution and i

have to state my personal view she was elected because people felt if they feel it would elect a self. the values are the agenda of any party so why do a 100%. the civil society on just the civil unions and that is one part of trying to create that justice by shrinking the government and sort of listing some urban society to also introduce mechanisms by which people have access to jobs and education, health, economic opportunities and so on and creating the social justice by working under the judicial system as well and so on and so forth. so this is me be very abstract kind of a statement, but if you look carefully, it is intended

and designed to actually achieve that. the economic lever if he would make a comment at least in my own experience i have seen people interested in the arab spring with the economic, cultural, the political and so on. i have been engaged from and i entered this country very long i have seen a very renewables level of energy and interest in interacting with the air of arab world i think it is possible of a broader dialogue that this event to me is sort of a kickoff of the dialogues or think it goes beyond that. >> there's one other question i think the gentleman had, which is how did you find -- what was your experience and the gulf

countries in terms of their interest in actually supporting the process of transition? >> i think that is the two levels to the issue of the gulf countries with one level is that immediate perception at least that they are bringing a destabilizing factor and i wouldn't blame anyone for feeling that way because if you have lived in the arab world in the last year is a very volatile oil environment. on the other hand, i think that the integration be a social, cultural, economic and so on between the gulf and the rest of the arab world is the core of the relationship and we are hoping in egypt to calm down the concerns and worries by making

statements to export anything to anyone because we understand to begin with they are not something you export, you know what i mean. change in any society is to come from within so we are not interested in pushing anyplace outside of our own country and trying to work on it and the second messages we definitely would like to integrate with of the gulf countries not just on economic issues to get investment, but a much broader scale as well because we see these as a sort of civilization kind of project if you will come and we are not going to go it alone. we are going to go with the best of though world and starting with the region i don't think the gulf states are anywhere detached from the factors that have created the change in egypt and tunisia.

>> anything you would like to add? >> the questions that were raised there's also questions to tunis. >> and the talk about the last question, the social justice is very important. when i said the evolution as that of dignity use it the other way around. that doesn't mean you do not recognize the importance of economics and if we don't succeed in economics that we have come the next way and food revolutions we are very conscious about that. but it is important to remind people when they are just starting this to tell them that the economic, the democratic position process and the political process is very important and it's a project in society that's taking a lot of

energy and we are not losing focus out of this. let me summarize it another way. a person in my generation i lived in the 90's time and the way that i see it is that we did many things right but we failed to do the democracy. it would give the democracy for tunisia through the system of the arab world. some things were not quite come some things went wrong and i'm not here to state what went wrong tree all of you know what went wrong but also we fail to do democracy. this time the society is paying a bill. the economy is functioning with its security and there is absolutely no social and economic bill that needs to be faced. now, if we do the political process reform right in three years when we look back when the economy comes back to the normal

functioning we would be proud as we said the bill was paid but it was worth at to be achieved what was lacking in our society and the solution of freedom, human rights and democracy. but if we restore the economic prosperity to do that, then it would not have been eager for the hassle so we started by refocusing the potomac from that point of view. it's not to downside the size of the challenge. now as you know the labor unions are very strong and they contributed a lot during the revolution and now by government is engaging in dialogue in order to establish the modern development that achieve prosperity but not of the cost of the original development of the social justice and that's

why in the egg government we didn't go into detail on the measures for example the number of the families that benefit from it because poverty, stevens from 150,000 to 250,000. from all packages of social actions that are aimed at the very delicate segments of the society because we feel we need to do things urgently and now to alleviate the weight of the suffering of these people so the other question is regarding the free trade agreement as

economics there is a lot of enthusiasm and a lot of respect for the revolution. we have dignitaries and prime ministers and presidents of states and ministers of foreign affairs visiting on a daily basis. almost 30% of the prime minister is receiving these people and these people come to tunisia for what they did to also offer help in the past month tunisia has received more visitors and more dignitaries in its history and in the past 50 years, and we have a lot of support from many countries from europe come from the united states stood up with tunisia and a president obama

and the administration since the first day we are also receiving a lot of senators and people from the house the administration also visiting and a lot of encouragement, and of course there is a lot of big focus to the in the world of making tunisia the model of a successful democracy which is modern and prosperous in the arab and the muslim world. this is important. this is important to us in the beginning because we are concerned, and this is important for the world, and i think the united states does it because it's in the interest of the united states to see a country like tunisia or egypt become a model to be that such an important thing is the key to many of the problems toward stability and peace, and that's why today when we talk with

these countries we don't feel any pressure honestly speaking. you said the only message we get what can we do so that you succeed, and the only focus is not on the regional issues and other issues, it's on domestic issues and how to make this model work and succeed so there are common goals we want the model to succeed in the u.s., europe and other partners to succeed, and we will welcome these countries and these companies to come and help us succeed together in building these democracies and i think that is the best way forward for us not just for our country's. the other alternative if these models feel what it is a complete disaster. there was no seminar that said what happens if all these others

fail? it is a nightmare for the countries and for the world. so, really, there is a concerted effort from the international community, and we feel that so that we succeed so there is no aid to the economics are things that come with conditions and in the way things have changed. you don't have dictators anymore, you don't have regimes that are complacent. now you have to deal with a democracy and convince the people, even the government's do not take any position or do whatever they want to do. it's not like in the past. if there are things that are offered that are not international interest of these countries these countries will refuse and will not be able to do, and the governments accept something against the people's interest, they will lose the next election because the people are watching. so it's not as easy as it used to be. it's a new equation we have to

deal with that you have to deal with. as hard as the triet agreement is one concern of the process it goes through in the united states and needs to go to conference but it needs to go through the constitutional assembly as well, and it has to be approved by the two parties. [applause] and we are very confident that we will succeed in meeting the requirements because we have a agreement with europe, and with europe we are moving to the president's status, so we know how to operate in an international context to beat as far as the palestinian conflict is concerned, i would rather have the minister of foreign affairs of to nisha answering the question. this is about economics, but tunisia offer is in the framework of the arab league and

it didn't take any initiatives outside of the lady and in that regard it isn't any different from any of your arab country. and there are arab countries that are a member of the arab league's that have free trade agreements like bob ran and morocco and jordan, so i don't think that is a problem. and there are no particular policies or options that are being taken that i know what triet >> we would try to bring this to a close now and what i would like to do is maybe just say from my perspective i want to end on making to fairly obvious observations. the first one is that i think in the next 12 to 18 months the big challenge is the one that you've raised which is how to manage the gap between expectations and delivery because there is almost

no model of delivery whether it's on the politics or the jobs front, whether it is on fresh one can imagine how i would be fast enough to respond to the expectations because sometimes they're very realistic. acknowledging that gatt is going to be de short-term problem because the failure to manage it can be real the process and the second observation i have is we are very focused on the short terms. we started talking about the challenge of the medium term. is the rest of the world as conscious that what we are talking about is an engagement that is a long-term partnership engagement that we are not talking about is a bit of financial support in year one of free trade agreement now, and then, you know, we move on to the next issue this is going to

be about to make it work, to help support the transformation of the society this is a five, ten, 15 your project, and in that, the rest of the world will need not just of the ambition of the engagement, but also whether we are ready and i speak in this case in places like the imf are we've ready to rethink the way we operate in ways that will actually respond to the needs of the very different kinds of societies as the merger for 15 years, so i think this is a bigger and a more ambitious challenge than the quick response to alleged although there is the need to manage the short term as well so i do think this is something and i speak for the imf take away in terms of how we need to do our business differently to be responsive to the needs that will emerge from the transition countries. but before ending i would like

all of you to please join me in thanking our panelists to [applause] thank you so much for the modernization and the panelists. please join me in thanking everyone for the moderator is what i think was an extremely interesting i openings of conversations on the party. i hope this will be the start of a dialogue that isn't just a one time event. let me also have a special thank you to the interpreters who joined us here to facilitate the discussion and the communications teams for their expensive work in setting up this conference. i want to single out in particular first marina ottaway

who worked very hard to make this conference have been. [applause] >> space come amber and jessica worked as a part of a assembly worked very hard also on all aspects of the program to make it happen, so thank you very much. and i want to single out again one person with which without this conference wouldn't have happened. she worked hard tall aspects and many of you might not have met her, but were it not for her, really we wouldn't be here today, so can i ask you to stand up. she did a great job. [applause]

and finally i would like to thank are co-sponsors to the primitive switzerland and the foundation for their general support in helping us put together this conference. thank you all very much and i look forward to welcoming you. [inaudible conversations]

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if you think of yourself as a family and if you think of yourself as a team and she said when i get a raise at work she is proud of me and it's like we got a raise, our family got a raise, but i really felt as though she had redefined providing to include what her husband does and that she had a

lot of respect for what her husband was doing. the institute of medicine yesterday unveiled its report on food and drug import safety and called on the g20 to endorse its findings and recommendations. the report addresses regulatory gaps and for a devotees abroad. among the 13 recommendations, sharing inspection reports between the u.s. and other technologically advanced nations in order to eliminate overlapping inspections. this is just under an hour.

>> so, good afternoon, everyone. and thank you very much for coming. my name is julian bulkeley and i am the study director for this report, ensuring safe food and medical products through stronger regulatory systems abroad and i'm very happy to be with you today to share with a wider audience the committee work for the last year on building capacity for food and drug regulation in developing countries. and it's a pleasure to introduce to you professor jim riviere, the welcome fund distinguished professor of pharmacology at north carolina state university. dr. riviere was elected to the iom in 2003 for his contribution to the mathematical modeling of pharmacokinetics and toxicology as well as his work in the risk assessment and food safety. he directs the center for

chemical toxicology research at pharmacokinetics at the college of veterinary medicine, and he will review with you and the conclusions and recommendations the committee made in this report. thank you very much come here is jim. >> thank you, gillian and for coming out to listen to what we've done over the last year coming year-and-a-half. what i would like to do is briefly review this report which is a relatively complex report but why did we do it, why were we tasked to do it? essentially the fda has realized that the world has changed relative to the types of products regulated. i will often quote a statistic 80 per cent effective ingredients of pharmaceutical agents are not produced in the united states, 40% of the finished drugs come from abroad,

85% of seafood, 39% of fruits and nuts. if you look at medical devices which the fda is also responsible for regulating those before full increase in medical device importation over the last decade. taking this into consideration, there's 20 million important lines that fda has to keep track of. so try to just what that number sink in coming and i know we have had some issues in the last few days and last year and decade andre specific aspects of their tasked to look at 20 million different import lines so even if you to get a product as innocent as a nutrition bar if you actually look at it that is manufactured in the united states, there could be six or seven different countries in which the ingredients that go into the finished product have been sourced in a different country. so this is a huge task ahead.

what was the committee and what did we do? we were essentially tossed three things by the fda to read one was to be fined the fruit, drug and medical device regulatory systems in the developing countries. second, after assessing what they would be, what are the gaps in the systems, and then once we've identified the gaps, how we think we could actually address these both in the short term which is three to five years, and ultimately the longer term. what did we do why? revisited and went on for trips to south africa, china and india and at these meetings which lasted anywhere from two to four days each, we also met with representatives from other countries so we talked to basically people from about a dozen countries we took to the good from regulators, other members of government agencies,

the regulated industry with multinational, domestic drug companies, professional associations, non-governmental organizations and the development organizations and we met in all different kinds of the news from large well structured meetings to the less structured meetings and essentially had opened public meetings and discussed what is the core element and what are the status of the systems? i want to stress the path was not to specifically look at a country. our task was not to look at the granularity of a specific product. our task was to assess what's out there globally, how are the system's structure and how do they enter replete and how can the fda learned from the systems and work with the systems to improve drug and food safety coming into the united states. there's a lot of detail in this

report, and again, i don't want to turn this into a semester lichter so in two or three minutes but i really want to look at is for basic elements of the regulatory system that's important. one is the system has to be responsive to read it has to be responsive to problems that occur but it also has to be responsive in terms of being able to adapt to new types of problems and new types of regulated products. so what worked ten years ago may not work today. it has to be adoptable. we believe it has to be outcome oriented so that no matter how the system is set up the have to realize the differences between all of the country's so there for the systems need to be set up and process these need to be implemented in those countries in the proper context but the outcomes must be defined so that no matter how you get to a specific point if he reached a point product is deemed safe and

then the product should be able to be exported. in line with that, they have to be predictable, so whatever occurs in that line is that if the same type of process goes through with the same type of problem it is going to get detected. importantly, it has to be independent and overt political control and micromanaging and independent of economic factors promoting in some countries trade. it has to be able to be based on a system that really just looks at what is the risk and the safety. going into a little bit more granularity you can essentially see that one can look at a number of different approaches to what we did the price system is looking at. you have to realize one thing we may be talking about this fruit so the fruit produced is it safe. we are also looking at drug development which is an entirely different type of approach

however there are common elements between these. one is the government standard testing authority. it's crucial that when the standards are set the essentially use science based approaches and risk-based approach is to come up with the standards. they can't be arbitrary. most of the systems and looking at different countries should participate in the international cooperative activities and the harmonization is about instead of focusing on a very small differences within the specific areas these are harmonized and people are working towards the same goal. decisions should be ethical and when something occurs, that information should be randomly transmitted from the system. a further medical products to address system really should look at product safety through good manufacturing process these, clinical laboratory and

agricultural practices to restart development and training from employees should occur to the monitoring and evaluation of product quality laboratory inspection and surveillance projects, risk assessment analysis and emergency response. we dillinger a lot of detail in this report on those specifics as what a big price system encompasses. when you look of those, we've identified and grouped together the developing countries' systems. first falls into a classification of the hearings to standards. in order for a system to function there has to be some standards battle of experts from the country to important to another country. the standards must be met. the standards can range from specific tolerance of the chemicals, absence of a specific microcredit beagle contaminants and also relate to the edifice of the concentration of the product to another aspect we found that significant as controlling supply chain, said

the supply chain is when the chemical route is initially produced to when it's a finished product and actually imported. what is that supply chain and some of the problems we dealt with this week again, last month, a couple years ago have to do with supply chain integrity and how can we monitor that. this is that in many systems will get rid there were infrastructure deficits in order to implement supply chain control to adhere to standards there has to be a system in place and people trained to know the standards exist. there has to be laboratories in place and infrastructure deficits at various levels of the food and drug systems to read their needs to be legal foundation for regulating drugs and a legal foundation for indicating and imposing safety standards on a product, not just of the manufacturing inspect and the main factor in dr. to

develop these. we noticed a number of different work force pa problems and we going to a lot of heat illness in the report. essentially what this relates to many cases is a lack of individual trained and regulatory science. flecha stability and the degree agencies are the people that are trained, this turnover and in some countries' rapid turnover and continuous turnover so in order for the fda or any other rich and free agency to actually communicate with individuals and some of these developing countries the need to be talking and speaking the same language. no surprise to anyone about of the bigotry systems are fragmented, fragmented politically, halston different ministries, house and health ministries, agricultural ministries and in some cases trade ministries to read those organizations have different and plants so when you look at another regulatory system you need to start by stepping out

where the components extended goes into detail on those. many countries suffer from the poor surveillance system and it is not just a finished product exported but in a lot of the quality control points throughout the production of the food or drugs. there needs to be a way of measuring what's happening. there needs to be we of determining whether or not of the specific standards are being met. another gap we found is communication. the communication gap could be within a ministry or an agency from the top to the bottom of the industry where the work effectively handled, between the different ministries and between different regulatory systems, between the regulator and the regulated industry, but in a regulator regulated industry and the consumers of that product between different countries and regional countries and globally it's a lot of individuals not

talking with each other in sharing specific information the system to guarantee safe food products their needs to be the will to actually do this sort addressing this become up with implementations and going to briefly overview but what we are looking for is we realize we cannot inspect our weight of this and to demand that only six products and foods coming to the united states. we need to offer a series of carrots and sticks and look at activities that essentially get a sweet spot in this diagram and that is if you're looking at product safety we need to build a system that by improving product safety then the export from the countries can occur in trade kendal up in those countries. as the increase product safety it should have a direct impact short term on public health

problem among public health because we are building the awareness and the work force and practices in the country to charge and produce safe product. this will also impact aspects of the development and we are going to address those and the specific areas but i guess the best we took that this is if you are trying to assess only safe products come into the country and there is no system in place to insure the connect lady produced in manufactured in this country's a matter how much inspection you're always going to find floor products. what we need to work on is a system for cooperation and creating mutually reinforce a bold goals that we can actually build a regulatory system and build a product production systems in countries that generate safe products. by doing that you're about to increase exports in those areas and by doing that in economic

activity is in a line with the safety plans are. this is a problem the gaps that essentially as someone is trying to generate and you're being judged on economic activity product safety falls to a lower clarity. we have to change that. we have common threads as to what we think needs to be done and i just want to go through these areas that you will see coming through the specific recommendations. first is the concept of the enterprise risk management and we are using this as a broad based concept that a regulatory agency specifically in this case the fda needs to look at all its operations and assume that with 80% not being produced in the u.s., 20 million in part lines coming in and essentially you can't differentiate between domestic and international, therefore you need to start thinking about how to regulate resources, and resources are not

just inspectors in a foreign country or a number of inspections, but it also has to do with the budget on the specifics, where is the training money being spent, how is this being spread to the risks that are occurring. so one needs to look at this agency that was created, and existed for an era when there was domestic production and there was domestic consumption, there's been a lot of changes over the last 40, 50 years, but now it's to the point to the adoptable it has to be responsive to the current problems. another aspect we realize in the developing countries is the whole concept of the professional was demint credentializing is that regulatory science and working in the developing the regulatory agencies and in points and those agencies are not specifically addressed in turning programs. there are sporadic turning programs all around the world. the e.u. put on the program, fda put on the program they may cover one topic this year and another the next year.

somebody joins a regulatory agency in the first topic. there is no standing ability to actually communicate. there needs to be a lot more venues where essentially people can work together and talk together and start learning and developing a common science base. we found in some developing countries in certain areas in africa especially that even representatives to the standard setting bodies do not have the requisite training to actively participate. sunni to make sure that as those types of approaches become implemented and the standings are implemented they can actually be handled within the country's. another common supply chain security obviously the facility is an important goal. if we can snap our fingers and find out instantly what is occurring and in the supply chain we will be happy that is not going to happen immediately. we need to work towards this. the food modernization act has a

simple one up and one down approach if you're in the middle of a chain you need to know where it came from and where it is going to so you can then recreate with the supply chain is. we think that this needs to be applied to other regulated product. accountability is important. we can control and have products coming in that there has to be incentive to do this. market access can be the reward for product safety. we need to get other approaches and engage the private sector and engage the food producers and drug producers trying to work to improve the overall quality of the system pivot fraud prevention technologies is a crucial problem but we need to get some of the systems that may be offered in the very large multinational organizations to be doubled to work on a smaller scale. some of these are not scalable, and we need to develop technologies that can actually get closer to the point of origin is where the problem is and go to the system and its

spread out through the system. and another report on the accountability as product liability. and to try to work out a system that is if something is imported into the u.s. there's some type of life devotee further back into the supply chain. some specific recommendations, the first recommendation we break into the international and domestic aspects we feel it's crucial in the regulatory structure in the developing countries be strengthened. it is impossible for one agency to do everything. the fda cannot protect and guarantee food and product safety are not of the world and what comes into the u.s.. in order to enter back and to develop surveillance systems and have trained personnel, they're needs to be rid of the resistance, and we feel that this should be added to the g20 agenda so that when the development and house projects

come forward specifically you are also working to build the regulatory system so there's longer-term effects wherever the farms are being spent. second recommendation and the emerging economies' national regulatory agencies really need to engage in open and a regular dialogue. there needs to be communication. in some of the groups we met with in certain regulated individuals talking to the regulators, they never met one another. they had never been in the same room together. they never knew that the existed. they may have known the existed, but what were they doing? communications from the national agency promulgating the safety down to the provincial or state level just by promulgating the regulation doesn't mean that the people at the next level actually understand what the regulation is and how it can be implemented same again with the communication to the regulated

industry. there needs to be regional forums. this is not an fda activity in fact they can participate, but if the fda calls it, this is not what we want to do. get neutral been used with the national academies, professional associations universities they essentially can provide a non-- format and forum to discuss with a are, to communicate, to ensure the standard or the technique that's actually implemented is probable in the country that you're looking at or for the product that you are looking at. another recommendation, and these are shorter terms countries with stringent regulatory agencies should within the next 18 months convene technical working groups to really accelerate the process of sharing inspections. if you look at the number of lines coming in and if you look at the number of industries and some developing countries producing food and then even to some extent drugs and devices,

there is no way possible even by increasing inspectors on the basis the system of the food modernization act that's being projected that you'll be able to inspect all of these industries literally around the world. we need to start getting to an approach to the stringent regulatory agency like the e.u. and the european union, canada, australia, switzerland, japan, the u.s. expects one industry, they share those inspections and let the resources of those countries be spread around to inspect other agencies. it doesn't help us by having the e.u. and the u.s. inspect one specific manufacturer and then not look at another manufacturer. so this is an area that we think rapid progress has already started but progress could really be accelerated. on a similar base, our thrust is that regulatory agencies alone cannot solve this problem. so industry associations over the next three years work out a way of sharing supply chain

information to it basically works out a way to find out what good supply, what are the issues coming up, what are the problems coming up, what should they be looking at? there's been progress, the group has been working on this on the pharmaceuticals to beat safety has held meetings yearly with the national academy is as addition to share hawken supply chains of some of the products actually in the information be shared. so, we are not prescribing what needs to be done, but we strongly feel that we need to get private industry involved and how to be essentially do this on their own and share those results. starting in the next five years usaid and agencies with the usda meat start working on the technical assistance and strengthening surveillance systems. so what indicates that

regulatory agencies need to increase and get some and for stricter and get some training, but their needs to be the laboratory facilities and the training people some more actively assessing whether this has happened and we think it is crucial that this happened in the countries of origin and closer to the places of production rather than after the finished project is starting to work its way into the usps of the supply chain can get defined we need to look at how that can be handled. domestic action, i talk about the enterprise risk management and what this comes to is the agency has specific mandates and it has to follow very specific purchase for improving the jobs for testing, food safety but what needs to be happening is we -- where are the problems and the need to be resources allocated to the fda, they're needs to be an ability within the fda to determine where the

resources work. we talk about a lot of aspects of keeping track of things. this is a developing problem. these problems are not going to disappear. if you look at the drug's safety issues we have had happening, those are vastly different supply chains. when he took what's happening in that line and be able to have that flexibility on our case number resources. the fda should facilitate the training of the regulators in the developing countries, and this really needs to be focused on an ongoing basis to work with its other regulatory agencies and stringent regulatory agencies to provide ongoing curriculums so if the individuals in the specific agencies are appointed to the position, they can within a relatively short time frame start getting to know what the other regulators are doing and what the end points should be and what actually pertains to

that. in addition to that, we should be looking at the same concept on economic development to build the regulatory agency. we talked about with the international organizations need to do. the fda needs to be proactive to make sure food safety and drug safety objectives are actually built into the development activities. the fda needs to continue the development and information strategy is to allow the risk-based system to actually be implemented. if you look at where we are in the 21st century, we have twitter, google, instantaneous transfers of financial transactions and instantaneous use of credit cards. it is a mobile complete electronic system. the order, not today but the order in five years to stop increasing the speed of this information to work of the

global or debris system we need to start defining very specific metrics. we need to make sure that as new agreements come into place between the countries that the fda and other stringent agencies absolutely demand that very specific metrics be collected and the metrics be interchangeable between the agencies. by doing that we can start developing much more within information systems to get an idea on where the potential problems might be occurring and where the risk might be occurring. it's a different approach than what's been done relative to the structure of the existing systems but with 20 million in part winds coming in, we have to be realistic. the fda isn't going to of 20 million inspectors to follow the reach of the lions. so essentially we need to start using the modern technology which is available now relatively cost-effective approaches to start implementing the types of systems. we need and strongly suggested

and in some legislation being proposed by the fda the dry many factors and also device and factors started getting defined and nailed down. we think that apply and though one of the approach to begin developing that to the drugs would be a good beginning on this but we need to make sure that the supply chain integrity can be assured. the next recommendation is we need to make sure that fda can develop the proper mix of incentives in order to promote safe product and some of those are market access. there's an fda secure chain program that is currently in effect. the fda needs to look at how this is working and it looks like it's working well to push and expand that to other aspects they handle. there needs to be an incentive to some of these aspects. it just could not be negative for regulatory impact. the final items of the domestic

action is the fda should encourage for the cooperative research and development agreements and other programs within the private industry and research funding to encourage businesses to develop and universities simply applicable servile landstuhl tools, technology that is easily implemented, relatively cheap to use it can essentially carry surveillance down to the deeper levels within the supply chain. companies have this worked out but a very large company system are not scalable down to smaller systems. and finally, over the next 15 years, u.s. government agencies should really work to strengthen the ability of both to actually be liable for that. and we have a number of discussions with the report as to how that might actually work. so in conclusion, the overall goal was to the fda cannot do this alone. 's