revoked in 1685. he kept giving non-catholics some religious freedom. it is revolting 1865 and forced to leave, either the four converter. and so his family chose to leave. his family was a very prominent family. but going to the border and trying to pass through holland. they stopped in. and zero, his father said in his hand i have money. in the sand of a pistol. you take your choice. there are pass the family that way. went to england. said it was in england for some years been remarkably there was a study at the same school

learning english and of course the great voltaire was as far from a quaker or religious tolerance person as you can imagine. you can imagine a great abundance of material goods, but he became fascinated with the quakers, too. because he had been ahuja now and the oppression because they were not revolutionaries in france. and something else called the quakers, his family had understood the nature of freedom and oppression. so he came to england. he had a great knowledge of the world already. he came to the united states in

1731. and when he came to the united states, he had lived in england some years, but he didn't find any business that he wanted in and women came to america where he became a successful businessman. they junked benezet with a slight hill, sort of sickly and he had no interest in what he called the buying and selling of goods. which is what his father did. and very quickly used his knowledge and his desire for books and became a teacher. by then i should say he had formally affiliated with the quakers. he had gone to quaker churches in england and come to america, but he had not joined per se. they often say the quakers are just like the black church. if you step in the door three times to i'm automatically remember.

so he became a quaker, started teaching at a school for girls. now why did he become a quaker? well, there were certain ideas about quakerism that had a tremendous impact. when was the notion that there is god in everyone being. i don't think the preachers get the word of god. i can get it myself. one does not inherit the sins of the father. you inherit the willcommence at there for a blog or site does not inherit the slavery. as we've known before, it's a race condition is to be born in. going back to aristotle, could be the idea of a slave being imposed upon those. the other was the idea against the excessive oil. the other one of course we know best from quakers in america is the peace principle against a war for the fighting of all measures of change. he developed that ideas and from

then as he walks the walls he sees black men and girls and men and boys in chains. and he found something in common with them. so he made his life to free his black spirit at the same time, eight years after he started teaching the school come meet todd quaker boys engrossed in his home, only with this extra money and became a phenomenal individual to that. >> professor jackson, how widespread was slavery in philadelphia in the 1730s and 1740s? >> guest: it was nowhere as widespread as in the south. benjamin franklin of slave, all the highfalutin's own slaves. there were about 3000 over time. people -- and of course the crops and everything in pennsylvania, it's cool. you have a large white workforce are there for the slavery may not be as much-needed.

there were slaves that i should tell you though that most of the time people identified with quakers has always been against slavery and its not the case. even in place that did not have slavery is abundantly clear. quakers made their first adjustment in 1688 and made a decree to germantown process against slavery, but it was over a hundred years, almost a hundred years later. you see, this is what would happen. some of them would on a certain someone say we passed a resolution that said people should come out a query that said we should get rid of the slaves. and they say have you with it yourself a slaves? the person would say, no i have not yet appeared to come back next year, next year, next year. the quakers didn't have a point of dispelling those. they did dispel those who were against slavery. the biggest example is the great

benjamin may who would come from in clinton and then gone from protesting and to barbados and benjamin lane 1731 rowson name called all safe keepers. what the big event happened in 1739. benjamin lake goes into a church and has this great broad code and other i.t. has a pouch and stabbed the juice instead i started myself just as you killed the slaves and came out as a word and they expelled him for his action. he then went and kidnapped a young girl and lived in the case. he was quite eccentric. he kept low to grow, didn't hurt her. just wanted the weights to know what it was like if your child was kidnapped. he was an early vegetarian. there were other actions since the nightly quaker action and that's when our john wollman, who was sort of the romantic lead of the quakers, and he had

traveled throughout the country protesting and invented something called the first former pistol. know what happens in the quaker religion is england is still under the control -- america is still under control of england. they would have to spend their ideas to england in order to get acceptance for a to write something, but it is no good until quakers went back and said it's okay to miss a bid to go to the english church and in 1740. and 10 years later they tried to pass the decree against slavery, the demand and not the front becomes a menace the eaton. stretch your hands to the psalms 23rd, eighth in the sun in most churches. and he passes resolution in 1868. a couple years later in 1758 -- he wrote his first real

antislavery pamphlet and he became known throughout the atlantic world and america, france and oliver by his writings at the slavery. how to become about writing this? via three components. one is a quaker religion annex the scottish enlightenment philosophy. in the 1750s and 60s and 70s was a branch of enlightenment philosophy based in scotland. we know that of smith, but there once before that. francis hutcheson, george wallace. am i often say i grew up in the south. alabama and the 50s and 60s. he has those philosophies because they took the ideas that what they did in particular that no one could hold another person and commercial. see john locke had written if a person is somewhat proper they had to write to the buyer and seller. he said no, you do not have a right to hold any human beingcan assume he is the sentinel said

they had to write to revoke. the big question then became whether or not these people were human beings. and so benezet went through scottish philosophy. he read several things, mainly slave traders and travelers. not one would say how can you read what a slave trader would say? he would say like my grandmother said, out of every life there is truth. but he did was not freed slave trade, the who went to work for the royal african company or the nautical company, things like that and started writing about the floor and africa, but some also read about the duty of african people. one was named at insane. i didn't send wrote whereby one came from eden. that's almost like thomas more's utopia. another wrote they were in the heightening people.

and he meant they were of his own people. so he knew they were muslims up in the north. and of course benedick started studying different as one african. they were religious. but then he saw one thing that tasted him on the quaker religion. africans did not produce what they didn't need. there was no idea compound accumulations are beginning to capitalism. we know many quakers got very wealthy, but she produced which you need and he believes the africans did that. so they had time of leisure, but they also worked. he saw something in us by sitting africa and assuring they were indeed human beings. in the end he wrote, we must ask ourselves who are the greatest of the country dancer, it european duet with powder to take the people from the continent. so he had that tremendous idea

of bringing all these trains of thoughts this study and corresponding with patrick henry and he sent patrick henry, give me liberty or give me death, so patrick henry wrote him back. he said thank you, this is revealing. i agree with everything you say. but how would my children survive? said this was another message. even some people against slavery could not do it because of the self benefit. and of course from and its influence on benjamin franklin. benjamin franklin is probably the greatest self-made american, great inventor, because millionaire and he owned slaves. he had taken in fact a broad money was in france and london. and franklin had a few slaves and he wrote something called the observations of mankind in 1715. what he wrote in there with

almost every slave is by nature a thief and he kept revising it. i'm at this time is talking benedict. i went through about 30 editions of the library of congress to finally change. in 1761, and the british edition he had almost everything is made by the nature of slavery. it's a big difference. almost every slave is made by nature. a slave will make you a white man if he changes, so he took and commence franklyn ben franklin eventually in 1787 becomes the second president. he has great accomplishments by american medicine. the studies and even grow as many others, many people sent their sons to study europe and even burba the sunlight meant that the study of medicine and came back and became a leading work with benezet, not very much at first. but he wrote his pamphlets, they

had written this because they would lose his business. so he brought the agnostic franklyn to presbyterian rush and respect another's almost any religion again. the british wrote something in 1784 called the ways of becoming slaveowners. when he wrote this pamphlet, he said he took almost everything from it and apologize for taking what he wrote. they said no need for apology. i'm very happy to use this. no idea of intellectual property law in the states. of course the great grenville chartres and england who lives in the somerset case. the somerset cave was basically the idea that any time a free man, a slave set in pre-territory without a magically become free.

and they say that every member of the parliament gave them to blackstone, the writer and eventually got too many others and had a tremendous impact. some said it industry. blacks in america felt that if they ran from virginia to massachusetts they'd be free. but it didn't work and it started with a call freedom suit, but it wasn't. then he had a tremendous influence from people in france. he had found something called a society for friends of the blacks. but that wasn't the first time the french had come together. the french had slave and congress, and senegal in places like dykema said they they were becoming wrist by that. at one point there was much debate. it was formed with ideas of

freedom and no slaves. in fact, some of the work and what he did those who brought about the haitian revolution in 1791. a lot of this can be traced to the ideas that they eventually put forth. >> host: professor jackson, is anthony benezet known at all today? wears his legacy? >> guest: very important question. next will be 300 years. it is one reason i decided to write this book. everywhere that they would see his name. i mainly thought at first with blacks. who would the audience know? they would know w. e. b. dubois. he wrote about him in his phd thesis on africa. and he wrote about him in something called the first urban study in which he says probably benezet, a motion was passed to educate a quaker and he became

the first. and then another person readers may know is a lie directly on a who really wrote one of the first books about blacks in the 1780s. he had been kidnapped as a very young person. so you left africa and 67. d.c. he has forgotten about the continent. he was kidnapped so young, so we started reading. the people at that time started reading and getting their ideas. the founder of african american history month in his very edition prints canonical written by slavery because with the same as they were white people out there who fight against slavery. so his name benezet pops up everywhere. the next year in france and britain at that.

in philadelphia they were reprints of this book because it shows importantly that abraham lincoln was the black people of freedom. of course we celebrate the emancipation proclamation. before him there were others and there were people like benjamin franklin benjamin rush, thomas clarkson and many others who took the ideas. so in fact, they deserve the great response. and i think that now we have seen the talk about them, a production made about him. we've seen a discussion and so is taken out this name every now and then to a person. benjamin rashid said it best. there were only a handful about three quarters of the prophet are with him.

i think the major points in the 1840s and 1850s, james fortin was agreed to antislavery , person of the black conventions. and he was one of the first books used in reconstruction schools. it was reprinted again and again and during the heyday of white power movement in the 1970s by none other than "the new york times" presence of how these ideas are coming back in this discussion of people like this. americans are sometimes forget about the beauty of those who made the sacrifice. we think only about the big bang has come a steady speed, but it took people like this. and i'll just tell you, one other thing is probably the system of educating blacks when he started the school for african people and educated

hundreds of people and these teachers, the students came out and were teachers. this is the first time on a massive level this had been done. >> host: professor jackson, what's your background? where did you grow, but you go to i went to newport, virginia, went to school and left and went to reckon the shipyard a couple of years and saw that wasn't for me and didn't want to get drafted so i went back to school and eventually ended up at antioch college. i'm into graduate school in the 90s. some people go all their lives. i'm about to graduate graduate school and started working and was lucky to get a job here and teach this idea of the anti-slave in the 18th century. i've been lucky enough to work on other books on the haitian revolution and i have another project. >> host: what is your current project? >> guest: this project is on the history of african-american people in washington d.c. so i go back to the 1780s.

i go back to washington first form, when people come here because they're running in the debates about why washington became in the very beginning and looking at the log and created the city, but also in 1808 is a very strict slave that exists in washington. but early blacks were able to buy their freedom. so i look at the whole history of blacks in the city and some of the great accomplishments and great failures and their are many people who came for me, duke ellington was born here and i.d. are. on one school, done by high school school here in washington was a big producer of the black educators in the country until the board of education. i can write a book on that.

he had donated blood plasma there and many, many others. >> host: we been tacna georgetown professor, maurice jackson, the author of this book, "let this voice be heard." also an associate professor of history here at the university. professor jackson connecting a mac for your time. >> guest: thank you very much. >> this is seen through the adventures of men who spend their career working at bell laboratories. even more this is about how it happens, when it happens anemic that have that have been. it is likewise about by immigration matters, not just the scientists and engineers and corporate executives, but all of us and the stories about the lapse in even more specifically about life at the labs between the late 1930s in the mid-1970s isn't a coincidence. for decades before the country's best minds began migrating west to california silicon valley, many kenyans, new jersey, where they were a capacious brick and glass buildings located on grassy campuses were deer would

grace. at the peak of its reputation in the late 1960s, i'll labs employs 16,000 people, including some phd spirited pranks include the most brilliant and eccentric men and women. in a time before google the country's intellectual utopia was where the future, which is what we now have been to call the president was conceived and designed. for a long stretch of the 20th century, bell labs was the most innovative scientific country in the world. so in many ways, we like to think it all happened right here was just a stones throw this building. is it fair to think of bell labs before silicon valley. >> at it all happen here in a happened there is little bit before it happened there. i think some of the things you do in the valley and the kind of freedom engineers and researchers, the small teams

attacking the problems within a larger ecosystem that could help support them with advice, with money, with posters of other things. i think a lot of factors go back to that formula at bell labs, the near term thinking and the long-term thinking as sean said in the introduction and giving autonomy to people who are very capable. >> give us some sense about the things that came out of bell labs in those glory years. john mentioned things exhibited here at the museum, the transistor and the outer, but the list is impressive. so just rattle off some of the things that grew out. >> in the wing of a telephone company but a lot of my book is focused on the post years, his heyday began i guess in 1847 with the invention of the transistor, the point contact transistor by john bardeen and

walter bratton said mr. bush likely came up at the transistor and a host of other kinds of transistors. transistor privacies followed. after that a lot happened was very quick succession. there was a self for instance in 1994, which is the precursor for solar panels today. there is digital communication that caused shannon's information theory, looking at coding and channel capacity, communication of satellites was originally designed and began at bell labs. the first was that eco-satellite which the past it satellites and telstar was enacted communication satellite. the minix operating system for the same language came out of bell labs in the late 60s. the ccd chip, which is the couple's device which is the fundamental unit for digital photography in our cell phones. the theory of the laser.

a lot of the semiconductor group temperature came out of bell labs, which had fiber that communications as well as in every dvd player. it was a pretty big list. >> and how did that happen to come out of ma bell? what is the significance of the name? and how did that matter that would lead to that trail that she does describe? >> a little bit of history probably helps. i'll labs actually was formed after the company had been around for 45 years. 18 t. was a monopoly. they controlled 80% to 90% of the telephone service in the united states. they were vertically integrated company. they own one of the largest manufacturing companies in the world, western electric as well. in the early years in the beginning of the 20th century.

western electric sound engineering department in at&t had its own engineering department. there is a bit attention between the two. in 1925 they agreed they would create this stand-alone lab, bell laboratories as sort of a bottom box on this vertical stack of a company. ideas would come out of development. could be transferred to western alike drank and manufacturing part of the company. and eventually deployed by at&t which controlled the long-distance either parts or whole of the operating company. >> you read a lot about a been a problem rich environment. i spent some time talking about that, do you give us some sense of the early problems. like there was no dial tone, right clicks they were very basic problems that have to be solved.

>> everything. the early phones used batteries, no-brainer is coming to of things. the amount of detail that went into designing operator headsets for these women's, teams of people would work on these problems for years, teams of chemistry talk about in the book would work on the sheeting for cables. other teams at work on on the installation tree in the sheeting and cables. there is a level of detail, and amount of work that is pretty much endless, so problems can proliferating. >> and this is sort of the first time when science was deployed, thoughts those sorts of products. >> there was. i mean, there was a very small research department at the beginning and again, bell labs was not a huge run of people in one big department. there is about 10% to 15% in basic research in applied research. the vast majority, mostly

engineers, whereas most of the science phd's were in the research department. the research department started out very small. in the book i talk about how its great success with a repeater to the early vacuum tubes that could amplify phone signals in the early part of the 20th century really gave credibility to the small research department at bell labs. they succeeded in deploying a cross-country phone link and from then on, the research department at bell labs grew and grew, sort of works more fundamentally on the science.