judges to decide whether it official desegregation plan full text that requirement. so the appointments he made to those benches who did a great deal today from work also were very important. he secured passage of the civil rights act in 1957, not terribly ambitious fact, that happened before since reconstruction therefore sort of laid the groundwork for the more important civil rights acts of the 1960s and then of course most famously he summoned the 101st airborne the same unit to soften the beaches at normandy to ask what the little rock nine into school in little rock when obstructing desegregation era. on the last episode in a funny way to one eisenhower gives the most credit for civil rights in order to always the one that actually says the least about 10 in terms of civil rights. really what he was fighting for in little rock was not so much the print both civil rights as

it was the principal federal authority. i am convinced if orville fought with type to block a highway construction project in little rock that i could have done the same thing. he could not allow a governor to use federal trips to thwart the authority of a federal court. to do so wish us to to break down and if i could do anything, he understood authority. so, interestingly i think his record on civil rights and have been quite positive, even though i don't think there's much cared to cost 10 to see it as a matter moral urgency. he did better than he thought. >> i would add to that is certainly true of segregated country in a segregated part of that country. one of the marks against him in the war was certainly be that he basically did not want to have like soldiers in the american army. but i would see the thing that most interested me when i was

thinking of writing an eisenhower book -- [laughter] was that he kept his mouth shut. if dwight eisenhower let the country know in 1954 what he really thought of brown v. topeka and that the troubles in the country, we would be fighting right now. he did not oppose the decision and any railway and now is a very common to report an american decision. >> is, two days after the supreme court ruling in brown was the court has spoken and i will obey. and those are not the words. but the other worries in the military life understand separation of powers. >> i've always thought it was

great. >> you think race is a great character test and the heroes of that century. and the one thing when people ask me, how do you support this guy who did so many awful things and good things, how do come down to whether he's a good guy or bad guy, but after he accurately opposed and was fantastically famous could have commanded highest piece on wall street and chose to go to detroit at the height of the ku klux klan popularity in the 1920s and defend the sweet family, which was an african-american family that had been trapped inside a home buy a white mob fired into the mob and then charged for murder. and he did one try, in a mistrial to another and got a not guilty and suffered a massive heart attack that summer from strange and was never quite the same. so we almost capped his career. their cases afterward with a noble case. >> sadly this panel is just

warming up in the hour is over. as you've heard they're all really wonderful talkers have probably been better writers. i hear few will come over. father's day and mother's day coming up. [applause] [inaudible conversations] >> we're in the campus of umc with lots of other people on this beautiful saturday afternoon. excerpted with this on c-span 2 across the country. are they lower telebras nonfiction books and the fashions and in between the sessions a great opportunity for you to meet some of the new nonfiction authors, many of them exhibiting here and panel sessions, next up is the process

continues as tracy mcmillan. her book is called the american way is meeting undercover at wal-mart farm fields in the dinner table. you're a journalist. how did you become a journalist interested in how we eat and also how we produce food? >> i actually am trained as a welfare and poverty reporter and investigative political reporter in new york. as during reporting in low-income neighborhoods and started realizing it was very important to the families i was writing about second interested in looking about questions of access and how people make decisions about what they're eating. i moved into a freelance position is so much easier way to get people to pay you should write you about food. there's a little bit of rocketing up later, but i really do. i learned a lot about both. i knew a lot about sort of the economics of poverty, but i

didn't know as much about sort of what it's like when you're living in poverty because i would do the stories were spent a few days at the family and that's very different from living through extremely limited time. having a personal relationship as opposed to reporter relationship. >> the premise of this is going undercover at several stages at the way americans are producing and we as consumers act as the retail level, wal-mart and restaurant level. party just to go undercover to get this? >> the main reason is because i wanted to have as close to authentic person as the worker is a good and employers treat you differently if they think you are going to be writing about it as opposed to somebody else that works for them. interestingly enough when i worked at wal-mart during the same period "the new york times" reporter had a different experience curve ball market for

what they call the company issued shirt. i had to buy my own church, which you make it dollars and are buying to $15 lucier is this a bit of an expense. she had supervisors near her and to never have to worry about things like whether or not she got paid on time for one thing i experienced was my boss taken away because i was going to reach overtime hours. they said well, rather than have to reach over time, why don't you just not coming tomorrow? obviously you do one day they are what is happening to you. you tracy but allen's book is how we eat and what our access to food is like and why it works that way. we welcome your questions and comments. reach us by phone. cadavers to a 25853 to five if you live in eastern or central time zone. if you live in the western half of the united states, 202-58-5386. we have a twitter account you can treat apple tv. e-mail us at that the tv@

tv@descent.org reluctantly to be involved with this. the first lady, michelle obama is making us access to food and having americans a better and more help elite. a question for you is how hard is it to change access and the kind of food they wish to access. >> the structure really determines the cultural preferences and have grown up eating. we write a lot of the time that cooking is a good way to eat affordably and a lot of folks don't necessarily feel like they have the time with the knowledge to cook, even if they have access. so a lot of this is like not all bad. when the access is not just a question of access. it's that time, education, which

is, which is whether people are accessing healthy diets. >> does that fairly cost more? and if so, why? >> healthy food is not always cost work you just look at the base kozyrev numerical cause of the story. in orange county 65 cents or 50 cents. you can probably find a candy bar for 75 cents. see you could trade one or the other. there has been research, about the cost per calorie. when you look at sort of the trade-off between the dollars spent in the amount of calories you get to take in, junk food is more affordable by that metric. >> before you get to cause, it's a much more complex job, but look at the three stages on the left and right for me. what is the most important thing you want people to know about what she learned from your time in the field? >> i would say the most important thing is that we can pay workers reachable workers

without making it unaffordable. if you give farmworkers to 40% raise the average american pressure that would go up $60 a year. so this idea that our food is cheaper because the farmers are underpaid is not true. everything that happens under is achieved. >> let's move to the wal-mart or people or buy food at the retail level. but the most important thing you took from that experience? >> i took away the experience that healthy food is actually let water, some thing that we need to live, something that i would argue we all have a right to and we need to have a discussion about how to get healthy food into neighborhood with that in mind. not that is their supermarket demand necessarily in a place that when there's no demand and means there's nobody in the community of idiots, which is the true appears to have a discussion about food as a social good and move forward that is really important. >> at the restaurant level, you chose applebee's, but you probably chosen to be representative of the kind of restaurant i would imagine, not

something that applebee's. >> right, the largest restaurant in the u.s. is the way wal-mart is the largest grocery. i wanted to look at how americans eat when we go out for a nice meal because everyone says what is it like applebee's and i have to say i would encourage folks to just take a little think about what they get for their money when they eat out because having been how little cooking goes on and much more selective when i got to be. estate in the applebee's that cost $4 for the recipe, for the ingredients, but we are charging $18 for that. i'm willing to make at home and pay for something there that i can't cook a go myself. >> verse color for your spouse in chicago. i'll come to the. >> thank you. how come roster as milk is illegal, yet genetically engineered steroid milk is illegal for cows to make one up

subsidizing firms today is milk so the poor can't afford any milk quite still athletes shoot up on steroids. while rockefeller had five nurses and pasteurized milk at the processing plants. >> call or come them aside because we understand the question. it's really about steroids in cattle and also the hormones in milk and why that process works and the discrepant using the system. >> is important to have a conversation about the kinds of agriculture and subsidies pursuing the federal policy. i would just point out there right spent 42% of farm subsidies on corn and other commodity crops. only 5% of fruits and vegetables. when we talk about subsidies in agriculture we make a priority, we need to be thinking about how to make healthy diets a priority, not just any kind of food at all. >> stephen is watching us in yonkers, new york.

that's close to home for you. stephen, you're on. welcome. >> hi, tracy. i can't wait to buy your book in the day. i want to ask you if there's been a lot of stuff in the news recently about the whole pink slime in. but i am a parent tonight to kids in the public schools. i don't understand why with all the signs coming out about how dangerous beef is, why are we still serving in schools? why are we serving any kind of decent schools? i think parents are uneducated not to subject their kids to beat, let them do it at home. in school they should eat healthy food. this is outrageous. and that's because farmers and politicians inside. what can we do about this? >> there's obviously a strong movement right now with parents organizing to get better and healthier food in school cafeterias and something i think it's really promising not just because it makes for better

meals for people schools, but also because it creates an infrastructure and institutional purchase for better food and will ship your agriculture and how to reshaping institutional vines as well as individuals. >> one part of your book you talk about the change in the whole food chain is at work on a production system caused by a change in the federal policy. would you explain how a decision on what people can use as coupons for food stamps in other words my changed the kind of food. >> that's a really good question. and the book i read about how the federal event and children program a few years ago added a produced incentive pay for the prescriptive program can only buy the kinds of food you can buy it for years that didn't make any provisions for vegetables. a few years ago they added mixed vegetables what is important is it creates a steady demand for fruits and vegetables in neighborhoods in particularly a small corner stores that might

not have been able to see the marketing reason to bring increasing vegetables. so you can see how the corners for movement but different people in government and nonprofits try to figure out how do you build a small-scale producer infrastructure to deliver food and corner stores because right now most fresher delivery is built to scale for supermarkets that doesn't work for bringing it to corner stores. so by making a small change increase the federal benefit for fruits and vegetables, you also create incentive for neighbor had to create an infrastructure for getting through their. >> with that decision coincidentally places like target and wal-mart bring in fresh resection because people can use food stamps or do they happen on parallel tracks? >> target and wal-mart might have been it afterwards, after that fact. although wal-mart and target don't have future presences in urban areas, which assertively of my concentration, but it

certainly sounds and that is sort of added from the public marketing sectors can we put a story here? well, there's x number of dollars available only from fresh fruits, so it makes sense to do that. >> this is called the festival of books. as you can hear, the band is starting up in the background and we can here you go. we will continue taking calls for a guest. natasha in birmingham, michigan. you are on. >> hi, i understand that she did some research on wal-mart. did you have been to run into any of the employees that are so poorly paid or are not given enough hours to work so that they have use food stamps? i think that is just appalling when the ceos of the companies are billionaires?. >> for the book i worked undercover at wal-mart so is working alongside folks in both

detroit and kalamazoo area. and it's definitely true that a lot of people do not make enough money at wal-mart to sort of pale their bills and so there cannot be stamps on the program. also natasha you are familiar with this from michigan, there is also a very strong sense using government benefit any service grapevine figure out how to do that is if they can. >> you also write about learning that people, families, husbands and wives were together bombarded people stay for a 10 year period with the dynamic behind both of those things click >> this is interesting for me. and that's been a shift i was working with a lot of stats who had been there for seven years, 10 years, 12 years. for me this is really sobering because i realized in the community i was working in, wal-mart had a lot of it damages. if the problematic employer, but it wasn't going anywhere. you get wage increases over time. they're very small, so obama

network at who was there for seven years have gone up to $11 an hour. a single mom with four kids. so if not quite enough to get by, but because wal-mart at least kids some stability to folks, that's a real benefit to people in ways that manufacture in that part of the country delegate provides people. >> expression from donna in reno nevada. hi, donna. >> hi. i heard recently on one of the c-span shows that wal-mart is $2 billion to feed the hungry. but at the same time as you've been discussing, they don't pay their employees enough to buy food and they are on food stamps. and in the same people have taken food stamp cards and comments to wal-mart and put the money back into wal-mart. i just don't quite understand. it seems like almost like a racket.

with that $2 billion they could increase the pay of their employees. so they can afford to be. >> right, so this is one of the conundrums of wal-mart. henry ford's model for paying workers as i will pay them to buy my products and wal-mart doesn't have to do that because they can take food stamps for the groceries. they don't necessarily have to pay workers to purchase food at their stores. its $2 billion donations. the appeal of that is that it is a one-time expenditure as opposed to letting in the long-term structural cost of higher wages for employees. obviously have no line to the wal-mart leadership so i don't know what the rationale is. >> is your friend companies featured a profile the new book out to publish click >> i have not heard from anything from anybody from christopher ranch for the pro account the need for any contractor it works for.

some leaders have written to me and said hey, i e-mailed christopher ranch. i think that the garlic companies will start selling at trader joe's. what do you think about that quite is that i haven't done any reporting. thank you or that information. i did hear that applebee's would say we do a lot of cooking on site, including making our pico de gallo and just plain out that is the only thing i saw made from scratch from: gradient in the entire kitchen. >> was implications for the fact that it's not made from scratch click >> pictures satire salt and higher fat. everything has a lot of preservatives you salt, sugar, fat offers our products and it so, and processed food. began for me at the cost benefit analysis. the food and getting that applebee's is roughly similar to what i can make it home at the microwave in the freezer section. i'd rather spend my money on food that is better than what i can do at home i don't feel like cooking. >> our able to convince various

employers to hire you? >> is actually not that difficult. wal-mart and applebee's to use my real name in the real jobs held before it was a journalist. i worked my way through school, soil at crummy food jobs and was able to talk about those. and i would say really want to work and produce a to work in the kitchen because i might want to go to cooking school, so i want to learn about producer how about a work. obviously it don't look like most of the folks working in the fields and for that i just sat and have been a hard time, trying to get my life back in order. don't want to talk about it and i don't want to work with customers. if i could earn minimum wage here, that's fine. basically once you show up for a few days, they say that is one really broke white girl. >> at the time you're ready to leave, did you reveal who you were and what you are doing? >> a debris field to the farm workers who have worked

alongside them up is interesting, half of them were like okay whatever, not a big deal. one-family and this is heartbreaking for me said this is even better than we thought. we thought you were an inspector from the government in here investigating, which is something the department of labor rarely if ever does because they're so overwhelmed with the workplaces they have to in fact. in terms of leaving to quickly and i didn't have self numbers and applebee's to save it in the book i was assaulted at the end of my time there, which i decided to cut ties with the one i worked with as i didn't want to work with it. >> speaking of inspectors, did anyone at the stats you would logically expect immigration services in kitchen and find, did you ever see federal immigration and there's quite >> i didn't run into federal immigration inspectors. farm fields are incredibly disparate, so it's an incredibly

socialized for tours. so just found that here and all of that is just the scale of that issue is really large. so everybody has verified employment. >> and it is employers asking for documentation or since it before they hired you? >> i have to provide the basic implementation and the documentation like that for wal-mart and for applebee's. i did not initially have too provided in the field. at some point i have to give them my social security number. >> the next call for you is from linda in knoxville, tennessee. welcome to the conversation. >> hello. my qualification for commenting on this as i'm currently trying to teach to adults about $200 a month. i said to adults on $100 a month, with inflation would now be about $130 a month.

where to begin. the first interesting thing is how the cozy pet though far from women, which is very unlike "washington journal." okay, i would like first comments on consolidation in the food industry, for example a mexican company called them though now owns almost all of the food and drug companies in america, including sara lee. but my real question is food labeling. it used to be when you buy food, it's that manufacture by selling so for wal-mart. now it says distributed by wal-mart with no clue whatsoever about who actually made it is the question is what changed the food labeling laws that committed this to happen. i hope i have the same cut off at the end. >> there's two important questions with consolidation on the premise that the reaches

consumers. >> consolidation airport on in terms of distribution. so in the u.s., water and represents 25% of food retail, because scripture in our history for comparison in the 1920s when anp reached 15% as antitrust and you certainly see that causing problems in terms of pricing and never has for wal-mart represents food sales and prices are really close to everybody else and not that much lower. the second question was -- it's going to come back to me. we will both end of that while we take our next phone call. you can send us tweet if you like and e-mail us at otb@c-span.org. we have about 10 more minutes. her book of course is "the american way of eating" and big-box stores like wal-mart and

also a restaurant than how the challenges that eating constantly. if you could make one change to the system that would allow people to have more access to healthy foods, we'll put it the? >> i am really torn. one thing i would do is high quality as part of education. i think it would a population that really knew how to cook easily from scratch, that would be really easy way to change sort of demand for healthy food and really empowers people and make them self-sufficient away we have a culture that relies on a process that takes away a lot of choice from us. the other thing i do is just make sure that there is high quality fresh fruits and vegetables in every neighborhood. i think it's really important. >> margie is watching us in west virginia. margie, welcome, you're wrong. hi, thank you. the way her other question had to do with food labeling.

what i would like to ask as i know that i have read from a doctor named terry rodgers that our soybean crop and 85% of our soybean crop in this country has been sliced with the products around that. they do the same thing with corn. is there any way but as we look at food labeling that we can tout what another gma label it, but is there any way that can humor could be made more aware of things like this? and my other question is i like to buy organic and am very careful about where i buy my fish. and i thought a package of alaskan salmon river and i got

home to prepare it and open us up a package in very tiny print at the top of the package it read, made from china. well, the big labels that alaskan salmon and i thought i was getting alaskan salmon. i have heard that the waters and china are just filled the end they are farm raised fish. so, can you comment on the food labeling and the sleeping situation as well? thank you. >> thank you so much. here's what he's trying to eat healthy but can't rely on labels. >> labeling in the u.s. is a big problem. we don't require foods to be labeled. they have that in europe and most americans support labeling. we don't have the political will to do that right now and i get asked about gmail is a lot right now. so that is the real problem. the solution is a portable solution.

>> do you know anything specifically about soybeans quite >> i don't know anything specific soybean other than it exists. and i would prefer not to read it, but probably i'd eat it a lot. >> so one story you tell is an experiment in detroit but one of the midwestern cities that has had such a challenge at the housing market in all these vacant lots developing in the cities. >> trying to sit here and there but they're been farming. how did that turn out? >> detroit is really interesting. so much think that land and you've seen people really just say well you know what you'll get a suit, we have to gird ourselves. so there is a network of 1300 garden and something called the detroit agriculture network i believe encouraging research program and a pool together the overstock basically another day so at the farmers mar