propensity to become an addict is genetic. there's no one single addiction gene, a whole bunch of them. but the variance of things like dopamine resenters that make you more likely to be an addict also give you a personality that's normality-seeking, risk-taking and compulsive. well, it turns out that novelty-seeking, risk-taking and compulsive are traits that can serve you extraordinarily well in your life. we've just described steve jobs, for example, right? so those same traits that can make you an addict can also serve you well, and that's part of the reason why they don't just disappear. ..

affect of the woman's brain when she is an love and how can -- and can't she control it. so oxytocin is a hormone that is released in both women's and men's brains. in women and men it is released immediately after orgasm and is involved in that very warm, bonding feeling in the post orgasmic afterglow. it is not actually involved in orgasm itself. oxytocin is also very strongly released in women with their breast feeding. and so the notion is that oxytocin has a role in pair bonding generally, both between a woman and her child and pair

bonding between any couple, man or woman, a gay or straight if they are having orgasms together . oxytocin also seems to generally supports trust in a group. so people have social phobia and can often be effectively treated with oxytocin parade that will allow them to just enough to go out into the world and then tried socially. in terms of can you control your oxytocin three your behavior and your life, that's a great question, and i don't know the answer. >> we have a question all the way over here, and i don't know how we are doing for time. it works for the tv, not the speaker's year. that is the reason for it. it's a little confusing. >> genetic propensity toward addiction come across addiction, for instance, one with that

genetic propensity, might one become better addicted to sex or food or alcohol or is it more singular? >> the question, which is a very good one. i spoke of the genetic contribution to the risk for addiction. is that a generalized risk for addiction or is it particular to one particular thing like food or sex or drugs. and the answer is of little bit of both. so it seems as if, if you carry, for example, a variant of the dopamine receptor that makes it work less efficiently, this leaves you at higher risk further forms of addiction generally. however, there are other biochemical pathways in the brain that are more specific. for example, there are a certain set of biochemical pathways involved in controlling feeding that are not involved in some of the other addictions that we

mentioned. alterations in those pathways could lead to a compulsive overeating, but not to the other addictions. the answer is yes and yes. >> in the experiment you talked about where there were trying to see whether love can be measured in brain circuits, do they try to control for what is actually just sex, in other words, couples that have been married for two years, maybe the only reason why they are reacting that way, sexually attracted to each other. nothing to do with love whatsoever. >> the question is, is the one in 20 couples the still reports feeling madly, deeply in love and still reports, -- sorry, the one in 20 people that still has

activation of pleasure circuit upon viewing the face, is that a consequence of their still engaged in sexual behavior? the answer is, those things are correlated, but it does not seem to explain all of them. obviously people feel intensely about their partner they're more likely to keep having sex. however, sometimes there were able to get both people. if not always when one is feeling that the other is our at least some cases, we have couple's to continue to have sex and one partner still sees the activation of the pleasures circuit and the other one not. so could teniers aspect does not seem to be the entire story to explain that results. one more. time for one more in the back please. >> thank you. very interesting. when someone overcomes an

addiction, what happens when you look at them and a scanner, what happens with their biochemical reaction. >> i missed the last part. what happens? >> when a person who is 55. >> oh, right. that is a really great question. i mentioned that as addiction develops this produces physical changes in the neurons with in the brain's pleasure circuit. the subtle changes in shape, electrical behavior is chased. brain chemistry is changed within that region. when someone is in recovery, has been clean for a long amount of time there is a partial reversal of those changes. but the evidence actually is that when you have become a full blown addict and you are in recovery actually that your brain is to some degree rewired forever. it never entirely reverts to its pre addiction form, and that this may well be why it is so

common for people to relapse. thank you very much for your attention. [applause] >> david will be signing his book right over here right after [inaudible conversations] >> book tv continues our live coverage of the gaithersburg book festival. you just heard from david linden on "the compass of pleasure." next, a look at the future of chicago and illinois. [inaudible conversations]

>> welcome to the third annual gaithersburg book festival. i am -- a vibrant and diverse city that supports the cultural arts. we're pleased to bring you this event free of charge thanks to the generous support of our sponsors. a couple of quick announcements. for the consideration of everyone here please silence in the devices that make any kind of noise. in order to keep improving this event we need your feedback. surveys are available at the end the booth and online at our website. your thoughts are important to us. gary will be signing books immediately after this presentation. copies of his book will be in the politics and prose tends. an accomplice novelist as well as writer of narrative nonfiction, so it is no wonder

that is new book, the 12 days of disaster is such and unforgettable story full of larger-than-life characters and capturing a string of events, disasters of varying scales. 1919 chicago was a city in transformation on its way to becoming one of the great american cities. the few weeks that highlighted will prove a test for the city's leaders. city of scoundrels' is a vivid reconstruction of time and place that carefully researches history presented with the exhilaration of a master storyteller. please help me welcome gary. >> thank you, marc. and thank you to politics and prose for everything that they do for writers and readers in the community. while the story that i will be -- the story that i will be telling this afternoon is a

pretty grim one, as seems to be making a specialty from telling the stories from history. sometimes people will ask me if i find it discouraging writing about the things that i do. it is at times discouraging, but i have to stay that -- semi study of history has made me more optimistic, not less, at least about how far we have come as a society in species. despite what your grandparents may have told you about the good old days, i'm here to tell you that the past was in many respects april and and just place. we may think things up precarious and contentious now with the living terrorist threat and people at odds with each other on basic principles, but compared to, as we will see, what things were a hundred years ago our lives to their miles of security and stability. granted, 1919 may be an extreme example, but it is not all that a typical. history is full of atrocities and heartbreak. so one takeaway i would like to

leave you with the date is an assurance that we are gradually getting better as a society and the species. and as bad as things may seem now, they could be a lot worse. on that an operational mode let's move on to the presentation. let me start by setting the scene of the story. chicago in 1919 at the tail end of the progressive era. instead come a time of widespread political reform and social change it turned the tide last victorian era and the modern attitudes of the jazz age . the great war which marked the culmination of the progressive era had just ended in europe after many years of turmoil and upheaval. americans are feeling a little tired of war and social constraint. they are also feeling tired of the man who led them through it, woodrow wilson, the high-minded

former academic. the screen. the high-minded former academic and the white house. he is now on his way to the conference and is being lionized in europe as the savior of civilization. at home he is somewhat less popular as americans disagree fiercely on the idealism. chicago, thinks some parts of the wartime economic expansion, is now a city of over 3 million people. it has grown from a tiny frontier village to a great urban causes in the space of just 90 years and has become the second largest metropolis in the country. as yet as the city is, it is a world capitol of industry, finance, and commerce. the city has big shoulders as depicted so vividly. richer for the world. toolmakers, play with railroads.

as a result of the explosive and chaotic growth chicago in 1919 is not exactly a vision of urban loveliness. in many parts of town factories and railyards overlap commercial and residential districts, and traffic digestion sometimes reaching an epic proportions. much of the city's housing stock is substandard and uncapped. working conditions in factories are often brutal and unsafe. the opportunities to escape this squalor, beaches, parks and recreation centers are inadequate and too inconvenient. even so, the year 1919 began in chicago and the spirit of high optimism with the great were safely passing, and thousands of chicago soldiers would soon be welcome home from europe. the influenza epidemic which has

filled the obituary column throughout 1918 was finally tapering off. prohibition, meanwhile, was in to become the law of the land. granted, the demise of the alcohol was not popular in chicago, which was always a very wet town, but it did promise, in theory at least in a significant reduction in public drunkenness, vice, and others. and maybe most important, chicago had big plans for a better future. the so-called plan of chicago, the brainchild of the late architect daniel burnham was a wildly ambitious redevelopment scheme that was now being embraced by much of the city's population. the project was supposed to transform chicago from its current haphazard state into a model metropolis more beautiful and vital than the great cities of europe. the plan had been in the works for several years, and by 1919 progress was just beginning to be made.

the palette of the prairie. of course such a large scale and visionary project would not be easy to bring to fruition. the project was extremely expensive, and the logistics' were mind-boggling. in fact, some were saying that realization of this cargo plan would require efforts of light in the this city had mastered in decades, at least since 1861 when jakarta recover from the famous fire. and despite all of these plans for future our protections the city was facing some daunting challenges in the here and now. war years have brought some changes to the city's population promising a permanent -- turbulence of adjustments. so one thing chicagos racial makeup was changing rapidly. the abundance of good jobs during the war, the great migration of african-americans from the south.

chicago had 50,000 new arrivals from 1916 to 1919, a doubling of the black population and a little over three years. this influx of new arrivals combined with the thousands of soldiers returning from the work, all of them converging on an already congested city guaranteed that there would be intense competition for jobs, social services, and especially housing. all of this would be happening just in the economy was winding down from more time peak. tensions were also the result of the enormous population of emigrants. the poll, miscellany and, eastern european jews, all would find themselves in conflict reproducing in microcosm so, many of the rivalries and hatreds that have played as a recently in the war in your. and sure enough to wrap this spring and early summer of 1919

the city was barrell by numerous incidents of interracial and enter ethnic strife. fights broke out on beaches and in parks. houses and apartment buildings were bombed and black families moved in. strikes against many industries turned violent pitting unions against management has some ties black workers against white. as the heat of summer purse the city was bracing for fate to have greater violence and had. at the center of this turmoil stood one man that would ultimately be put to the test. william hale thompson was chicago's charismatic removal can mayor. controversial from the beginning of his career, he had risen to power thanks to an uncanny ability to attract votes from a wide range of the city's often antagonistic community. a former athlete and a cowboy, nothing if not colorful. some regarded hit as a corrupt

politician, and that he suddenly was. but to many others, especially shikar is black, german, an irish working-class he was a genuine hero. they hailed him as the people's david fighting for the average chicagoan against big business and the wealthy elite to wanted to raise gasoline -- gas rates degrees his opponents also called him big bill the builder, the one man big enough to corral the factions and do something to attend a chicago plant vision into steel and concrete reality. there was another side. egotism and moral laxity that made him susceptible to just the kind of political operatives in chicago was famous for. enter fred lynn dean. a former street peddler who like to call himself the street. worked hard to engineer his rise from political obscurity. now that his protege was in city hall the poor swede who was also

known as the mayor's mephistopheles, he had plans to leverage the popularity to his own advantage building an urban machine comparable to new york's tammany hall in 19th century heyday. the plan of chicago project and the enormous of the charity for patronage said it presented would be the perfect vehicle for that effort. now, this is monday and on the left. on the right is legendary, and man opposed to that machine politically. if they paid him enough he would defend them in court. they had some very powerful opponents and their weight. jakarta's so-called better elements, including academics from the university of chicago, progressive civic organizations. in particular the publishers of the two major newspapers were determined to thwart an every turn.

here we see victor slauson of the chicago daily news. these two did not see eye to eye on much, but they did agree that thompson was a corrupt person danger still long-term prospects . the most insidious enemy was frank aladdin the, the highly respected governor of illinois, a former friend of the mayor he had been elected governor in 1916 by striking a deal with the organization for their political support. now that he was actually in the state house to consider himself of machine politics. so naturally they regarded him as a trader. in a particular spot in 1919. he had his eye on the republican nomination in the 1920 presidential alexian. to have any hope of success you'd have to cultivate a

release not solely alienate his former friend who would be an important power broker at the nominating convention. so he found themselves shutting a thin line to my hoping to keep relations mitchell enough that the mayor would not actively working against him. the presidential. so 1919, so i would prove to be a turning point. after many months of tension and conflict chicago abruptly plans into crisis. over the course of 12 say it -- told short days the city was hit by an unimaginable explosions of violence, crime, and technological disaster. the crisis began in the late afternoon of monday, july 201st. the air ship, one of the new goodyear blimps that had proven so useful and the world war was undergoing test flights for the city's arizona. the first two fights had gone off without incident, but on his last excursion of the day as it

carried five passengers and crew on an exhibition flight of chicago's downtown loop it explicit to vote inexplicably got fired. thousands of witnesses looked up in shock as the air ship began to collapse in on itself and fall from the sky. that is my one special affect there in the presentation. as it happens, this was directly above the illinois savings bank, one of the premier financial as stations in the city. as luck would have it, the beautiful interior courtyard was protected by nothing more than this huge skylight. the crippled airship crashed right through the skylight and into the courtyard below. class, debris, and wreckage rained down. the fuel tank ignited to engulfed the building an incinerator many employees in sight. police and fire brigade battle to contain the resulting

firestorm, there was only so much that they could do. now this is the only non historical. in real life this is the cover. so they can take political lessons. in real life you would not have seen this. the inferno and the bank courtyard killed 13 people and injured dozens more commode is now regarded as the first major aviation disaster in american history. the very next day while the city was struggling to comprehend a six year-old girl went missing on chicago's our side. for days the city was consumed by the mystery of the child's disappearance. the daughter of a popular grocer and was considered the darling of the neighborhood. friends, neighbors, and even total strangers tried to search. the chicago tribune offered

compensation for any information leading to the jobs recovery, it doesn't seem like much now, but it was quite a lot of change in those days. the suspicion was quickly cast, i never had been seen talking to in the afternoon she went missing. fitzgerald was taken into custody and subjected to round-the-clock interrogation. it took days to give in to confess. when he finally admitted to molesting and murdering the child and bury her in the basement of the apartment building a share in chicago once were appalled. prompted by elizabeth city -- publicity other parents can afford. the threat was far more widespread than anyone had imagined. and i should point out, the somewhat unfortunate term use of the time was moron.

soon there were calls and city officials to incarcerate all suspected or potential job predators' to regardless of what crimes they had or had not committed. of course that would have been totally unconstitutional, but the city was in no mood for such niceties. as and the tragedy it did before , chicagoans had been steadily and partly awakened to an unacknowledged new urban threat and in this case the source of that threat was apparently their own neighbor. the real mayhem, and just a few hours after when a racial incident in a crowded beach property already traumatized and divided city to the equivalent of all of civil war. the fight between a supposedly all white bathing areas farmers escalated rapidly spiraling into one of the worst race riots in american history. for the next five days black-and-white classic on the streets.

feeding and resentment that had been festering for months. like counterattacks, streetcars were besieged, passers-by from rooftops, and pedestrians were chased down and savagely beaten, often to death. police were helpless to stop the violence, and in some cases mosley unwilling to aid the victims. dozens from both races were killed, and hundreds injured as the rioting spread from the south side and to other neighborhoods throughout the city. the bloodshed intensified when today's into the right a massive transit strike that had been threatening for weeks was finally called. streetcars and caltrans stopped dead in their tracks. hundreds of thousands of commuters were forced into the dangerous streets. at this point of anarchy reigned across the city. newspapers, business owners, and citizens black-and-white pleaded

with the mayor to call in the state melissa to restore order to the streets, but big bill adamantly refused. he claimed that sending in the troops might escalate the violence as in fact it had in some earlier riots. the real reason was probably less noble. to deploy the militia he would have had to make a formal request to the governor. big bill was determined not to be seen as turning to his worst enemy for help, so he stonewalled, insisting that the chicago police could handle the situation. many began calling and the government to unilaterally colleges. but he was reluctant to make such a controversial move just as his presidential campaign was getting underway, so he kept repeating that he could legally do nothing without the man is written request. and so basically these men stubbornly refuse to budge. the militias sat idle while of violence raised in the streets.

soon, even the city council was demanding that martial law be declared. well prominent citizens like carl sandburg, ida wells burnett and julius rosenwald personally urged big bill to back down, to many in chicago is seemed as if all order was collapsing around them and no one in charge was willing to do anything about it. finally under enormous pressure from all sides and amid rumors that both white and black writers are threatening to set the whole city ablaze, thompson finally gave in. late in the evening of thursday, july 31st he swallowed his pride, sat down, and rode up an official request of the government to deploy the illinois national guard on the streets of chicago. within hours militiamen were pouring into the streets all over this outside armed with rifles and bayonets, and even houses that they set up on street corners.

the troops surrounded the so-called black belt refusing to let anyone in or out. they stopped all pedestrians and drivers on the street, compass getting any alcohol and firearms they found. in some neighborhoods battles the train riders and militiamen raged through the night in scenes that were hauntingly reminiscent of the recent world war. by late in the day on august 1st the violence was was the contained and the city was more less under military occupation. isolated services content -- skirmishes continue to occur but the militia "the right within 24 hours. amazingly, the trend also ended simultaneously as militiamen cleared the streets of rioters. streetcars and out trains began running again. but time the weekend arrived jakartas' worst crisis in

decades was essentially over brought to an end almost as suddenly as it has started. the devastation was terrific. streets were littered with close and vote -- broken furniture that had been smashed during the leading raids. many buildings were smoldering wrecks, and one entire neighborhood, near the stockyard, it had been entirely burned down leaving thousands homeless. ..

much of the city may have better than burning and disray on the summer afternoon, but the dream of chicago is -- undipped. but now although the book goes

to explain how bill big bill and the city of chicago made an amazing comeback. i see we have five minutes for questions and answers. [applause] any questions? >> in your research, did you find any significant -- or another the riot -- [inaudible] >> what happened was the that had been developing there was a color line developing around the black belt on a facto basis. and i think it solidifies the bound drinks between the white and black neighbor and the russian neighbors.

the bulk of chicago. the chicago transcribe boone is an conservative newspaper was trying to discourage black migration to chicago. they were creating only stories after the riot, chicago begans were returning to the south in droves. wasn't true. a number of people did leave, some of them came back. within a couple of days, i think, everybody had come back. and over the next couple of years, the black population in chicago continued to grow. anything else? >> 1919? >> 1919, yes. >> can you tell me, did returning black veteran from world war i played a major role

of in this carrying weapons? >> returning black veterans coming home from europe in the war have an effect on this? yes, at this time a real pride in the black community how well the soldiers had performed in europe, and real resentment that, you know, the french officers treated the black soldiers a lot better than the americans did. there was this sense coming back that we made the sacrifice for our country, now we're ready to, you know, stand up to discrimination and assert our rights as american citizens. it was a real rise. they say the rise of 18919 was the first rise in american history where blacks fought back. i think that was part of it. there was negro uprising that lead to the harlem reason sis. it was definitely a factor, yeah.

>> come in after that did did people know prohibition was happening imminent? maybe that's why they got mad. >> chicago was a dry town. federal prohibition didn't start until january, 1920, there was something called wartime prohibition which started on july 1st. since the war was not officially over, they had an -- but they didn't have a decklation of peace. the wartime effort went into effect. in order to save grain, they forbade the manufacture of alcohol starting on july 1st. one of the chapters of the book, this was right before it broke out. i think a lot of people were crabby about not being able to get a drink. because it was before the whole infrastructure of speak easy and all of that got into play.

it was a month when people weren't drinking. they couldn't find anything to drink. i'm sure it contributed to the violents -- violence. nothing else? all right. well, thank you very much. [applause] thank you for attending. gary -- >> book tv will be back in a few minutes with the final panel for the non-fiction tent at the gaithersburg book festival. sam durant, lisa muscatine will talk about the future of the book and bookstore. more live on the gaithersburg book festival in just a few minutes. [inaudible conversations]

a look at upcoming book fairs and festivals around the cub. this weekend book tv is live in graters berg indiana. maryland we bring you live talks and panels and speakers such as ken ackerman, gary krist. the south carolina book festival is in columbia, south carolina. the festival features over 70 authors, writing classes, book signings. book expo america takes place on june. it will feature panel discussions, interviews, and fall book previews. look for the coverage of bea, the weekend of june 16th and 17th. on june 9th and 10th book tv will be live from chicago at the

printers book fest. we'll be covering twelve authors on watergate to wartimes tribunal. for updated information on visit the website on book tv.org. visit book tv.org and click on the book fairs tab. please us know about book fairs and festivals in your area and we'll add them to the list. e-mail us at booktive tv at c-span.org. >> journalism started off in 1740 as a piewn any and unimpressive kind of surprise. the newspapers were small. circulations in the dozen and low hundreds. they were really intimidated by the other institutions in that

society, especially church and state and compared to them, the newspapers were not at all important, and, you know, very much under their thumbs. but, what you see over the course of the next couple of decades is a process by which the newspapers become increasingly political in what they focus on. they get to be bolder and bolder for reasons i go into in the book. by the 1760s and 1770, they are in full throat expressing themselves on all kinds of the political issues of the day on independents from britain, or reconciliation with the mother country. on what, if we break what kind of