presidential historian. on the lives of presidents and wars hot and cold. in-depth at noon eastern on c-span 2 booktv. every weekend on c-span2 booktv, our afterwords program feature authors of the latest non-fiction books interviewed by their peers. this weekend donald and james share their opinions with fox news only list. on how the foundation of america's middle class have been disdismantle by washington and wreath. it airs every saturday at 10:00 p.m. eastern and sundays at 9:00 p.m. and midnight. now from the virginia festival of book. stefanie duetch and daniel talk about fighting for siflg rights through education and war. it's about an hour.

>> good afternoon. welcome to the virginia festival of books sponsored by virginia foundation for the humidities. the. panel is caughted fight the for civil right through ocean and war. i'm pleased to welcome you here this afternoon. i'll be moderating today which features two authors. stefanie duetch who are here to talk about about the books on the schools and the airmen. a few program notes to begin, first i'd like to point out that c-span is filming this production for booktv. so please be sure your cell phones are off. i'd like to remind my students of that sometimes. please be sure your cell phones are off. also remember that the book festival of the book is tree free of charge. not free of cost. if you would like to support the festival. you can go online or pick up a giving pact at any of the information booth.

we appreciated after the panel you complete the patrol evaluation the yellow sheet you've been handed which helps us to develop program in future years. for the format for the panel i will introduce the authors. they will have a few minutes to introduce the books to talk briefly about them and we will have what i envision will be a lively discussion between yourselves and the authors after which you will of course, have the opportunity to purchase the books that you see in front of you and have them signed by the authors. so to begin, stefanie duetch, the author -- published in 2011 by american university press.

washington "times," the weekly standard, philanthropy magazine and the million blog. in addition to writing she serves as grant committee community foundation which gives $50,000 a year in small grants. dr. daniel haulman is chief of the organization history division at the air force and the coauthor of the book. he earned the bachelor degree from the university of southwestern louisiana, his master's degree from the university of new orleans, and ph.d. in history from auburn university. before pursuing his ph.d. he taught high school social studies in louisiana for fife years. he authored five books about aviation history, written three air force pamphlet lets. he taught at huntington college and foalinger in university. without ado i'll give you the authors and begin in

chronological order by subject matter which gives us stefanie first. >> thank you. >> i'm particularly happy to continue consider the subject of my book in the liefght of the civil rights movement. bringing it more in to the present because booker t. washington and julius rosin walled who were extraordinarily well known during their lifetimes have been ellipsed in recent years and washington in particular has seen his reputation slide. he's been charged with being an accommodationist, being unwilling to place higher aspirations for african-americans, places constriction what they could accomplish, and what i found in the study was in the opposite. they made a significant contribution to the period that lead the way to the civil rights

movement. booker t. washington, many of you probably remember was born not too far from here on a small family far with a slave as a child. and then was educatedded at hampton university hampton substitute at it was then. he traveled down to alabama in 81. i was he was -- they were created on the momgdz of hampton as a school to educate teachers. at the end of slavery, of course, education was very much need by the freed men and very much wanted and to have education you had to have teachers. he been created to teach teachers. it was a very successful school. washington had severals a

tributes that contributed to this. he was a god teacher and hard workers. he was a brilliant fundraise and spent a lot of time traveling up north making speeches and soliciting donations and us key agree was a thriving institution. in 1895 he had an opportunity that thrust him in to national limelight when he was invited to be a speaker at the cotton state exhibition. it was a world fair he was the only african-american speaker there. he spoke for five minutes, giving a speech that was very positive and upbeat, talked about african-americans an white people working together to strengthen the south for mutual progress, economic viability for all of them, and then in a passage that later became controversial, he said "in all things that are purely social, we blacks and whites can remain

as singer of our hand, we will be as one as a phi in things that have to do with mutual benefit." in the wake of the speech, it became tremendously famous. harvard university gave him an honor degree the next year. he and his wife took a trip to europe. they were invited to tea with queen vict area. he had dinner at white house with the door roosevelt. he was famous and well known. at the same time despite the optimism. it was a difficult period for african-americans in fact. ferguson in 18 4eu had mandated separate but equal which was always separate but very rarely equal. ingreece creasingly jury dictions were passes law separating schools, hotels, playgrounds, parks. not only that, the search of the states were passing legislation

restricting voting and african-american who had been voting since they were -- since freedom had come, were being restricted from the ballot box and not able to vote and lynching was -- in my ignorance when i started my research, i thought of it as a random sometime thing. i was shocked to discover how pervasive it was and what a source of fear it was in the african-american community. so in 1911, when washington met rosin walled he had reason to be optimistic but he had a heavy load of responsibility about us key agree and anxiety about what was happening. he was the newly rich president of the serious are buck. his parents were jewish immigrants immigrants from germany. he had been born in spring

felled illinois, his father ran a small clothing store. he grew up there. and learned the clothing trade from the angles in new york and returned to chicago to start his own business. 1895, same year as washington had the opportunity with the speech, he was invited to boy in to a small unknown mail order company. it proved to be a found investment. seers was booming at the time. as you probably know, sold everything from your wedding ring to a tome stone. he took a trip to europe. he started looking around for philanthropy uses for the money. the money had come through good luck as his own merit, and he felt a certain responsibility to be a stewart of it and use it to benefit others response he started with jewish philanthropy

in the chicago community. and when he met washington he was ready do look a little further. who things had attractedded his attention to african-americans. one was that one of the first race ray rots in america occurred in 1908 in springfield. his hometown, and it was on the front page of the chicago paper for three day, the black part of town was burnt down. it was a horrifying event and particularly horrifying to rosin walled who had been giving victims in europe which were the state sponsored rites that were attacking jewish communities. about at the same time one of his friends gave him a washington's biography. and so in 1911, when they met at a luncheon in chicago, these two men had good reasons to be anxious to meet each other.

washington was looking for wealthy people who might be donations and he was anxious to know more about african-americans. they hit it off. they were both very practical men. very results-oriented. he invited washington to visit the sears plant when was enormous and washington responded by inviting him to come to the college. which he did that fall. he rented a private train car. filled it with family and friends and his rabbi from chicago. they traveled there and was impressed ability what he saw. i'm sure we'll talk more about it. the buildings had been built by the students of bricks they made there. he was extraordinary impress. he greed to serve on the board of the us agree.

in the rural south, there were many places where black children were not going to school at all. if they did go to school, they went for four or five months a year. they were attending school in churches or lodge buildings or private homes. and so schoolhouses was a major need, and washington also stressed to him that the community he was thinking were anxious to have schools. in many places, the people living there already started to collect money, they are already thinking about how they might acquire a schoolhouse. and risen walled, one of the beliefs about philanthropy he was a great promoting of matching grant. he felt people who were invested in the end result were more

likely to benefit from it. and so he agreed to build small schoolhouses in the area. which they did. the cost for him was $350 per schoolhouse. an equal amount came from the communities. and on the next trip, he visited some of the schools and was extraordinarily moved not only to see the schools and the children, but to see the entire community turn out to welcome him, to thank him, to impress gratitude and he agreed -- he quickly agreed they would expand the program. they would 100 more schools and they were involved in building several hundred more when washington died in 1915 rather unexpectedly. there were over 5,000 schools

and school-related buildings that had been conducted by the rosin walled fund. i'll conclude with a fact they always find stunning, dollar for dollar during the twenty years of the schools were being built, more had come from the african-american community that benefited from the schools than from the man himself. so the people in the schools who were by and large quite poor and quite disadvantaged, contributed as much money as the fund had contributed. and there's lots more i could say. maybe we'll let that come out in the next 0 portion. >> i'd like to start off by connecting my book with your book a little bit. there is a connection, the fund had a sponsor somebody who was involved with helping raise money for the risen walled fund

especially for certain possibles was eleanor roosevelt. as a famous incident when she visited the pilot training program back in 1940, it started at little field called kennedy field. a little grass field in us key agree area, and she visited that because she knew the -- it was going to get trained pilots in the it's key agree area. she visited on whatever of the fund to raise money for the construction of the place where the primary flight training would take place at motenfield.

through the fund, tuskegee substitute was able to construct that airfield. motenfield. it was a much larger airfield that was built by the army air forces. little bit northwest of motefield. it's key agree army airfield. it's the basic flying training, the advance flying training and the transition flying training book place. that's enough of the transition but i'd like to now just talk about the book as a whole. maymainly to concentrate on the sources of the author. all of the author of the book, i'm dan haulman one of the authors. another one is joseph and another -- the three of us worked or have worked because joseph rentedly tired we have worked at air force historical agency. and that air force historical research agency is the pretheir repository of air force

historical documents especially related to air force organization such as squad rones, wings, number air force and major air command and so on. including the world war ii of air force organization and just to let you know how i got involved in writing about the tuskegee airmen. i had written about other aspects of air force history before. i decided to write a paper about the aerial victory of the men 12 years ago. it was eventually pub published. that got me started started in wraibtding the it's key agree airmen. my major contribution to the book is the criminology. it contains a very detailed criminology of the airmen events. but i also wrote half the chapter introductions, about the airmen. what this book started out as was a coffee table photograph

book. book of photographs with caption. it was going have chapter introductions to tie everything together. but the other two authors who were originally the only two authors of the book decided that crin enologist i had developed -- when this grown to some 70 pages of regular double spaced paper, was a valuable edition they would want to put in the book. they asked me if i would be a coauthor. and asked me if i would find the crin enologist was put in the book. i was happen to put the crin enologist in the book. i want to say a little bit how the book differs from other books. some of the publications are a little bit more accurate. i could say it's a little bit more accurate than some. it's based on the documents.

the world war ii towments -- documents themselves. what a lot of people don't realize the members of the airmen themselves produced monthly history of their organizations during world war ii. and they also produced narrative missionary ports immediately after each mission they flew. daily narrative mission reports. so based on the histories, the monthly history of the units themselves written by the airmen themselves, the narrative mission report that they compose themselves during world war ii and immediately after each mission. other documents such as orders that awarded them distinguishing flying crosses with orders that awarded them aerial victory credits and award the organization distinguished unit citation those kinds of document make this book a little bit more accurate and more complete. and another thing i'd like to mention too, besides having a lot of photographs, that aren't contained in any other airmen

publication, there is also a lot of focus on other members of the it's key agree airmen organization besides the fighter pilots. it's not just about the fighter pilots. it's about the bombers crew. there was a 477 crew that trained b24 pilots. they trained everyone. and they trained in the united states and so it wasn't just the 99th fighting squad ron and the 332 fighter group. another thing the book brings out is the different kinds of aircraft they flew. they didn't fly just red tail b51 in combat, they flew before that p40, p49.

several different kinds of fighter aircraft. the story is more complete when you look at it focusing not only on the fighter pilots but on the bombers crew and also on the ground personnel. if you told a lot of the fighter pilots all the bombers pilots that were trained at tuskegee during world war ii it's less than a ground. if you count the ground personnel it's over 1,000. a lot of information about the other people who were also involved in the tuskegee airmen organization is in the book too. the last thing i'd like to say is that this connects with the civil rights not just with the fund because of some of the things the airmen accomplished. of course we know the airmens were the first black pilots in the american american military. there was no black pilots in the navy or ma careen corp. it was on the army air forces. it was a struggle to get the

army air forces to admit black pilots. almost 1,000 black pie plots were trained in the army air forces and partly because of their record in world war ii, their success. president truman in 1948 issued an exec tv order 9981 which mandated the integration of the armed forces not just the air force but the air force was not born until 1947 but all the armed forces. integration was partly the result, racial integration was partly the result of the tugs key agree airmen record. that wasn't the only thing. the other thing that the tuskegee airmen ask that help contributessed to the civil rights movement was something called the freemont field. i don't know if you have heard of that. but the 477 group was stationed at a place called freemont field. in 1945, the commander of the

airfield within decided that he wanted -- the commander of the unit 477 group decided that he wanted to set up two officers squads. one for whites and one for blacks. he pretendedded the whites for was trainers and the blacks were trainees. he disgiewsed the fact it was really racial segregation on an air force on an army air force base. but the members of the 477 bomb many wouldn't go along with that. 101 of them refused to sign a paper saying they recognize that they'll be two separate officers clubs, this is the one for this set of people. and that's the one for that set of people. and so refuse to be go along with that, 101 of them were arrested. and they were eventually exonerated because the army air force couldn't justify having a policy that violated the army's own policy about officers

clubs. if you were an officer and were stationed at certain base you had a right to go to the officer club. there there wasn't a question about two officers club. that's a pioneer event, i think, in civil rights history. that's part of the tuskegee airmen history. there's a direct connection between the civil rights movement and the civil rights history and the it's agree airmen. that's about all i wanted to say to introduction. >> thank you to both of you. we'll open it up for audience questions. but i'll start myself. one of the privileges of being the moderatedders. you get the ask the first question. daniel started the answer my question which relates to seeing both of these projects in light of the civil rights movement. which traditionally we think of in terms of mass marks, boycott, demonstration all started in about 1954, rosa parks, but

historians are seeing a broader, longer civil rights movement. i'm curious to say how you see -- the times segregatedded institution, the schools, the airmen how do you see them contributed to what becomes of what we think of today is the civil rights movement. i'll allow you tboat answer that. i promise we'll move to audience questions. i think >> i think it's a great question, and it takes me back to an ah-ha moment i had couple of years ago. i was watching eye on the prize. the pbs documentary. i was looking at footage of people walking to work in montgomery alabama during the busboy cot. i was thinking gosh, they did it for a year. then i went, wow, some of these people went to the schools. some of their parents went the schools. and i began to connect that sense of engagement and involvement with the way the people who built the schools had

contributed money, had contributed land, and had contributed labor. i watched -- i've been watching a lot of civil rights history. a couple of last week saw the documentary about the freedom writers an the narrater said the freedom writers help dispel the myth of black impetus. i think the people that build the schools and the airmen did the same thing. yes, they were segregated institution. they were segregated institutions that had been created with a big push from african-americans to achieve goals that they very much wanted to achieve. their goals were being met by these institutions. >> one of the primary goals of the civil rights movement was racial integration, and racial integration not only of schools but also of public states. like restaurants and hotels and other places. but really it started in the

military. and the 1940s with president truman's executive order and the implementation of that was a different services. so really i think the integration of the armed forces beginning in 1949, with the air force and with the other services shortly after, helped pave the way for the integration of americans society. because one the military was integrated. it was easier for the veterans when they went back in the regular society to push for the integration of the rest of american society. so i think that's one of the connections too between what the tuskegee airmen did and what happened as a result of their efforts. and i should -- i should mention too that two of the tuskegee airmen eventually became very important during the civil rights era, not really marching in civil rights marchs or anything. but the first black general in the air force was beaningman who

was the most important it's tuskegee airmen. he command the big groups. and the 477 bomb group. e commanded all of the major airmen organizations. he became the first black general in the air force. during the civil rights era, civil rights movement era. and another was daniel james who became the first four-star black general in the american military. not just the air force, but also in the american military as a whole. >> all right. well, let's have some questions from the audience. i'll ask you to raise your hands so a volunteer can bring you a microphone. it can pick up as well for the broadcast. question? [inaudible] i was born in alabama, lived in

montgomery during the boycott years, and participated in that boycott, the territory was tuskegee on the field, huntington college -- [inaudible] and there are many questions i can ask, of course, the first i wanted to write this basically dealing with booker t. washington. he was an important character. i think it's hard to talk about him without also talking about deboys, because as you said washington thought that blacks and whites could be the -- [inaudible] but dew blacks could be involved in all kinds of activities, education alike. so i would like to have a comment on that. i also want to know what rosin walled's -- [inaudible]

my grandfather started a school they went to first eight of my years. his name is benjamin. i went to the teacher school for eight years. and it had some connection but i never had any connection with the rawsen walled. i wanted to know if that the teachers who were supervisors come out of that kind of -- [inaudible] >> the teachers were not part of the organization. they were sort of more like alongside of. and in some cases, worked in the risen walled schools. they were not part of the program. it was a separate, completely separate program and he did not involve himself with the teachers because the schools were public schools. so the teachers were employed by the state or the county. was your school that you went to

a rosenwald school. >> no it wasn't. any grandfather started my school. >> in terms of your question about booker t. washington. i think that washington is unfairly considered to have viewed this as sort of a final stop of where he thought things were going to be. if an interview toward the end of his life, he was asked do you think there will be a african-american president. he said yes, i should think so. and he was very practical. he thought in the immediate, what was needed primarily was education. and due boys clothely agreed on. the people for whom elementary and secondary education wasn't enough. the people who were going to be

intellectual and artistic leaders. washington didn't in any way wish to detract from that, his own children went to university, but he felt that before you can have that, you have to have a solid base of people who have had primary education. and washington was also a little -- it was a slightly earlier time. but the con strains were slightly different. we can talk today a lot i know. let other people have a chance to ask questions. [laughter] >> thank you. [inaudible] substitute university. and i did a little work graduate work in pittsburgh. i would like to know how do we enhance relationship between the jewish community here and the

university of virginia? >> wow, that's an interesting question. probably someone from -- [inaudible] are you having trouble hearing? he asked -- sorry the question was how can charlotteville work to increase collaboration between the jewish community and the university of virginia? in town and the university? well, i'll tell you an experience that i had a few weeks that ago that might point us in a direction. ispeaking at the school in north carolina, and winston salem that still a school today. it's a public school, and i spoke at an assembly, after a spoke a young african-american teacher came up to me and said i can't believe it. i've never heard of the schools. but i grew up in connecticut, and my church, a black baptist

church, had a relationship with the synagogue in town. i used to go to the ceremonies and i celebrated all the jewish holidays and the jewish community would come to my church and do things with us. i'm amazed that i don't know the story about rosin walled. i think little projects like that can build bridges. it's an interesting and important relationship the relationship between jews and blacks. >> thank you. [inaudible] on the covers are of the book, there are men, but clearly i know i haven't had a chance to read them. obviously. women are part of the story, right? and so how would you give us a little taste of how women play in to the stories in both of these? >> i'll let you go first. >> okay. i can tell you a little bit

about the women in the tuskegee airmen. there's been some debate recently in the airmen ink. i've been a member of the tuskegee airmen for some time. and the last five national conventions i've attended. one of the issues that people are talking about is whether the tuskegee airman name should be tuskegee airmen and women. tuskegee air women because women were involved from the beginning. and they were not only nurse, they were nurses who trained at tuskegee and were involved in the army air field and several different ground personnel. i told you about the number of pilots was less than 1,000. the number of ground person over 14,000. many of the ground personnel were women. i'll tell you a story about one of the tuskegee airmen and his wife. her e better is one of the tuskegee airmen. he's still alive today.

he's 94 years old. his wife passed away just a few monthst ago. his wife could be considered in a way a tuskegee air woman even though she didn't train in the military she supported her husband and got pilot training herself. she went to the civilian pilot training at kennedy field cuss agree substitute sponsored that. because she was a black woman, and not a black men, she didn't have the opportunity to go to motenfield for the primary flight training or to tuskegee army air field for the basic flight training. so she faced a wall there. she didn't have the door of opportunity open for her at the time. but she continued to work at tuskegee, and at motenfield supporting the program and she was honored just a little over a year ago for being the first black woman to and pilot license in alabama.

i was interested in trying to find out why black women weren't allowed in the wasp, the women air service pilot in world war ii, but that door of opportunity was closed to women as well. women played an important role among the airmen, but in a support role at the time because flying in the military was closed to them. since they were not only black but they were women. they had two doors to face to two -- two challenges. does that answer your question? >> [inaudible] i didn't phrase it as specifically as i could. i was interested in not only women nurses serves but connecting the men to the families. to their mothers, wives, their children, to give a more holistic sense of who the men were and how they related -- i'm sure the records indicate writing back and forth. that dynamic and with the

washington, of course washington's wife was very active. i imagine his wife was as well or sisters. how do they fit in to the story? >> that's a great question. women are all day part of every story. and -- [laughter] certainly in the case of washington and rosin walled, they were and with the schools, but i'll start with the two men, washington, you know, had a very tragic private life in the sense that he married the year after he started it's key go he married a -- he married 0 oliva davidson who was teaching and a very they had two children, two

little boys. when the younger was less than three months old. she i dod. at young man he lost two wives and he did marry a third time margaret murray became very active at tuskegee and quite involved certainly in the life but also in the work at tuskegee . come from a background like him. her pelgd leer was for 11 years before he set up a store in up state new york and they moved to illinois. she had one brother and six sisters. so he was surrounded a lot of sisters and they had five children three of them daughters. to whom they were devoted. just on the subject of the schools, women were often very

involved in the communities where the money was raised for the schools. they were involved in those programs. and also as teachers. many schools that i have visited people will talk about how they had the same teachers for many years there was a teacher who was there for 25 years, and the vast majority of the teachers were women. they had a huge impact on the children they taught. they were really more than just teachers. they mentors, community leaders, they were very important. [inaudible] i already mentioned herbert carter and his wife. i should say there's a photograph in the book of herbert carter standing next to the plane the p-40 at the time, i think it was. he's standing next to it. it said mike on the plane. it was the nickname of his wife

mill dread. a lot of airmen were married during world war ii. and they wrote back and forth with their wives. they received a lot of support from the wifes. i've become acquainted with the subject because having attend the last five tuskegee airmen convention. i got to meet a lot of widows. i can mention one in particular george roberts was first black man even before general davis jr. at the time. he wasn't a junior. he was a later commander at the 99th. his wife was at the last convention and get speak with her and she said, the wives had a very great deal to do with the success of their husbands. >> other questions? [inaudible]

that's good question. they didn't have much success at first getting jobs at airlines. at -- all of them were trained pilots who will flown overseas and some who hadn't flown overseas with the 477, and they were -- many of them interested in the opportunity they might have in the airlines, and many of the airlines wouldn't accept them as pilots at first. that doesn't mean they didn't keep trying and eventually many of them became pilots in airline and private industry. a lot of airmen stayed in the service, i should say that james flew in world war ii and korea and vietnam, not only became the first four-star black general in american armed forces, but he also had taken part in those three wars world war ii, korea, anne vietnam.

charles mcgee is another airmen that stayed in the service possibly because he knew he had more opportunities there at first than in private life. and he also flew in world war ii and korea vietnam. and he has 409 combat missions. when you total the combat missions he had in all three wars. that's not to say that the airmen didn't succeed out the military. many of them did will go in to private business, not necessarily the airlines and became successful. probably one of the most outstanding example was that is roscoe browne. roscoe browne was a airmen who on march 24, 1945, flew on the berlin mission. the only mission to berlin that the airmen that flew on. the only one they fry on. it was usually the 8th air force from england. on the mission he shot down a german jet and became famous

partly because of that. he became a famous educator, and he was the one who -- if you remember the 2007 smoan in which president george w. bush presented a gold medal to the airmen collectively for their services in world war ii and beyond, and roscoe browne was the airmen chosen to accept on behalf of the airmen as a whole. that medal. i asked to write the introduction of the book. he accepted. he has an introduction. he's an example of the airmen. they became successful outside of the military. >> i'm interested in the connection. i mean, we keep talking about cuss tuskegee one through the substitute and the schools and

one think the military tear. could you tell us more about the tuskegee not from alabama or haven't been there. what was it like then what was it like in world world war ii? tell us about that. ..

it. >> and in their is mal another beautiful chapel or modern but we bribing university. one of the original schools has been restored not too far from auburn. and tuskegee will be the site for a major conference which promotes the preservation and restoration of the schools. those were listed the most

historic sites and many were documented in schools and working to preserve them. >> tuskegee and world war ii and my association with the other authors few are more familiar than i am but the tuskegee airmen were very familiar and they came from all over the country. they were not familiar with the racial conditions. many were shocked at the segregation policies they did not have to do with the four. many people do not realize they had haitian pilots.

some trained at maxwell field but haiti pilots had to train at tuskegee the only place offered training in the whole army air force. the haitians are not used to segregated conditions for about but i should say at the time was predominantly black but the leadership was white. because of that many tuskegee airmen were told by the officers to be careful when they went into town because of the segregation and racial policies.

many felt uncomfortable even going into town. especially the airfield that had what they needed and there is not much in the way of entertainment opportunity. i should mention to have a three airfield was owned by a tuskegee institute. but the tuskegee army air field was much larger. the men would stay on the

base because it was so much larger. >> now it is a museum they have a nice display. >> the other thing we associate is the simplest study that has nothing to do with our books but the little school that i mentioned many of the men involved in the study had gone to that school that is next to the church and was next to the recruiting area. that is actually a national landmark because of its significance of. >> i went to mention the

historic site many people today isn't the tuskegee historic sites have the wrong impression that is where all pilot training took place there but it was only primary flight training. basic and advanced and transition flight training was that the field northwest. it is ruined now out in the country. the personnel one month ago went on the field trip to visit the ruins. there is not much left. the hangars have been moved.

there at the different airports. we could see where the runways have been, the streets. you can see it was a huge base at the time. but not very well known. >> we have time for more questions. >> the rosenwald supported building schools in large role areas? and he gave philanthropic support to others hawks beyond schools like libraries? and other philanthropists supported facilities with the understanding education

would be limited like the booker t. washington model of what is susceptible for educating blacks in the south. or did he not get to engage in the discussion? back that is a huge and controversial topic. the rosenwald gave money to many small rural schoolhouses. at the end they did fund high-school is. some that the little rock nine went to was a school and one in winston-salem. he gave money to universities.

a very significant benefactor to howard and accretion of dillard university, but atlantic university it was but not unique to help african americans. the rockefellers were very active and spelman was his wife before she married him. i don't think rosenwald had the feeling he was educating people for a limited picture but they needed education. he was more practical. not philosophical. it did not occur he was educating for a limited

future. he gave money to universities as well. >> i wonder of the philanthropy how that spread from rosenwald to rockefeller, how they're example might have spread? >> in this significant if you look at 12 the people today. maybe bill gates is the wealthiest he has chosen to

areas public education and public health. that remains the basic area of four philanthropist. but you have the idea to give the people the tools to enable them to have better lives, jobs, careers, . rosenwald felt strong way and each generation knows to turn the lights off that is why there is no rosenwald fund today.

but others are working in the field. >> in the 1930's there were german jewish professors was there any connection of those german professors that could not find employment but who did find positions southern black institutions? it is a fascinating story

parker jewish intellectuals and professors is a wonderful story i don't know that much about of a direct connection to the rosenwald fund. >> when it was renovated it seemed a spacious in. who designed and that? whether the plans came? how much was directed by the community and how much was

preset? >> that is a great question. the plans were standardized created at tuskegee and robert taylor was in five to in designing them. they were very modern modern, specious, distinctive windows, look at those schools they were built on a standard plans and the two teachers school one of the most common plans white schools copied the plans. but they did share the plans.

it is very interesting. plans were particularly attractive. >> we're out of time. but they do on behalf of virginia festival of the book. to meet the authors and have them sign and continue the discussion. thank you. [applause] [inaudible conversations]

>> it is a timely book to be some up and nowhere in our history have we seen such a concerted series of vicious personal attacks directed toward any president of the united states. completely funded by a pair of brothers called the coke brothers with the assistance of the all to comply and american media. then you get the obama's eight machine.

then i can open for questions until the cameras are turned off. [laughter] start with a hate directed against obama of. of think criticism of many american president is fair game. i go to the white house every day. everyday a crowd is protesting something. i love that. i always check out the issue of the day. a healthy part of our democracy. go back to adams than jefferson but with president

obama the attacks and not on his politics but on him as a person. i have done a lot of research was presidential history but not that severe since abraham lincoln. only after was he assassinated he was revered but came to washington introduced by the kentucky statement as follows. >> ibrahim again a man of medium height passing six what. rawboned, pigeon toes, of both legged, a shapeless

skeleton in a very dirty and of poll some skin. his lips protrude beyond the face but pale and smeared -- smeared with tobacco juice. his teeth are filled the. [laughter] meet your new president of the united states. [laughter] another paper published mr. lincoln stands 6 feet tall in his socks which he changes once every 10 days. [laughter] his anatomy is mostly bones when walking it is a happy marriage between a derek and windmills. his head is shaped like a rutabaga and hardly called handsome but better looking since he had smallpox. [laughter]

>> / forward. , called a racist, of marxist, fascist, a dictator , muslim not of positive term meaning terrace, not see, foreigner see, foreigner, jack ast, liar, and a socialist the obsession of all bomb that as the person they have to prove he is not like us. he is black and we are white. also not a true american with the bourse certificate nonsense.

he is something different different, something else and something for in. the obsession to destroy him personally when of the most conservative commentators call it the obama derangement syndrome. they cannot help themselves. last week a leading federal judge in montana sent an e-mail and his official account a joke about little barack obama asking why am i black? she said i am surprised your father did not bark. he is a dog.

he said i do not usually do this but i thought that was funny. that is how sick these people are. that it is the government takeover of health care. you can disagree on taxes but this is on him personally. the obama hate machine. not just fox news. a couple of people most americans had never heard i'd like the coke brothers we have seen corporate sponsors like franklin delano roosevelt's there were three dupont brothers

banded together and called will liberty lead to deny fdr a second term. and then to fund the investigations leading to paula jones but nothing compares to the money or organization of charles davis cope, the head of coke industry is the third and fourth richest men in america. we know about warned gates and -- warren buffett and bill gates. they do some good gains. particularly david, the

wealthiest man in new york city. not bloomberg of. he supports the metropolitan museum of art, cancer research centers the most is political activity. they're everywhere. the heritage foundation, the cato institute kato went its way the coke brothers are now suing them to get it back to be a totally controlled coke brothers operation of. americans for prosperity all funded by the coke brothers freedom works john kasich from ohio. what stock imperil they are

everywhere. a couple years ago proposition 23 would repeal the clean car standard put in by a schwarzenegger instituted by koch brothers legislation for mining safety after the last disaster, the effort to overturn safety regulations funded by koch brothers. i have 53 different organizations all for the purpose of disputing the existence of global warming. those that i was able to find partially or totally

funded. they are so well connected they call it the kochtopus. [laughter] then they raise money with their buddies for the right to wane political causes. two days before the book came out they had the latest in palm springs and sheldon adelson was there. of the meetings are regularly attended from governors, they have all been there with the supreme court justice, and one month

ago they raised $100 million in one weekend to beat barack obama. think of that. look at the super pac man romney, santorum common newt gingrich, ron paul until super tuesday they spent a total of 53 million. that weekend they raised 100 million. their huge and say and do anything. is it -- it is easier now with citizens united now with unlimited amounts of money and to not have to report. they could not do it without the assistance of the media.

that is what drives me crazy. we have copies of those as well. i did not bring this to sharia the first edition but the later editions and is extremely rare. the government declared it obscene and pornographic 1921. it was banned. we have a copy of the pirated edition. notice the spine.

alice in wonderland. the little minister. >> john kennedy once meant to discuss arms can troll troll-- control but it long after words may find out what they said a private kennedy's spend a lot of time and complaining about bad press coverage. he said jack, why do you care? he said that is easy for you to say how would you like it