paid them to vote for them. >> maybe get some feedback but these three questions now will make the transition. >> i think this goes back to the

point about authoritarianism returning to mexico. something everybody can be happy about in terms of democracy or the ability of the old plan to return is that they do not have a majority either in-house or the senate or congress or the senate to. this is important because they lost six years and acts as a more stodgy blockage on the crazies and chamber of deputies. however, in terms of what we saw, well, there are these questions about buying and the relationship. there are also questions about the ability and the willingness by the new political institutions that have been growing since the late 90's and very strongly in 2001 are they going to circumvent them, we condemn or learn to play to keep the mexican democracy strong and

i think especially of the transparency institute and the supreme court there are many but i think one that speaks well to all of these points is the fact that the mood do not have a majority in either house even though it can buy or convince. either way it can make a majority. there's no doubt about it however these are temporary majorities that are going to be based on each bill and this makes a huge difference in terms of the ability of the steamroller. all sorts of other political and institutions around it and i will leave it there. >> sure. thank you so much. on the issue of the vote by being is it important one of the things that was discussed through the process was if people were allowed to go into the polling booth with their self phones evidence this was

left to states, the state issue of jurisdiction the majority of them didn't. that is a new very palpable channel to which you could end up receiving what you were promised or not given evidence. why is this person going to be president if you to keeps showing all these people not for the subsidized capital? the law doesn't say that that is a crime. a crime is to burn ballots, to steal ballots, but the process to which the individual letcher goes through mentally, physically input and output,

that remains very lax lee regulated so there is widespread evidence the party that has tried to buy votes you can show them your finger and say i will take everything they give me and then i will do whatever my conscience says. that is what they were telling the people. and yeah of course with basic food, medicine and then just make up your mind on your own. it's not illegal believe it or not. old or new dinosaur this is more a transitional species, it's not the old t. rex by any means. i spoke with a few elder statesman who think that his team are very cohesive. there is a distrust of people around him even within the pra many in the field left out and

this is somebody that has been working and hit the ground running he's been governor for six years, so he has a working team which is under in mexico base older statesmen are grumbling, but there's little i think particularly if he manages to show the leadership and comes across as effective if that is the case then the elder statesman will want to strengthen him as well. i will leave it there. >> i'm on to say it is prohibited as a crime, and that's probably the problem that

in mexico as you know has a very complicated electoral system. the electoral system which is built upon the lack of confidence. this is the reason. the point is every new election gives new reasons to ask new rules so we have a huge building, very complicated and every three or six years you ask new rules to avoid the fraud.

one of them was the changes come and it is absolutely prohibited. it's a crime to give money i don't know how to say in english to give monuments in spanish it's a little worse. >> handouts. >> that's better. that's better. handout. then you have the votes. what's the problem? the problem is that is not an issue for the institution that goes with the electoral. they are responsible for the

organization as a whole, but it is not responsible about the panel issues. the panel issue is the responsible institution if we have an attorney for the electoral issues. this attorney is a part of the government, so we have a lot of demands right now to try to manage the boats, but we have to wait all the judicial process which is not an electoral process but a judicial process

because it is a crime. so there is not any consequence between the criminal things and the electoral things. i guess i'm trying to explain this complicated system. there is the moral approach, and i do agree with you the approach is a big thing in this electoral process. just one thing more to say which is i try to say that all the parties used the public money and use the power they have. how can we manage to know exactly the amount of the votes that are by, how can we manage

to know exactly if there is people who change it the intention of the vote before and after. in terms of the legal terms to know exactly where is the border between the countries it is a state problem and we are a long this problem and you're right with the parties in mexico. >> the panel to see something that i'm going to keep it a very

short because we want to give a chance. >> i just want to quickly and defend the prd which is something i never do and say under the new leadership, who basically already as we speak put a distance between themselves. they're very conscience of their party is seen as very old fashioned and non-economic and non-modern, and they are the ones who in the next couple of years will be sort of drooling the new message into the voters' minds and so we should definitely wait to see a very strong showing in 2018 and on the electoral form of 2008 what did you expect was going to happen when you stopped making the parties before their media spots where are we going to spend all that money? the spend the money buying votes. it's no big surprise to fix one

problem and cause another problem. it is a crime in my country. relate to know that nothing happened whatsoever when this takes place this becomes the issues of people can be punished, individuals but no one knows what happens to the votes they were about. the votes remain there that's a problem. the question is the order of magnitude with more than 50 million about the practices rather than both buying and because of the sanction of the problems in mexico.

we see they are practicing the arrangements with the prd in mexico is more extended than both i would assume. >> join me in thanking our panel [applause] i'm going to introduce the director of the department of the cooperation and monitoring of the organization of american states in the mission to mexico for the election led by the former colombian president. obviously she was very instrumental in this process and

i have invited him to talking about their official observation of the election and what they saw and witness. thank you. appreciate -- >> when i listened course to the presentations we have a problem in america because the same issues in mexico is in honduras and ecuador and peru so buying the votes or social programs are the first lady whatsoever so we have a big issue in latin america in the electoral system. i want to start by saying that i think there is a big difference between the two in 2006 and the last election in mexico. the results are not in question and mexico. there are problems in the electoral process, but the

results are not in question, and that is our statement. our statement in mexico and our mission. this is the first time they have the option to the ability to observe mexico because you know we need the request of the countries. we don't have -- today we don't have the possibility to observe countries like the u.s. i hope so. and let me say this the electoral system in mexico, but they have very important rules of the campaign financing and the rules about the crime or something like that in the whole caribbean any all about the campaigns, financing campaigns. if i remember well i think that there are several solutions and the u.s. about the limits in the

financing campaign. we have the same problems and the capitol. let me start saying that we of the suspicious elections i think in the year 2000 in the system of power to the elections with certain irregularities. but the space process was hit by the two key issues i think. one is a serious reform the last was 2007 that is a reform in the 96 the federal electoral institute. the second issue is about the

2006 crisis. of course this differs with the less than 1%, 0.4%, and if we look at the effect of this 2006 crisis in the result we have a very practical problem because there is an agreement between the people in the political parties and the results and of course this agreement but it's surreal and an impartial questioned about this election

the third element is the 2007 reform is the 2003 major party is in the congress the biggest reform in the last ten years in america argentina made a reform like a year or year and have very similar to the reformed of the 2006 -- 2007, sorry. this made changes like the example of the election of course the escalated election of the institute is another issue. the political parties were not able to buy themselves on the civil control about the media,

the newspapers, radio, etc., and of course the private financing was decreasing at 85% to speak up 40 million. i think it is very important to talk about some special features in this election. like said, the 2007 reform is a very important reform and the main issue is to create conditions for the electoral and for example the 2007 reform increased the proposition in the senate and the chamber of the deputies to 30% to 40%. transparency, the parties that request report the financing as well as information on the process to elect the leaders for both candidates on the issues

like political and campaign financing the amount of money for public financing was reduced. parties could only use tv and radio but following 17% and it's important because they're different competition a result and final proclamation a result this is one of the most important reforms of the 2006 crisis was a possibility of conducting a final count of the vote at the district level in certain cases like obvious mistakes were no votes between the first and second the cetera, et cetera. and first of all, the financing control. they create special units for the political finances.

the second issue i think we already talked about 132 that were created in the american university, and i think the movement was based around three main plants. one is the democratization of the media. the two boats are all mexican and number three the right to be informed about -- to be informed without any. of course if we look for the achievement it's important to say that for a simple their take another main channels, so it's

important. the movement succeeds after the debate among the presidential candidates just a final consideration. first, like i said all this is an election left in america. we have the same problems let me say there is no stronger institution than in latin america believe me. we have the possibility to observe the last five years and that's for real. now second, yesterday we were in the first phase of the election and now we are between today and september for all the problems in the election we had a press conference yesterday for all the

problems in the election that they have of course if they have proof because i think youtube is not enough and we have served the per call to recount in mexico and let me say this in the general law provision of course most of the vote was complete and following procedures so there's no procedure in the institute. second, then the three federal states there are the results and all pertaining about the election and the recount on three types of elections and third on the political party

followed of the legal procedures , so any concerns that they have in many cases they said the three main parties don't know if we have any but i think it is interesting to see the prd about the election because it's important to notice i think as we talk about the moral issues and it's very important to say that if we took the press and the recount on the quick point maybe two points in

the candidacy. two final issues are think it's important to the concept of electoral fraud it's understood as an institutional operation with a the result of the will of the electoral system today we have this electoral crime committed by people of course this is very important because we always have this bad news about the election but this is the good news. as an example the institution must from the preventive

standpoint reenforce the right to have a secret vote and that is the main role in the election and then just the system rests on the thousands of citizens that a volunteer on the voting tables of the citizens are conducting the elections of the only role is to choose them and they choose them by random and chase to do the best work. this is very important because the system if we have the possibility we of the

institution and the citizens all around mexico so when we talk about the issue of buying votes for something the first responsibility, the first responsible. thank you. >> thank you pablo we have time for questions before the end. i was going to go over quickly the whole confusing voting process and for those of you that are not completely steeped in this because it is confusing. the night of the election there is what is called the quick counter or the polling booths are reporting their totals. that's not an official bristled. that is a preliminary result you get the first night and then the following wednesday, the ife oversees the accounting totals

of the district and the local levels and that confirms or changes those preliminary results and then there's challenges and the parties have presented challenges and ife agreed to recount 60% of the polling places more or less if i'm not mistaken said they had recounted and verified so now they have certified those results as of yesterday as the final results and now the parties can challenge legally before the electoral tribunal whether they think there was fraud in any particular polling place or any particular district. so now we are in tough third or fourth depending which when you count it stage where there are legal challenges and somebody is asking what is different about the prd response this time and

in 2006 so far has by no and you may want to correct me they haven't called for civil disobedience they are still proceeding through the legal challenges that's available to them in the federal electoral loss of that is where we are in a very confusing process for vote accounting and then the third fraud on voting day and at the ballot booth but the bigger question that's always in the back of the mind of people in mexico is our the government did parties trying to get to lead the process that leads up to the election be for people like to cast the ballots either by using government resources and appropriately, or buy outright trying to purchase votes by promising moneywort different kinds of handouts. so that this kind of the complexity of the situation in terms of the election.

we have a few minutes and i will take two more questions. we have one right here and this lady over year that had her hand up before. go ahead, please. >> where are the chances that we may add a new chapel to the form of the change either in the electoral law or the constitution for the second round of votes especially in the last election the margin between the base was minimal and he's going to have a low mandate he hasn't even raised to 40% of the votes. >> i don't know if people could hear if the new reforms might contemplate a second round of voting since you have three primary candidates won with 38%,

a healthy margin of six points more or less but still far from the majority of mexicans supporting the new president said that is a good question, and this young lady here. >> from the state department. now that we are getting through the relation of the election and what is to come in the administration, he quite rightly pointed out that culbert roane still has the office of the next four and a half months. do any of you see any further action from the current administration and the next session? if so, what could he accomplished or finish on his way out the door including the do you see criminal code going through or the military justice system reform federal judicial reform any of those that he has worked on or food lying on the bottom of the floor d.c. then be revised in the past or what will

he do? >> i'm going to add to that question because my friend didn't get to ask this question and i am anticipating what it was on that front. do we see that there will be progress on the energy reform as well that was a big part of the proposal from the camp, so in addition to criminal justice reform, national security reform, is there a chance of action in that area as well? >> francisco de wanted to get around at this? >> the second round would be a good idea but it's got three blocks. they are not relative size. they are different. the key issue is one of the three is going to lose the chair. so no leadership would like to adopt that second round because

it is going to leave one of them out. the odds are it would leave the candidate of the left out and probably you would end up having the ban given more commonalities regarding the basic policy best facing the left. currently the system is the dice are loaded against the leadership of the parties to go for the second round. what does he want to do i think that he once the clock to take as fast as it can. he wants to be able to live. i give him credit for some of the legal justice reforms that you have talked about. one of the greatest races of mexico is the absolute absence of the rules law. justice being dispensed behind closed doors.

the big effort since 2008i commended. i wish they were able to look on it to relieve revamp the criminal justice of the country. can they do it in an extraordinary session? i think it is not at the top of the agenda. the top of the agenda if anything they would like to reach out on the labour and fiscal issues because if energy is when to come to the forefront, the new federal government to first and foremost has to find new channels of revenue and so regarding the sequence the, you needed lower legal costs and lower the costs the government incurs on the labor and social security site and at the same time that you find new sources of revenue that the only way that opening to reinvest in the future because

it gives the government will take place. >> i should have pointed out that there is a quirk of the calendar of mexico which is that the new congress that was elected will take office in early september 3 months before the new president takes office, so there is a sort of three month period where you have a new congress or president and sometimes it is viewed as an opportunity to deal with unusually different political issues because you have a lame duck president and congress said that is really what is behind some of these questions. do you want to add anything before we wrap this up? >> about the second round of it was difficult before just when the presidency it is physically impossible now. they would never allow it now because if -- is basically did. i think it is even better than the reelection and the consecutive re-election i think is probably far more and pardoned in the long run than

the health of mexican democracy than a second round, and that is on life support and i think it is dying. they will never allow and they don't like the consecutive election either. i agree with francisco. i think what is on the table, they want some victories. she clearly stated she wants something that goes through this odd period of time between the timber and december when the new president takes office and i think it is not -- it's not going to be criminal as much as what i have heard of this fiscal and tax reform that also goes into the federal labour situation which is written mexico. however, i really wouldn't be very optimistic about that. >> they're kicking at regarding the universal social security. so, that remains to be seen.

>> now we have to say twitter i think that there is no possibility to have a second round in political terms. i do agree with that and if there is any kind of reform i think that the bad news now is going to the polls. i'm afraid about it because i think the parties are very concerned about problem, and they are going to try to make

new rules and regulate. if i had to bet my bet is on that side. >> every time you try to fix something you may get worse, so let's be careful. i know you have to get a word in and then we are done. >> at the end of think that the regulation would pass through the media because it's been said in discussing the media is that they would forbid the media so i think if that is true it basically affect the media rather than the party because

the main clients of the public opinion are the political parties. succumb and they will still have the firms working for them. they are highly regulated as the regulation than you can focus more on the methodological issues and then you can discriminate against the firms but it is a very highly regulated industry come and if anything changes we will go through the media. >> i want to thank everyone for their patience and the tension and thank our guests online and

on c-span for being with us this morning. thank you all. [applause] [inaudible conversations]

earlier on washington journal we discussed the federal investment in the u.s. electric grid which is received billions of dollars since 2007 to ensure the delivery of electricity. this is a little over 40 minutes. >> every monday morning we take a look at your money and what is spent on federal programs with the program met mission is and when you get as a benefit. here to talk to us today about the electric power grid is matthew wald, energy reporter for the new york times. thanks for coming in this morning. we talk about the power grid explain for us what makes that up. what are we actually referring to? >> guest: the north american continent is divided into three grids but they are connection among the utilities which grew up separately the utility's connected themselves to each other in the 60's and 70's for

the purpose of reliability and treating a little bit of energy when one added cheaper supplies than others and it's a network of about 172,000 circuit miles, that's not actual miles but some have more than one circuit. we spend about $10 billion a year. it doesn't really do what we want it to do now because we have moved to a bee regulated system anybody can build a generating station or wind farm. but you have trouble getting on the grid because a was built by the utilities for a different purpose. >> host: we hear about this guy did and updating to the smart card technology. what does that mean? >> guest: the smart grid is a loose term and a lot of things. one is a meter he were going to have in your homes that can do things like very the price by the hour which could be useful with the state utility commissions allow charging by the hour. what also let the utility know what and you had service or not. if you didn't pay your bill the utility could turn you off

without ever setting foot on your premise. they could lay off of a meter readers. it's often some gadgets that sit on the high voltage agreed that give the operators much bigger picture of what the grid is doing and they can load it and get more work out of it. >> host: as we look at the map of the united states and see the transmission grid this is courtesy of fema we see a map of complex colors and a lot of. you explain how there are three main bridge over oldham eastern connected and texas interconnected. what was the big revision of originally as a started to get set up and transmission lines were put in was there any thought given to the future and what it would look like today? >> there was a lot of thought not given to the future we have now. the future we have now in most states. >> guest: was going to generate the electricity it used to be that your favorite model with a kildee would be soup to

nuts they would buy the coal and burn the coal. now we've got one party generating in different parts and transmitting to different parties. nobody build it with that in mind and we are having trouble adapting it to that purpose. >> let's take a look at more details about the power grid system that serves all over 48 states, accepting hawaii and alaska. >> it's not actually are grid. >> guest: that is an important distinction. >> guest: there is a connection from halifax to new orleans. there's a western tech connection that is west of the rockies, and texas for political and economic reasons wants to set off by itself there are limited connections between the grits. >> host: other details about it, 10,000 generating units with over 3200 elected utilities and it has tens of thousands of

miles of transmission and distribution lines. if you'd like the conversation talking about the u.s. corporate and how tax money is spent on it, you can call 202-737-0001 if you are a democrat, republicans, 202-737-0002 if your republican and independent, independent phone co. tawes private industry to the federal government work together on the grid system? >> guest: i should clarify the grid was mostly built by private companies. at this point it is still added to by the private companies, and its attitude by something called regional transmission organizations which through the consensus office decides where the need the. the federal government decides somewhat what is going to be paid for and the federal government has made some little the investments here and there. generally it is a private enterprise. the federal government of course owns the power administration, and those are great operators but by and large, this is a

heavy lead regulated industry. >> host: energy reporter at "the new york times" regulating the grid. how does it work? >> guest: the federal energy regulatory commission a few blocks from here issues rules of the road and tries to monitor that everything is done fairly. in california few years ago where enron corporation earned the market with electricity rates by booking space that didn't use the scarcity ranking in lots of money the federal commission is slow to pick up on that. right now the big issue is how to build a grid that would accept renewable energy. the trouble with renewable energy is you don't get to choose where you were going to build you have to go where the sun is or the geothermal and those tend to be an obscure places that don't have a very good connections. if we are going to shift over to

the renewables, it implies that we have to have a bigger gritty and the argument over who is going to pay for that. it's an argument over who wins and loses. some companies on the grid if we have more renewals get to generate less. so you get it all kind of arguments about why to build or why not to. a lot like a highway that might bypass to downtown. some people want it, some people don't. some people would like less traffic in their neighborhood and some people think it brings commerce. there's a lot of factors deciding what to build and what not to build. >> nationalize the power grid, put it underground. >> guest: those are two different issues. there is a trend recently in the grid to switch from alternating current which comes out on wall. the direct current which is a lot better for long-distance transmission and some of the direct current stuff does go underground but it's rather expensive and generally not

necessary. he may if he is a no - wind suffers through he may be referring not so much of a high-voltage greta's the local distribution there's some reasons to those underground but those are expensive also. >> host: here's a piece from the "baltimore sun." it's not astrophysics. daniloff writes in and says in a crisis they get questions about why power lines are still overhead but as soon as the lights come back on they go away. we shouldn't let power companies off so easy at this time some people experience as he talked about that major power outage in the washington, d.c. and other areas because of that intense storm more than a week ago. are we talking about local issues verses the larger grid? >> guest: we are talking abut distribution which is different from a high-voltage grid. the federal government for example doesn't regulate the distribution. the states due to some extent and they will do things like order the companies to do more trimming.

but it's not as if we're going to get tough on the company's of the trim more trees and bury the lines we are going to pay for it. the other great force in the utility economics is the public wants cheap rates. they will sell you would ever you want you don't want to pay for it. >> let's get to the phones and hear from june, from inglewood new jersey on the democrats' line. >> i wanted to -- you kind of just touched a little bit on the question i had. i was hoping that you could explain the energy deregulation that we are having right now and a couple other states have a and all these energy companies little men asking to switch but telling me of a major utility that i am used to is still going to continue what they are going to do but somehow i will get lower rates. the rates fluctuate and it's confusing. i have no idea what to choose and i'm collecting the

information but afraid to pull the trigger switching. estimate you have a perfect understanding of the situation. it is confusing. resembles what went on on telephones. you could pick your long-distance carrier and the electric business dilemmas and build a new distribution line to your door. if you're in new jersey or central power light whoever your current provider is buying those electrons and getting them to you will go through the same physical means that somebody else is going to buy them in bulk and sell them to you and your local utility is going to build you for it. if you have restored and a tree falls the same crews are going to come through and fix it. it becomes a marketing gambit, and the companies that want to market this stuff to all sorts

of bizarre things if we show up with them to sign up with them. they will offer you a fixed rate for a certain number of months or years which might be a good deal. on the other hand lately rates have gone down you might get locked into a higher rate isn't going to make a lot of difference which one you signed up with. >> host: welcome. >> caller: high. i wanted to ask the speaker about the effect of an emt on the entire power grid and what it would do and how it would cause a great disruption and i want the speaker to hold back out all the explanation of what that means to every individual on the country how devastating the would be and what would be generated, how easily it could be generated and the electromagnetic -- >> guest: i'm not sure you are correct. the electromagnetic pulse you can get from several means one if you disclose a nuclear bomb

the energy is released as a magnetic poles you can also get the geomagnetic specs from solar storms we call them sunspots. it's actually a little more complicated than you get large bursts of energy that find their way into the grade, and they can overload transformers and make them burn. transformers or large. it takes a lot of time to get it in place etc and there is a theory that he could have the electromagnetic pulse that would cause a wide spread blackout would take a long time to recover from. if she would recall the major averages like the great eastern bloc outcome of the utilities are very relieved. we have tens of millions of people in the dark but we didn't damage the system so we could put it back together in a few hours. the fear in the polls is a wouldn't be a few hours would be months or years which is a problem because in this country, you can't refine oil and shipping it or refrigerate food. i would have a major problem.

however, not everyone agrees that there is a potential for a catastrophic electoral baghdad pulse. there are recent studies by a well respected organizations that say the transformers are naturally not all that floatable especially the young transformers, and although it is a scary idea, there's not a lot behind. >> host: let's talk about the potential for someone, some government group to hurt the u.s. by attacking the grid. >> once your leader is in essence a little computer that introduces possibilities you better hope the link between the smart reader and the utility is secure and nobody is going to give it signals like shut down. the operation of the grid itself is increasingly computerized and

it's crucial that they stay intact and as you said there's a lot of operators on the grid, big ones, small ones, companies with huge departments where we got the first computer and it seems to be running fine thanks very much, so there is a worry that somebody would hack in a weak link and because of the interconnectedness caused widespread problems. this hasn't happened but that isn't to say that they could never happen. the virus which is now clear that the invented to get turned up in some computers at a nuclear plant in ohio although not the computers that run the system. the new reactors that are being built in south carolina and georgia have defenses against cyberattack. it's not clear if the whole industry has all the defenses. devotee is a story by brian

bloomberg. power grid cyberattack leaving millions in the dark for months. energy companies including utilities would have to increase investment in computer security more than sevenfold to reach the ideal level of protection according to a survey done for bloomberg government. >> it's going to be a lot of money. i don't think they spent a whole lot on this now it is the mcginn dependent colored in wisconsin. welcome. yes, i don't even know what to think. the head scientist, they had roscoe bartlett is a congressman from maryland. on c-span people can actually go to c-span and they can actually see the presentation was put on bye scientists with roscoe. they were begging our members of congress to come back from washington to solve the problem because they could solve that,

and i can't remember for sure, but i think it was $350 million, and it's called hardening the grid, and what they are talking about is this doesn't happen. in two to three years, we could be effected by solar flares of the sun that could literally take out approximately three-quarters of the people in the united states. >> host: are you talking about electromagnetic pulses? >> guest: that is correct i'm talking of the electromagnetic pulse. >> guest: in 1989, the sun that works on many 11 year cycle went through a particularly active period. you may have heard of solar wind it throws out protons and they eventually get to the earth. the north has a magnetic built around it. the protons are charged particles that push it a little bit and this is a little geeky that kind of interesting.

if the magnetic velte is to the form, it moves. if it moves through the earth's crust, you have got a magnetic field moving for the conductor and that is how you make electricity see that the electric currents in the dirt it turns out granite which we have a lot of the north america gets the currents and they tend to flow into the power system and you end up with scattered outages, the problems of quebec is particularly vulnerable. there was a reactor in new jersey that had a transformer catch fire. this is in fact the problem, but there is a serious group of engineers at the north american liability counsel corporation which is an organization chosen by the federal government to reach the standards and enforce them that says it is a problem but it's not a doomsday scenario. it could cause problems. we don't know. it's like earthquakes. our time on earth is short. we don't know the first one you

can have is the the system isn't as vulnerable as some people believe. >> host: he is based here in the washington bureau. we're talking about the u.s. electric power grid. chris is a republican, were joining us from new york state. good morning. >> caller: good morning. i wanted to touch base with the deregulation that is sweeping the nation. we work for the utility's, but in my mind, the deregulation isn't necessarily going to work in its industry inherently a monopoly. you have the same skill producing it and the same folks still transporting it and the same folks on the distribution. all we've done is pick those entities and brought in the power brokers.

as you stated we have companies putting in separate meters, so i don't know how the deregulation can actually lower the cost when it's the same folks still doing the work. >> guest: it's a good question and i think you said you were in new york where it does work. the question is does it work better than what we had before? what we had before was monolithic utilities that put all of the risk on the customers and set out to build some generating stations that were not needed that had cost overruns and the prices went up. now on the generating side those utilities sold off the generators that new generators tend to be built by private companies, and they have an incentive to produce as efficiently as possible, and they sell in a competitive market. i think that the business of the regulation could be divided into

tears. one is the different players on the generation side and the affair is different players trying to sell you electricity. .. >> they were looking at things

that could be generating employment. we won't need somebody to go read the meter every month. they will come in by radio. there were a lot of projects on the books that could be funded quickly and that is what made it attractive to the it, administration. transmission spending is a tiny fraction of our total electric bill, and we have a great not because it it doesn't serve the purposes and it is not cheap. even up buying from somebody local that is more expensive because things are not there in between. those extra costs run up to billions of billions of dollars a year. if you build more transmission from you can cut people's electric rates so there is an argument for spending more on the grid. there is reason we don't a reason we don't do it, which is a local guy who sets up the high-priced power, he thinks of it as a convenient store instead of a health care facility in the

distance. he doesn't want these fields, but nobody wants the powerline through their backyard. it is natural investment. >> let's hear from scott in hailey, idaho. >> caller: i have a comment and then a question. >> host: okay. >> caller: a centralized grid waste an enormous amount of power due to the resistance of the line and the atmosphere per in my local power come because it takes 100 watts to bring one want to my local town 75 miles away. so it is ruinously inefficient and decentralized grid, it would of course been more efficient in bringing power to localized areas. please comment on that. also, my unrelated question is that any contract, 10% or so of

profit, to what extent is the u.s. taxpayer asked to contribute and maintain subsidized power grid, just like we are -- just like subsidizing gas expense with the taxes we pay. >> guest: i will tell you a secret between the difference of taxpayers and ratepayers. there isn't any. i pay taxes and i pay for electricity. i pay for electricity at home, i payphone in the cost of everything i buy. there are some subsidies in that stimulus act, most of it is paid by ratepayers, but i don't think the that is a huge difference. industries i don't think your local utilities are using 99% oe electrical utilities and great britain you use some of the energy in the conversion, but use a little bit and shipping it. the grid does have some aspects

when you lose energy, but it also has some aspects or becomes highly efficient, for example, suppose for example in your town, you have, in idaho, and it schooled it's cold in the winter and your pique turns to be on a cold day in your connected by the western interconnection to phoenix, arizona, which does not have the same demand in the winter, it has a summer demand. do you want to build enough generation to meet your worst day, which is weaker-- which is in winter, or you can share these assets, but you both need them, but not at the same time. the grid has some efficiency. >> host: we have another question from a watcher. what is a common myth about the power grid that you would like

to clear up here on c-span? >> guest: wanting to understand, especially with the weather we've been having recently, is that most consumers pay a certain price per kilowatt hour. at that price of utility actually varies. there is an economic theory, probably valid, but the price you paid, if it is reflective of the actual cost, it would be things like running the dishwasher when you got to bed at night, instead of running it at 5:00 p.m., and therefore the grid would be using less resources, because you spread it out. the whole system would get a little bit more use out of the generation, which right now some of it runs all the time, and a lot of it only runs a few hundred hours a year. the system would be little more efficient. i'm talking about dollar efficiency here. how many dollars are enough to invest in generating assets that we don't need very often.

he met to bust, the idea that we can do away with renewables. in fact, wind, which is cost competitive at times, is so variable that what you really need -- you don't want to be connected to a wind farm. then you have electricity of some hours and not in others. you want thousands spread all over the country and you want the average output, not the average output of individual farms from a somewhat similar. you're going to need a diverse network of resources that are interconnected. >> "new york times" come you're in washington, also you write about transportation safety. he has been in the dc bureau since 1995 at "the new york times" for 35 years. previously working in boston and hartford and enhanced portfolio

he has written about nuclear power. we are talking about the u.s. power grid. >> caller: [inaudible question] if you look at one of the major intended uses of the grid, mainly charging up the batteries of electric cars, you have the following. electricity is currently produced by burning coal. this is nothing that can be changed anytime soon. the objective, of course, to save oil, and i can honestly say

financially that is an important objective. however, for every unit it costs energy, every unit that is put into the battery of an electric car at the time and is charged, you have to produce 14 units of energy by burning coal. >> guest: well, yes and no. it is conceivable that we use a little bit more cool because there would be more use for those power plants. we can get off cool and we are getting off of it because natural gas is cheaper now. i don't know how long that will go on to we don't look at these things by their energy balance. by how much we have to burn and deliver it to the customer. we look at it by the money balance. how many dollars is going to cost me to drive 100 miles. if you can do it by burning a hole huge pile of coal or natural gas,

i guess gas is not come in piles, but if you can substitute for oil which is expensive and imported, you don't care quite so much with the energy balances. in fact, there is a lot of inefficiencies in the internal combustion engine red, it is no great shakes either. the electric system, the car might be a whole lot more efficient because it is not sitting at the red light burning energy. >> host: steve is our next caller. welcome. >> caller: thank you. thank you, c-span. i was just wondering about the outlook for employment in utility linesmanlineman and would you have any desire to help your kid

in that profession with the grid were? >> host: is that your line of work? >> caller: no, it's not, but i've been trying to persuade a gentleman to pick up utility linesman for some time and he is somewhat interested. i'm just not sure how aggressive i should get in persuading him pick up the prevention that would be a good profession to pick. >> guest: the energy department says it is demographically unbalanced. they are like baby boomer types and a whole bunch of them are going to have to retire at the same time in the coming years. they're going to reading meters. there's not much future. there is a variety of lineman and other technical and quasi- technical utility employment, where there is going to be traffic turnover in the years to come see. >> host: you touched on this

earlier, but talk about how reading meters will not come to fruition remapped. >> guest: eventually your meter will talk electronically to the person. one of the reasons it looks economically viable as you don't have to hire a guy with a car to drive from place to place. how's also need to be made anymore. the other reason it is viable as we don't have this in many places, but the country may move to a system where you get billed for energy depending on the time of day, whether it is the peak or off peak. you may end up with appliances that can talk to the meter and her clothes dryer may sit there until the price falls below a certain level and then it will run. so you throw the clothes and money leave for work and it may run during the day or may wait until that night to run. that is automation of the kind that is going to do away with the guy with clipboard walking from house to house.

>> host: greg is an independent caller from sarasota, florida. >> caller: good morning. mr. matt wald, i'm going to list some things for you and my reference is going to be a noble episode, making stuff cleaner. i would like to bring up is the work of nate lewis from caltech. he has the process. he takes the sunlight, and through a membrane, put in water, it breaks the threshold of hydrogen, so it releases. the second part is richard wolfe from the university of delaware. a hydrogen storage specialist -- hydrogen storage is almost impossible. he can take a cheap substance like chicken feathers, keep them, and it comes close to

700 degrees, and exposes the nano -- nano receptive sites inside chicken feathers. we blow up 6 trillion pounds of them. >> guest: i have not heard of that one. go ahead. >> caller: it makes the hydrogen able to be kept in the atmospheric pressure. in doing that, -- >> host: greg, how do you connect the dots? you are referencing different things. >> caller: wide? i'm talking about in your backyard, being able to use the technology that is available today. to actually convert sunlight to hydrogen. >> guest: you have latched onto one key issue of renewables.

if you don't have storage go to the renewables, you have a problem. the grid is a form of storage. if you have a lot of wind in one place come you can distribute it over a huge area, reduce the burning of coal and natural gas, if you have solar in one place come you can do the same. you can't do that in a single location if you are off the grid unless you have batteries, batteries are expensive and fragile, they may come down in price and they make it better, but right now they are not competitive. what greg is talking about is using sunlight to support the h2o molecule and at some point though, combining those things to get energy back. so the water molecule becomes your storage medium. the problem is hydrogen is is the smallest atom areas, and it is very difficult to store. i hadn't heard about the chicken feathers. i'm certain it is not a commercial idea at this point.

it may become a commercial idea. there are a lot of ideas out there and eventually i hope that more than one pans out. if you did all those things, i think you still want to have a great and i suspect you still want to prepare yourself for times when the sun wasn't shining for several days at a time. i suspect he would be more reliable if your home water splitter broke down. anyone want to have to sit in the dark until somebody came to want to fix it. the grid reliability is not perfect, but it is a lot better than any individual appliance in my house. >> host: jim from oklahoma on the democratic line. >> caller: yes. until we have a say on a nasa program on home generation -- other than oklahoma, i have a friend that runs his freezer and his ac unit and heating for free

off of one of the solar panels and a battery backup. $1500. he saved that much money in a couple of years. until we go to a system where we can generate at home and get the billionaires out of making money off of everyone, we will go nowhere. >> host: i think you have hit on the difference between politics and engineering. we have this fascination with decentralization, my house is my castle, and they're going to cut myself off from the evil corporations. the flipside is we have some engineering questions that seem to work bigger on a big scale than a small scale. a big grid is more reliable than a small bread. that's why we have big grids. there may be billionaires and the electric business, there are also a lot of publicly held companies, which you and i

probably have enough 401k plans. i think it would be sensible not to mix the emotional feeling that i'm going to do it myself and go at it alone and grow my own vegetables and make my own electricity. i actually doubt that in oklahoma you can run your air conditioning system on a $1500 system. you need something much larger with much more storage and frankly, their are a lot cheaper ways to do it and doing it yourself. there a lot of things i do for myself, i don't do my own dentistry or build my own computer -- there are things i am content to rely on others to do. some of the stuff i would like to be involved in like decisions about my dentistry. but i do not aspire to do it myself. >> host: matt wald is an energy reporter with "the new york times." this is how you look at taxpayer dollars that are spent. we are talking about the u.s. electric power grid and breaking

it up in terms of how much companies pay in the taxpayer pays. >> guest: victoria, i'm happy to say to you helped pay for your friends solar panel. we paid for them by tax breaks on solar panels. and she probably has a metering system, which means the grid feature house. if your house is demanding less than the panel produces come the excess goes to the grid. in the hours which the sun is not shining, which is most, she is drawn from the grid and she gets paid some amount. in a lot of states, the state utility commission has set a greater payback is really high to try to encourage solar. but victoria, that makes your

retire. the more the usurper from the more the utility pays her from the more your rates are growing up. this may be a good deal, it might be a cheap way to avoid having to approve the distribution network. a may queen of the error, it may be a temporary subsidy, but youe paying for it. >> host: we have mark from philadelphia. >> caller: i would like to read readdress. my concern and many people's concern about the nuclear power plant is that the systems that are in place are not redundant enough, and they are very dependent upon electricity to produce the fuel or whatever and

deliver the [inaudible] for the backup cooling system and the generator. could you please address this or write about it. this is an issue. also come to let you go, the poll of the sunspot activity was extremely high as last week. high end i am from missouri. that's where i'm originally from. we never got over 100 degrees until august, and they have had 100 degrees from june on. i believe it is related to this sunspot activity. if you could put this into perspective. >> guest: i would be careful about mixing two different ideas here. if sunspot activity is high, it means that it is not actually making it harder on earth if it did, it would not be missouri or washington where i lived. we do have a warming trend in climate, but i don't think it's due to sunspot activity.

what happened in march of last year is that the diesel generators broke down or worse by the tsunami. their electrical connections were swamped him and they cannot tell what was going on in the reactor and they couldn't keep cool water on them and they couldn't run the pumps. that would be a problem if you had a blackout at american plant one of the things that the nuclear plants did after september 11 was bring in a lot more portable equipment and portable energy source devices which might be in the form of batteries and compressed air tanks and they brought in hoses, diesel pumps, and they established the ability to operate during a station's

blackout. the fukushima parliamentary commission that reported last week, that if fukushima had had those preparations which we took for terrorism and not tsunamis, they might have avoided the damage of this accident. that is not to say that nuclear plants are invulnerable and the ability -- the ability to operate to safely shutdown plan after a blackout, it is a lot better than it was before. you you're raising the idea what happens if the grid disappears for months or years remark i think this is a scarce scenario that may not be justified. >> host: a guest from shreveport, louisiana. >> caller: good morning to you, sir. my question is actually for the gentleman, mr. matt wald. are you aware of any recent or separate or publicly funded or

private -- where they back the electric cars, hybrids, other large storage forms that are going to be, i guess, populating the market. >> guest: general motors was hopeful on this when they came out with the chevy volt. but they ended up little time on it that looks like what i have on my lawn sprinkler. it is not ready to deal with this markets. >> host: matt wald, we would have will have ended there, thank you so much. >> the house of representatives will begin their debate on health care law. that begins at noon eastern with live coverage on c-span. also tomorrow on "washington journal", we will talk about the measure with two members of congress. republican tim murphy and

democrat earl blumenauer. also joining us will be wall street journal health reporter leaves right nasty. she will discuss the health insurance companies employers, and other industry groups in implementing the law. "washington journal" is live on c-span every morning at 7:00 a.m. eastern. neil: surveillance across the united states, the men's health magazine editor will talk about where surveillance is conducted with cities that are the most watched, and the techniques being used. read the story and look at her website and then call, tweet, e-mail him on "washington journal" at 9:15 eastern. >> shreveport in march, oklahoma city in may. wichita in june.

and a weekend in jefferson city. watch for the continuing travel of c-span 2's booktv and american history tv. look for that histyand literary culture of louisville, kentucky. the weekend of august 4 and 5th on c-span 2 and 3. coming up on c-span 2, the national associations teacher of the year, than the national security league director speaks about cybersecurity threats. followed by an analysis of the recent mexican presidential elections. later, by discussing federal funds invested in the u.s. electric grid. >> this is the national teacher of the year award. it urges teachers to recognize their important role in american society and teach beyond

success. this teacher is from burbank, california. she spoke at the national meeting last week. this is about a half hour. >> i have a very special presentation that is going to be given by special person. it is my honor to introduce to you the 2012 national teacher of the year and any member, rebecca milwaukee. [applause] [applause] >> this woman is a rock and she is real. i love her and you are going to love her. rucker is a seventh grade english teacher at luther burbank middle school in the great state of california. this is her second career. we have more and more folks that do decide to do something important with their lives as a second career, and work for our

students. she has been teaching for 14 years. she spent the last nine years in her current position where she teaches general education, gifted and talented classes and serves on the school leadership teams. you can read her biography. it is very long, it's very impressive, but it won't tell you what is in her heart. what i admire most about rebecca is her sense of urgency and the passion that she has it she needs to help these kids right now today. in a recent interview, rebecca had this to say about her work. i really love it, they will carry my cold dead body outside of the seventh grade classroom, which account for profound and a little bit creepy. [applause] [applause] it is a sign of her dedication. she can imagine herself doing anything else.

and you can't possess that kind of commitment without being a strong leader. her colleagues looked to her as an example of leadership in her classroom. her lessons are infused with innovation and creativity and uses of technology to bring the world directly to the students she is serving. she made us all so proud in april when president obama honored her at a white house ceremony for her achievement as the national teacher of the year. you should have heard her speech. google it. it is just amazing. she gave voice to what is in the heart of educators across this country. here's a little of what she said i'm not the best teacher in america. there isn't one. everyday, here in america, teachers are opening doors for students to reach deep within

themselves and learn more. solve more problems, grow, nurture their dreams, and we do this with conviction. and it is not unusual. it is not a rare thing. it happens every day in america's classroom. and i need you to know that. that is what she said to the public. [applause] [applause] rebecca, i do love you for what you do. for the voice that you give to all of our work. ..

[applause] >> what a large and gorgeous group of educators, people i love and i am just as nervous as can be standing up here and i did that thing where i imagine you will need to call myself down and that's a lot of flesh. it is. [laughter] it didn't calmed me down. it made me scared so instead i'm going to say this reminds me of our house on a friday afternoon, my dad was a teacher at my high school and he was the social teacher, the one that rallied the troops after school for that very important meeting, you know the one i'm talking about. and they would all be at our

house. i would come home from a long day of trading my teachers crazy at school and come home and see my geometry teacher and my science teacher in the english teacher sitting at our kitchen counter drinking wine. it's not something every 17 year old girl wants to see on a friday afternoon so it was more of the walk of shame than anything because as you can imagine i wasn't exactly a model student. now here i stand a model teacher. i'm telling you the irony isn't lost on me. [applause] but there i was. you to start with another story, november 11, 9:32 in the morning in front of my class i had a great lesson to run for the day and a gorgeous graphics on the white board. i'm talking, i'm teaching, i am pointing at things with purpose, things are good and the class is with me and i know that because

of a hand goes up and then another and another. and i feel they are with me. i've got them. they are engaged, they are interested, they are asking questions. but because i am in the middle of something really fascinating like reflective pronounced -- [laughter] yea english teachers. i don't stop to take any questions pete i'm on a roll. so i keep teaching. but as time teaching something causes me to pause for a minute because now not only as a free hand in the air but half of the class a string that thing with a stab at the sky to try to get your attention and the other half of the class isn't so much raising their hand as like reaching out to me begging me, imploringly, please call on me. and i finally did. i called, a girl and jasmine doesn't say a word but she never

loses i contact as she simply points to my seat and it took me an eternity to look down and see what it was that the entire class had known about for ten minutes but i was are too wrapped up in what i was doing to notice. the elastic waistband of my slip -- [laughter] have lost all traction. [laughter] there was no purchase. it had given way and had slid slowly and completely down my leg while i had been teaching puddling inexorable ingalls darfur at my feet. [laughter] now, i'm going to spare you the david blaine maneuvering that occurred to remedy the situation but suffice it to say that

moment is forever in the minds of those seventh graders. [laughter] to or asking yourself when his lunch and why does she start with a really embarrassing story? i start because the story reminds us sometime in education we get so focused on what we are doing, we get so caught up in what we think is the right course of action that we fail to see some important truths that are staring us right in the face. for too long of a time, this nation has been obsessed with high-stakes testing and the results they bring. [applause] results which can bring devastating consequences and enormous pride to schools but this test result cannot tell you if my teaching was masterful. they can't tell you if my students are knowledgeable and

they can't tell if our schools are strong. these tests cannot be what drives decision making and education, and yet -- [applause] yet that is what the loudest voices have been clamoring for. that is what nearly every debate has been about. they tell us by 2014 every child in america will be proficient in language arts and bath. that is a daunting goal and some might say in possible but it's a goal that you and i spent countless waking hours and many sleepless nights to obtain. why? because you and i have high standards and we understand when we help a child reach proficiency it any grade level we have changed the quality of that child's life and that community forever with. [applause] was aiming for proficiency means we aim to create generations of

children who are average, and we all know americans are not average and we also know that if i step wiping tears today and every child in america were suddenly proficient would then, what would we wish we had spent the last many years of short time and attention and talent and energy on? we would desperately which we did spend our time and energy o. so here i stand one teacher symbolizing millions. one enthusiastic hard-working, humble, dedicated to cut the taxable to stand for the millions more just like me. one voice to represent us all. it's a voice that has been missing from all of the highly charged conversations and education. it's this place that has been pulled down to a whisper as people that haven't set foot in a classroom make decisions and policies that and back nearly every aspect of our profession and it's so striking to me that

in our ferocious and noble zeal to leave not only one child behind we've left the teachers behind instead. [applause] if we want a transformation in education, if we want innovation and reform, we have got to stop talking about testing and talk more about developing, supporting and celebrating teachers. teachers are the architects of the change we have been waiting for but it seems like we have forgotten what a great teacher can do that a standardized test can't and i want to tell that to you today. great teachers design exciting relevant lessons that set kids up for success. kids will learn what we teach them and taking an hour, and that is why we are masterfully and why the work you do matters so much because you design

learning opportunities that mirror their hobbies and interests and concerns and passion. you reach out to kids and help meet them where they are hectic and replace the need to be. that means our kids read and write and think and sing and troll and act and film making and animate and write poetry and solve math problems that boggle the mind and uncover scientific discoveries that will change the world, and they do it all by the sides of the dedicated and skillful teachers. [applause] we make the content we teach real, relevant and challenging and give the time, tools and support to that kind of work we've given them everything they need to be successful in today's world. the best part is it is visible, it's measurable and exciting and you don't need a number two pencil to seat.

[applause] great teachers have incredibly high standards. anderson and right now the conventional wisdom says if i can list a child at proficiency i must be a highly effective and educator and my kids must be educated. i get it is a fierce need for accountability right now to be able to say our institutions are working and to say that a public education is a good investment, i get it but i'm not satisfied with that. i'm not satisfied by the means with which i'm being measured because it limits that to a very narrow set of parameters, and i want more for my students. [applause] you and i want more for our students because the world they will be forced to find work and will want more from them so it is incumbent upon us to continue doing what we are doing getting more out of kids, more creative thinking and more problem-solving, expert

communicators, the ability to see patterns come connections come solutions, a mastery of math and science and most importantly great teachers teach resiliency in their quest for success because the road will not be easy. they will stumble and fall but a great teachers teach kids how to get back and keep trying as they try to make themselves better and move forward. [applause] when great teachers are asked to focus on test scores and pushed them to the forefront of the priority list, we give kids a education that honors neither the depth and breadth of human knowledge but it's an absolute turning of our backs on the uniqueness of each individual child we teach and i refuse to do that. [applause] we don't do that just because we like kids or your teachers.

we do that because many of us are parents. i have a child of my own and i would never want this done to him so great teachers don't do that. it's the whole child that matters and we know that not just the part that can find the right answer on a standardized test. great teachers help kids not only learn things but show us with the know and what to do with that information. we shall kids and help them find with their unique capabilities are and how to take that information to use it and to transform it and then to solve problems and create the better world they will live in and then most is these teachers need so much, these kids need so much promise but mostly courageous teachers who will teach not through the test but far beyond, and great teachers do. [applause] great teachers teach all children. wouldn't it be lovely if we can't pick our students?

just create little all star learning teams of kids who could through no fault of their own almost by accident could perfect scores and ensure job security for us for life wouldn't that be great? but that is a luxury that we don't have. it's called private school. laughter [laughter] [applause] is a reality the you will not see in america because an american public school classrooms is the melting pot described on the statue of liberty. it mirrors america in all of its beautiful diversity. we take all comers and customers are served. of illiterate and the dillinger it, the english fleet and learners, the scholar, the bookworm, the all star athlete, the immigrant, the native and

the destructive. they are ours and we educate them greatly to the weekly. teachers accept every child. we believe every child has the potential to learn and we help them tap into their potential and grow in a safe place. walk into any classroom in america and you will see what i'm talking about, great teachers provide the american dream of opportunity for all. [applause] great teachers lead not just with their head but their heart. what we bring into the classroom is the content mastery, our lessons. what they bring in something else entirely isn't it? they bring hundred and homelessness and learning disabilities and it mixes with first crushes and the winning touchdown and worry about whether or not they will get

asked to the dance. it all comes and we are expected to handle it with grace and understanding and compassion on top of the lessons we are supposed to teach that they and we do. i need to tell you the story about a guy in my class last year. his mom was delayed most breast cancer the year i had had him and we watched her with away from the shadow of her former self and inside i didn't want to admit but i would certainly lose her while max was in my class and i feared for that moment every day. while caring for max's mom, his data to let work and broke his leg in three places requiring a painful surgery and being wheelchair-bound for six months. this was a family that had just failed to qualify for medical insurance because his mom hadn't worked enough hours in the union to qualify so they were doing all of this on their own dime. hell on earth as a 12-year-old

in my class worry whether his research paper is in good shape when his entire world crumbled around him? [applause] lagat plus him but he made his been visible to me every way a 12-year-old boy knows how. he acted out come he is on the outcome he hurt kids committees toward property come he was a festival of miss b keefer. [laughter] i was supposed to be teaching this kid english but more important for him is that i understood what was going on and that no matter how hard he tried to get me to quit on him or give up or send him to the principal's office, i wasn't going to do it and i didn't. i spend more minutes in the hallway counseling him on his behavior than i ever did teaching and english but he learned something. he learned when the chips are down, quality people hang in there with you and those quote

the people are your teachers. [applause] so i know of all the tools we bring to the classroom, the one that is most essential to the job we do and to the development of young people is our love and great teachers give it freely. just in case you forgot about my underwear -- i started today by telling you a really embarrassing story about my sled and i didn't want it to leave so i'm bringing it right back. it reminds us sometimes our focus slips and in the zeal to reform and transform public education we get led to believe that it will come from one thing when we realize it is bigger than that and will come from somewhere else. it will come from what is staring me right in the face right now, teachers. if we spent the next year's focusing on testing instead of teaching, we will have let an

opportunity to truly and revolution rarely change education for the better and none of us can let that happen. because if we -- [applause] have the courage to do for the teachers what we do every day for our kids come if we tell them we care, if we told them to the highest standards, if we engage them in the process of their own men provide and support teachers when they struggle, there simply nothing we can't do it while we may have forgotten or the nation may have forgotten when port and that was, how important teachers were in informing education it's never too late to shift focus to what matters because if we want real change, lasting change, if we want that the pride and the power that is an american education and the revolution begins with us and great teachers know that. [applause]

as i go around the country and bring to get a lesson for all. as i go around the country talking to educators and decision makers and interesting people the first thing i make sure to ask them is to tell me about the teacher they had that was their favorite with the teacher in their life that made a difference, and there is never any hesitation coming off a moment. there's always been a month to but everyone's tongue and if any hesitation it's they are trying to figure out which one to tell me about. i've heard a great stories and i wish i could tell you all of them. there's the teacher that police botched all costs, there's the teacher that brought the homework to the hospital when the girl out mono. one of my favorites is from a teacher that told me about his first grade teacher mrs. wilson. he said in first grade every friday mrs. wilson would eat at the lunch table in the cafeteria with the class and if you were good all week you could sit next

to her and was a great honor to be the first grader selected to sit next to mrs. wilson and was his turn. he got word friday morning that he was the winner and he would be sitting next to her in the cafeteria and he was excited to get to sit with his favorite lovely lady and then they they were serving chicken legs in the cafeteria and he sat and watched mrs. wilson polish off plate after plate after plate of chicken legs. that wasn't even the best part. he said she put the whole thing in her mouth, worked for a good five minutes and then spat out the bone. [laughter] he had a whole new appreciation of mrs. willson. [laughter] he is my age. we are 43. he's remember that for 40 some odd years. these stories tell me something. the tommy kids are watching us.

they are watching everything we do and they are soaking it up. every little active care, support, kindness and love that you show doing the job you love and do so well they are watching us. remember that. remember that you are going to be remembered. it might be for chicken bones but you are going to be remembered. you are in there all across the country school children had grown adults carry their hero with them. cost in the recesses of their mind and in their heart long after they sat in the class you are our hero to them and they remember you and you are affecting that even today pickett remember that when the road gets difficult. remember that with the political debate its fiery, when the wind of blame and criticism blow most fiercely. you are a hero and you will be remembered.

before i go i want to ask you a favor and i was going to go one by one but given the size of the group i think we will be here until christmas. i'm just going to stay here. i think you would appreciate that. to our educators but i also need you to join with me and be a good steward for our profession by speaking positively about it everywhere and anywhere you get the chance. [applause] as much as we would like to say so, the teachers don't have a lock on having a hard job or even a low-paying job. we don't face necessarily more difficult challenges than other people and their professions, but hours certainly gets more scrutiny come more attention and have lines and is just far too easy to wine and play the victim. don't.

[applause] is our job difficult? yes. as a fraud often with gut-wrenching challenges? yes. are there factors beyond your control and mind that in practice the result we did with kids, absolutely. but let us not dwell there, you and buy because when we do it from investing in the world will destiny for you, our profession and anyone brave enough to want to enter it. let's be positive together. share your success stories, celebrate your strength, called the newspapers, throw open the doors of your classroom to the community and to anyone who would want to wander in and watch the magic you make with children. s your principal tomorrow what you can do to me to school the best in town. show the world the beautiful,

brilliant, capable, hard working days of our profession shows them who you are and be proud. you've been born with a gift for teaching and you've been given a gift of working with school children. you have a front-row seat to the future, and you build that future one child at a time. everyday you spend in the service if educating another human being as your offer to change the bald and making it the you will be remembered long after we've lost this planet. i'm in this journey with you. we are honored to represent you this year. thank you very, very much. [applause]

[applause]

>> we have great threats to our existence today as a nation. and i would think in my opinion quicker than any threat we have ever faced with the it's been a civil war or revolutionary, whether it's been world war ii, the depression, that threat comes to us because we spent the last 30 years in this country spending money that we did not have on things the we did not a absolutely need to come and of the bill is due. >> federick of the national security agency says cyberattack sar increasing globally and there is a need for comprehensive legislation to

protect the cyberinfrastructure. general chief of the standard admitted that publicly it's tough to get strings to the could things to congress that emphasizes lawmakers with parties to the urgency surrounding the issue and the needs to be addressed. from the american enterprise institute this is an hour. >> i suppose i should say first of all thank you for coming and breaching this weather that just struck washington. judging from the side of the crowd and the number of cameras here don't think anyone needs me to underscore the importance of the subject. it's testimony not only to the subject matter but the structure of the speaker but nevertheless, indulge me for just a couple of minutes to provide a wide think this the historical context and to think back to the beginning

of not of this century but the beginning of the last one the world today you might say yes transfixed by the phenomenon of the rapid economic growth and a number of countries is rapidly creating new major powers in the world. of course the biggest of china and india but some others it would look large in comparison to the great powers of the past such as vietnam, russia and egypt, brazil will become much bigger players in the world. it spawned other tragedies that turned the 20th century, which would be gone with a decade of greed promised the greatest century. we cannot afford to be that history, the even more terrible weapons of the century.

the manager of major challenge of the time not that we are short on challenges. success in that effort depends on many factors on which the military was only one and perhaps. it is important therefore it is worth recalling something else. what made germany a country almost conquered the world was lonely its economic strength but also it succeeded twice. particularly the armored warfare and 1930's. when you were calling. the british and french fuelled the tanks that.

when the battle of france took place, which they took defeat in a matter of from this or so. the stunning degree but rather superiority and understanding how that new technology could be exploited for military advantage. when you think about a technology that could have similar multiplier effects and our time, cyber technology stands out as an obvious, perhaps the most obvious candidate. and unfortunately it's not only potentially dangerous tool in the hands of states but in the hands of non-state actors as well. and david singer famous, notorious it doesn't discuss the recent book where senators and put it by the west and to lead

the white house this march and a supreme duty for the briefing room for a demonstration designed as he puts at to scare the hell alone with him. half an hour the senators got a demonstration of what a mike clay of the dedicated hecker or enemy state decided to turn off lights in new york city. among those who can to make the case was general keith alexander who runs the national security agency and the dress cyber command. he goes on to say general alexander is one of the most important figures in washington that no one ever heard of. i guess that's not true anymore judging from this room. he also says in the moments when he talks in public general alexander is pretty soft spoken that american vulnerable these attacks but one senator said in a classified setting like the other day it's very different.

i don't know that means exactly about what to expect from the speaker to do but i do know we could not have a better speaker to address the subject. general alexander and olden the military academy in the class of 1974. it was maybe the post vietnam class of members the running an institution whose future was very much in doubt. they make jokes sometimes about themselves but general david petraeus is one of the distinguished graduates of the class that said they also called themselves class of '75, court the poor and it isn't built for people entering an institution whose future they were not sure of. actually, generally alexandre said he would only going for five years but can to see a career and military intelligence. it's been an outstanding career including the jeep to for the

armored division of desert storm. i knew him and worked closely when he was deputy secretary defense first when he was the head of the intelligence command from 2001 to 2003 and then when he was the deputy chief of staff the army for intelligence for 2003 to 2,005. and the marshall as many of you know or have heard of told me even before i met general alexander the this was an exceptional officer and a real innovator and after working with him for four years likened certainly confirm that description. of course he's since gone on to become the director the national security agency serving in that position since august 1st 2005 that's a record you can do the of arithmetic seven years. it almost sounds like a life sentence. we are lucky served that long and two different administrations have seen the dollar of the job. the last two years he was given additional duties as the commander in the united states

cyber command. to both of those positions, he brings some uniquely suitable qualities. he's an innovator and leader but not a self promoter. he is intensely focused but also low-key. he's a risk taker but he's also very careful at details and i might add he's very smart. one other thing, he doesn't like publicity so much for what we should expect today but i know we are lucky to have him with us. please join me in welcoming general keith alexander. [applause] [laughter] i will just hide behind. part of the reason i don't like the publicity my mother used to say i had a pacemaker radio. i'm sure you all heard that before.

the comment you could add to that is behind every successful army officer is a strong father and law. we have that as well. there's a few things i would like to talk about today, and i know we are going to have a small group 25 to 30 people to do that with and i see that's grown slightly. i'm not a mathematician. there are things i want to put on the table to discuss and i know we are going to have a panel that will talk about what we talk about later in more detail. first, what the secretary wolfowitz brought up i think is absolutely important for the nation. i think it's important we talk about this. i'm not here to talk about any specific piece of legislation but i do think it's important that we as a nation look at this and say what do we need for the

country and how do we do that? with all the facts on the table as we talk about this from the civil liberties and privacy. i think it's important we talk about that to protect the country from the cyberattack how are we going to do that? we just finished up the fourth of july, and i had the privilege and honor of hosting 14 young children at my house, my grandchildren. when you look between the ages one and ten the average age i guess if you use this would be about three. they all have the ipod games they're tremendously smart. they are connected to the web when the smart. they can run these things down to a battery and just plug in and keep on going. just plug in and i can keep on going. it's amazing what is queen of

tennis world. think about the opportunity that we have. in the year 2000 there were 360 million people on the internet. to become the first quarter of 2012, 2.3 billion. there's 200 million. that is statistically average to record 93 billion a day. a large portion of that span e-mail it's also interesting the united states hosts 43% of the top 1 million web sites in the world, 43% so that's a little over 430 some thousand of the top websites in the world. and by august of this year, facebook is expected to go over a billion users.

that would make that left third largest country of medicine in the world. incredible changes. the united states would have 184 facebook users. and 24% of the web sites say facebook integrated into the gindin one year 461 more devices were sold. traffic will evolves and grow 18 times between now and 2016. u.s. sulfur users 165 million common and 90 million checkmyaul annyyom. ma did in a conversation in the with a sudden e-mail. they say s but we were talking. no, i got that e-mail. this is good. there e 500,000 applicatis for theiphoadr 20

do. by 2016, the population is expected o be at 7.3 billion the world's mobile device popution, 10 billion. d so of u alady w u adavoic d ipndmbl tablet. it's incredible what we are going to be able to do with this technology. think of what we can do for medicine come for genereech utpi wbeblt 20ha cn' a cade ago. this is an incredible opportunity and stuff that we have to now take the next step. he think about it we are the country that made much of this thrsstour .wought e stlbue lnils ththgs coming in because that's the real problem. you can't hea me?

can you hear me now? loder awmhio n hemte back? don't worry. you didn't miss anything. [laughter] if you need some quotes, get some good ones from sell ready. there was nothing worth quoting their. look at the number of pieces. mcafee has great statistics and all of these statistics i am giving you are publicly available. you can go on the network and pulled down some of these, ping,.com. they have some great things, some great statistics where we are today. and if you go to softpediacom, mcafee will tell you that they've got 75 million unique pieces of now we're in their inventory right now, 75 million pieces of now where.

the .net spends 85 million unsolicited e-mail is a day. so that is roughly one-third of the e-mail that is going out on the network today sent by the bought net. and over 100 countries have network exploitation capabilities. in 2011 the number of cyber attacks rose 44%. now where increased by 60% and the number of attacks on u.s. critical infrastructure went from nine in 2009 to over 160 in 2011. and from january of 2011 to june of 2011, 19,000 malicious addresses appeared today. 80% of the web sites have been hacked or compromised. it's interesting when you go out to companies like the fortune 500 of 168 companies that were

agreed, 162 have been hacked and i want to give you some insight. just some unique statistics on this when you start to look at what is going on. in june of 2011, google was hacked and in july of 2011. in august another u.s. company. mytishchi had the industry since the september, sony in october, at&t in november. the stratford chamber of commerce in september. san tech in january, nissan and april 2012. fees and mastercard april. when you look at these companies the first thing you have to say is these are some really good companies. what's going on? some of these are the best in the nation. where they being hacked them.

they're the ones that know they are. our experience is when we look into that, the fbi and others, the final but there are more than 100 companies that knows that they have been hacked that's significant. in fact, in my opinion it's the greatest transfer of wealth in the history. semantic replaced the theft to the united states companies that two to $80 billion a year, global cybercrime said 114 billion annually, 388 when you factor in down time and a nasty defeat come back to the estimate is 1 trillion was spent globally on every mediation. that is our future disappearing in front of us. so, let me put this in context if i could. we have a tremendous opportunity with devices that we are using. we are going mobile but they are

not secure. our companies use these, our kids use these. we use these devices that are not secure. when you look at what has happened in estonia in 2007, look at what has happened in latvia, lithuanians, georgia, azerbaijan, kurdistan and other countries that have been hit with inside attacks. we've gone from exporting. intellectual property to attack. and these attacks have been disrupted in nature and this is like the kids all screaming at once at suppertime. it happens every time. there was a joke. i'm sorry. [laughter]

the kids are screaming every night and you are trying to have a conversation and can't communicate. as soon as they are quiet you can communicate and disruptive for distributive to service attack is much more like that. the pipes are filled up so block the communications channels or use of the computer capability of your system. either way, you can't communicate but as soon as that stops and it's clear out, you can go back to communications. but i am concerned about and what i think we really need to be concerned about is when of these transition from a destructive to destructive attacks to it it has to be released. if the bio source other portion

were destroyed, your system would have to be replaced to work again. as we have to consider the those are going to happen. what we talk about makes it even more difficult than the nuclear deterrent strategy is in theory is that we talked about in the past because when you think about cyber actors, let's put them into five groups. you have nation states, you have cyber criminals kind you have hackers and activists and terrorists. not all of those our nation states. so when you think about the deterrence theory, you're not just talking about nation on nation deterrence theory, you have other non-nation state actors you do not have to consider and then one of the attacks you may not know who is doing at, who is attacking your

systems. either way, the outcome could be the same. you lose the financial sector were the power grid for your systems capabilities for a period of time. it doesn't matter who did it, you still lose that see you have to come up with a defensive strategy that solves that. from my perspective. so, let's talk about that and a couple different venues. first a closer look at the international programs and i want to use some quotes here just to show you it is a team sport because i think one of the things people look to us and say are you going to handle all of this? i come from the tom sawyer huckleberry finn approach. we want to get as many people as we can working together to solve this problem and that is what it takes. i think the white house with a good effort. i'm bringing the team together both past and present bringing in dhs and their role working

with of the commercial on the street. that's bringing us into a team without our response of the the being of the foreign intelligence to defend the nation from an attack. there's a lot going on in this area. it took me give quotes about what secretary clinton noted. the united states growing concern about the economic and national-security post by cyber intrusions', the intellectual property and commercial data by cyber. just this last month in june secretary pena walked by before the committee on defense. america faces the threat from other pearl harbor in that technologically the capability to paralyze this country is there now. he went on to say the more of

this technology develops, the more the will to potentially use it increases. in response to these risks, with many countries on this issue we are working with many countries on this issue to respond to these types of risks. at that point of strategic are on the economic dialogue. so secretary clinton stated there is vital to the united states and china to have it sustained meaningful dialogue on both sides of the issues and work together to develop a shared understanding of the acceptable norms of behavior establishing clear and acceptable practices in cyberspace is critical. so what are we doing and what's taken initial framework. i'm not sure how familiar you all are with penetration tests

and hacking. estimates with me just give you a quick understanding of that. first of many of you are familiar it backtracked. that's good. there is a book on the basis of hacking at penetration testing and the reason i bring this up is because we are looking at this time actually reading this book and when you look at me here's an army officer who is learned to read and is actually reading the book and there are pictures but i -- the reason this is important is i think we have to understand the issue of what is coming at us. we have to understand that issue to face the people.

we, the defense department and the intelligence community have to know. what the book does is it refers you to a program called backtracked. that track is a penetration testing tool kit that's great, it really is. you can get to backtrack and download it off the internet for free. the price is great and i got a you can get it for everything but a virtual machine, you can download that and up load to systems coming your system and the system you want to do penetration testing on all on your own computer to trained yourself and others on how to

test your system to see if it is secure because this is what people are doing to the systems today. and what the book teaches you is how to do reconnaissance. if you think about 2.3 billion systems out there, it's not like a huge check then drinking champagne typing on the computer and launching the cubes into. it's actually much need -- i'm just kidding me. it's much different, it is much more difficult than that. so this book walks you through it and in the case is how to do reconnaissance, how i want you to find a system to determine the, but the peace. so for example one of the folks in our office actually uses this to test his system at home to see if he has a formidable these others could be exporting and do not touch those.

if you had the capabilities you could look at our system. why do i bring this up? so my time on this, and i'm not the elite computer operator that we have today. but i was able to upload this and able to take one of my virtual machines against the other hand over a ten minute period break into this other machine, download files, upload a keen lager system and essentially take control and do with that machine anything that i wanted to do. what that does is it says what are the training requirements that we have to defend against that. if we can't explain to the american people.

my concern is what happens we throw out these words without having any context in that context civil liberties for privacy. you are going to break the machines you're doing something else. the reality is we can do the protection of civil liberties and privacy and cybersecurity as a nation. not only weekend but i believe that this something we must try. it's can't be absolutely filed to the country. we've actually set up five key areas and what to talk about these, what does it take from the defense department and i want to focus on the defense department initially and then we can use that as an analogy to look at what you have to do for

the country. so the first thing is dillinger editions of architecture. we've talked about that. when we talk about building a defense of architecture, there are some things we can and i think must do. one thing i don't see is in my opinion going to the quality in virtual i.t. infrastructure tetris. many of you know from just reading the clouds not perfectly secure, either. we know the system that the iran today is not secure. 15,000 conclaves. they can patch those of their frequency which ensures that if humans are involved, the probability that someone makes a mistake and pence.

we should reduce the vulnerability to by going to tender to will ploughs. what we can do is have the computer update the riss patches and the deutsch the vulnerabilities at effort to speed. that's a huge step from where we are to the have something we should take on tomorrow. we need to build a trained and ready cyber force with the right number of capacity. and so, one of the things, the reasons i am reading that book is what the national security agency at what cyber command does and what our services are doing. whether the future standards that we have to have for our military and civilians to defend this country in cyprus pace. we lead that program out, get the right people. we have over 100 universities during information, cybersecurity. take the best of that and put on the table and that we got to

educate the teacher force, and we need to do that. situational awareness. how do you see cyberspace cracks think about that. if she got a group of folks together and said to me at the turn of cyberspace and what's that mean? show me what you are talking about, you are saying you got this different type of invulnerability. what does that mean? how do you see that. how do we share information between government departments? how do we share information between the government and industry and how we do that in the way that such the american people know they are protecting their civil liberties and

privacy. this is a great case in point. to the different types of now where there are getting into your system they have a number of ways of doing it. they are not reading your e-mail per say. they're looking at the stream of the the that is coming in, looking for signatures or ports are different types of activities. and if they see that activity, the alert off of it. a jump for to the legislation. one of the things we have to have this if the critical infrastructure community is being attacked by something we need them to tell us at network speed. it doesn't require the government to be there.

with the internet service provider or the company to tell us that this type of event is going on at this time and it has to be at network speed. coming into the united states. if you think about a missile coming into the united states, there's two things you could do. we could take the snail mail approach and this was going and overhead. but a letter in the mail and say how did that turn out? fiber is at the speed of light. we are actually trying to figure out when the nation is under attack and what we need to do about that. the nice part about cyber,

everything we do you can audit with 100% reliability. it seems to me that there's a great approach. so for situational awareness. i don't mean that the government has to be in the network to see. i mean how do you see what is going on? ..

the. >> dhs, the public face with private industry and state and governments. we provide technical support. if the nation is attacked, that is our job. finally, obtaining the authorities and policies and

rules how we operate. the white house has taken the lead the and the defense department. there is a lot going on in these areas. i would like to give a few thoughts of cyber communication. there is a couple things that we need. information sharing. if we know there are vulnerability is meno with the private sector so they know what the threat to books like. we need to be told what is

going on in so we can stop it. there is a lot going out there. what gets misunderstood we're not talking about taking our personal e-mail. rican help this by educating our people what does it mean to tell the government when we have a problem? that is straight forward. we will never get to a solution until something bad

happens then they will jump over here. while the have the time, of patience, understanding, let 's forget this rights and do it now. i am not on the payroll. they have the top 20 thain six to fix odd your network. here they are. the rules of the road. think about this like

driving. if there were no rules rules, there maybe problems, collisions, should we set up rules of the road? this adobe an international problem. what are the standards we need now? how we protect that system? those are the problems we will see. me need information sharing sharing, the situational

awareness. we can do this and protect from privacy. what are the set of standards we need? as we look what is going on, the greatest growth in the nation is cyber -- cyber. other countries use the space. while we have the time me should enact those things for our security. and do it now so i don't

explain why it have been to. i prefer not to do that. i do think that comes our way. you can see statistically attacks are growing. growing from disruptive to destructive. our country has the bulk of the network. we are the most vulnerable. we need to do something about it. so i will open it up for questions. [applause] >> please make it a

question. not a speech. wait for the microphone. >> i rate for the epic times. please talk about us cyber threat china poses to the united states? >> yes. [laughter] did you one taye longer answer? [laughter] if you look at the networks networks, the hardest part

is to go into details. statistically as secretary clinton pointed out of the two biggest and members of computers and devices. number one the greatest probability they will be used for disruptive comment destructive forms. we have to get together to move forward. also mentioning the theft of intellectual property. my perspective is by having a viable defense that we can put together with cyber legislation. i cannot go into the details of this thread and still keep my job.

[laughter] >> a a well defense. offensive capabilities in general. you mentioned vulnerability but many are in the position of being the most skilled rock thrower in this city of glass house is. it is a two edged sword. what the abilities to recreate for ourselves when me work on an offensive cyber? >> that is a great question. i will try a2 address it directly. the issues that we face in cyberspace, the difference of the physical world this

is an area where we have to look at what are the alternatives to get other countries to do something? with the physical domain that would have been a war. what can you short of that diplomatic, informational and not military? those our policy. the consequence people way those considerations deliberately. as a consequence, i cannot

have more details than that. >> bloomberg news. to what extent has al qaeda our non state actors acquired the expertise to go into destructive cyber? are they close at all zero were what tools half to work before becoming a viable threat to? >> i don't believe they are right now. the reason i think the book is so were to -- important and say this is easy.

we look at the dot that works not only critical of research sure bet to say are all different. look at the capabilities publicly from my perspective because of the internet itself, but if you look at those get somebody with a computer science background at the bachelor's level could conduct this. i am concerned i don't see it today but others could.

that does concern me. >> general to controls the internet before and the going to the cybersecurity events there does not seem to be urgency. a lot of people talk about if nothing is done. now putin is president of russia again he doesn't let

the cyberattack go by and china. when will we get serious? good the president have to have the cyber segment to say pass the bill? >> so many things to say. this time of year politically is difficult to move things through congress amaya experience see this as a key issue they keep problem is how do we help articulate? i am getting calls from both sides. it is hard with fundamental

disagreements. it is a step in the right direction. generally speaking they have the key issues. we could talk unclassified and unclassified setting. it is said difficult piece of legislation. do see different versions. i can help educate people people, everyone on civil liberties and privacy. we need to address that head

on and show we can do both. i think we do a good job. information sharing everybody agrees. the hard part is what do you mean by setting standards? that is the tough part. that is the way to work our way through. what is the right starting point*? >> thank you for taking my question.

[inaudible] i cannot go into all details from the data center we don't pull data on u.s. citizens. one of the things that is grossly miss reported you will grab all e-mails and put them in the united states. we don't do that. just statistically talking about 30 trillion e-mails. anybody read that? think about that. go back to the mission of nsa. foreign intelligence focus on counter terrorism to

protect the country from 9/11. look at world were to. and a glut, red and purple. and his men the greatest privilege to work with the people at nsa they take protecting your civil liberties the most important thing they do. when people throw out to with fed data center it is baloney. american people need to know that is not true. as secretary wolfowitz said tried not to go out publicly every time somebody says something bad but it is ludicrous.

it would give adversaries chairman disadvantage we will not do that. >> according to the american newspapers specially chained of cyber warfare evidence of showing that it is a fiery from warfare and think you. >> defending our country in cyberspace is one of the most important missions to see we are secure.

in the 2009 speech the comment was we will respond to the attacks in different forms. we need a trained and ready for us. we have some great technical capabilities. 1/2 to stop the things going on. part this cyber legislation that we've talked about. >> and with "the washington post." to give the opportunity to

educate you say you are not interested in me e-mails? what type the id email would you want to get? and what was it you do? do have what you need to do so? >> thank you for that. that is important. in the interest to make this understandable, signature eight or the overseas. the machine it sees it hexadecimal format. it could be the it address what the anti-virus world does it is a map set out for the signature.

if you are the power grid we'd need to know signature day came from the axe address pointing to why. we don't need to know what was in the email became there at that time. those are the authority is we are working through. you have a tremendous ability to help inform the american people. many could get with mack of the four symantec to say what do we do if they were

attacked what do we do? we are not in the financial sector -- sector. dhs or fbi does not see. somebody has us to tell us. so that sharing portion is what the isps would be authorized to share back and forth. it says only signature eighth. that is far different. i am not a lawyer but to said that attack what about the good people? we don't need to see any of those.

only with no where. and the fact it was there. you did not have to see original e-mails. only the one with no where. does that make sense? >> so what are the events occurring? if it is the isps is it an attack on the country? you don't want to say own no. there went the sector. wake up. the only work for me is to explain why we did not stop it. so defend the country takes realtime capability is

working together to make that happen. the intent is now we have a problem that the defense department has to act. those are the rules in the authorities but the key part is the legislation. helping to understand what we do is vital to our future. thank you for taking the time today. thank you very much.

>> good morning. i am the associated director at the mexico institute. a special welcome to the woodrow wilson center. some of the fourth of july vacationers are slow to a rise. we do want to get started. those who are viewing this