methodology and analysis of the record, he's actually more conservative than william rehnquist, roberts is actually more conservative than there's never been a court as conservative, according to the academic studies, there's never been a court more conservative right now than the roberts court, at least not since 1937 when records really are starting to be analyzed and kept. so i think the robbers is very much different in some respects from rehnquist. i'm not sure that rehnquist would've voted as roberts did he or he might have, but i'm not sure he would've voted as roberts did on the affordable care act. >> host: i would that against it. >> host: but i was betting against roberts, too. but then what would've happened if somebody has would've set.

anthony kennedy would've stepped out. there would've been a much different dynamic. so i think roberts is different in some ways. he's much more polished in his dealings with all of these constituencies, but conservative , like his boss, william rehnquist, i think really cut from the same bolt of cloth. >> host: john jenkins, thank you so much and good luck with your book. >> guest: thank you so much. thank you for having me today. >> host: that would strain to which authors of the nonfiction books are renovated or journalists, public posting makers, legislators and others familiar with the material.

"after words" airs at 10:00 p.m. on saturday, 12:00 p.m. and 9:00 p.m. at sunday at 12:00 a.m. on monday. you can watch "after words" online. go to booktv.org and click on afterwards in the booktv series and topics list on the upper right side of the page. >> now on the national mall in washington d.c., biographer walter isakson presents his book, "steve jobs." this is about 45 minutes. [applause] >> thank you all of you from the national book festival. great to be back. it was about eight years ago i ha that i got a phone call from steve jobs.years sin984 wh i had known him for the past 20 years, since 1984, when he camet to "time" magazine to show off that wonderful macintoshthe p

computer. even back then in 1984, i sawand the passion for perfection and also the impatient spread into his personality and how does two things were connected. he shut off the macintosh aton "time" magazine and how beautiful each icon was, used a loop to look at the beauty of the pixels, the design, the offkilter disk drive that made it look like a smile.ke. but then he told us that our magazine stand.use f actually he used a four letterhe word but i won't use for c-span and he said "newsweek" was much better because we had not made a man of the year. and i realize that that that connection, that passion forartf perfection and that trades inm f impatience were all part of apr seamless system, the way of great apple product for the hardware to software to thehe cl contact is part of a seamless

system. so when he called me about eight years ago, i had just finisheds publishing benjamin franklin.ten i was just finishing up of id why don remains time and steve said i want to take a walk with you.ex he said, what he do my biograph, next? for my first thought was okay, ben franklin, albert einstein, you. [laughter] but the more i thought about it, as maria said, here's somebody who's the american creationtrut. myth, the innovation that, writs large in which true, starting a company and his parents garage with the kid down the street and turning it into the most valuable comp me in the history of the planet.uter registry, in t doing so by creating produs that transform the personal computer industry, musicov

industry, retail store industrye digital animated movie industrya phone industry, up and down the line, he what i realized then, especially e.nce he ld was [laughter] is that he stood at the intersection of duty and technology. the notion of standing at the intersection of the arts and sciences. whenever you see him to a product launch back in the period of the ipod, the ipad and the iphone de ended with a picture on the screen as the art, the liberal art street intersection with the scientist st.. and i realize there was a common theme with feinstein -- feinstein and benjamin franklin. it was a creativity is not necessarily just being smart, because those of you here probably know a lot of smart people coming and you know that

smart people are dying of dozen. they don't amount to much but it's an innovative, creative and imaginative person who inset thinking different as steve what say and amounting to something in the bill was the common thread of the different people that i had written about so i got excited about a rare opportunity to be really up close to somebody that had transformed our world to be able to spend a day after day and hour after hour with him to be able to try to write a story that looked at creativity, innovation and beauty. so what i would like to do today i hope what we in louisiana call a little something extra for you i'm going to talk about all three people instead of just giving a speech about steve jobs. you get three for the price of one. i want to as i was thinking about your distill what i

thought were the key innovation lessons for the three most recent subjects i had written about. steve was somebody that really believed the duty matter and that success came from making what he called in the 1980's and insanely great product. all of you have been involved in business and have creative things know that those ways of looking at a business steve said you can focus on making a process or you can focus on making a great product. if you focus on making a profit you're going to cut a few corners and you are not going to make the greatest product you can make but if you really focus on making the greatest possible product eventually the profits will follow plus you'll make a

dent in the universe. you will be an artist and make something special. walking around the neighborhood, his childhood home we were looking at a fence that he dealt with his father when steve was about 8-years-old, and steve told me i had to come around and look at the back of the fence to see how pretty it was. he said when we were building a fence we have to make the back just as beautiful as the front of the fence, and steve said why? nobody will ever see it. nobody will ever know his father said to him yes, but you will know and care, and the person that has a passion for even the parts unseen is a person that is always clean to be a good

craftsman and make something right. i saw this over and over again in his career. for example when they are launching the macintosh, the uniform machine he showed me in 1984 with a wonderful field case like an appliance beautifully designed like a piece of art but before he looked he looked at the circuit board, and he said to the engineers the circuit board stinks'. the word stinks' is a euphemism for the words that steve sometimes uses a little bit stronger. what did you mean? it's not beautiful. the chips are not lined up. the engineers said this is a sealed appliance. you have made it so nobody can even open the mac. it's a perfect of finance. nobody will see the circuit board.

nobody will know. steve said what his father said to him, which is yes, but you will know, so he held off the macintosh until the circuit board had all of the chips line that beautifully and equally spaced. when they got ready, steve had them to the white board and a sign their names with steven jobs in the middle to engrave the next of the circuit board on the inside of that original macintosh where nobody would ever see it and nobody would ever know. but he said real artists signed their work. was that passion for protection that sometimes a strong cup of tea, somebody hard to deal with and drive people crazy to destruction but also to drive them to do things they didn't know that they could do.

drive them to do the things they thought were impossible because when you have the passion for product they become loyal to you because they are inspired by your vision of making something of duty and i saw that over and over again. they sometimes call that the reality distortion field. those of you that are old enough like me to remember the old star trek episodes. the reality of the field is when the sheer force of will the aliens can create a galaxy. steve could create amazing things by sheer force of will. it started when they were working were steve was working on the night shift at atari and at one point they were supposed to create a game called breakout which is a single player version of pong and he says you have to design the code in four days and get back to the commune for the weekend they are working in

oregon or steve hence the name of the company they would eventually have found to be he says i can't do this in four days. it's going to take me a couple of weeks. steve jobs taught himself even then to astaire without blinking. and he stared and kept saying don't be afraid. you can do it. he said there was amazing. after awhile he said i went back to my little cubicle and sit at four nights a narrow that really is a distortion field over and over again was able to help steve push people to destruction, pushed them to enter and push them to do what they thought impossible. even with the original macintosh, the one i mentioned to you, it took a long time to boot up. it took more than 70 seconds

almost as slow as a microsoft machine. so she said you've got to take ten seconds off the boot up time. he says well, steve, its elegant. i don't think i can do it. he said if you can save human life, would you do it? he said i guess so. so he goes to the white board and says there will be a million macintoshes they will be booted up and get published. if you shave ten seconds off you're going to save the equivalent of 130 lifetimes. then he looked at cannes in and said don't be afraid. you can do it. he said i went back to work and within two weeks i shave 28 seconds off the boot up time to read over and over this happens. i will give you an example of

one that i love. the iphone watching lines on wisconsin avenue blocking traffic so the next iphone, why because it is a beautiful magical piece of technology that you love because it is unseemly well-designed and beautiful triet win steve started off one of the things he did was something like this, plastic on the front of the iphone. he said he wanted a really great and smith p7 class that's tough but silky and they were making the glass but it didn't meet his standards. he said it's got to be better. finally someone said why don't you call corning? maybe they can do it. he takes up the phone and calls the switchboard and says at the edge it did -- let me speak to

your ceo. he slams down and eventually here's the story, he calls the switchboard let me speak to your ceo. they said with a request in writing and fax it to less. that guy's cool and they finally have a meeting so he meets with the head of corning glass and says here's what we need, this type of class will expose. the head of corning says we developed a process, and on a on a transfer process and we called it a guerrilla glass but we never manufactured it coming and he went through the process with him. he said i need this by september we are shipping it from this october. so the head of corning said i told you factually never made that before. this is 30 years to the month

almost. i remember going after corning glass to the wonderful ceo and they told me the story this is amazing. he sat right across from me and stared at me without blinking and he said don't be afraid. you can do it. after the meeting they called the plant manager near lexington kentucky plant manager he liked and said i want you to start right away from making the glass to guerrilla glass and the plant manager set we don't have them. basically he said to have don't be afraid, you can do it. the upshot is that is why every piece of glass on every iphone and every piece of glass on every iphone on your pocket and

ipad is made by corning glass because he had a reality distortion field and got people to do things like that. he also had a passion for beauty come the end for him, simplicity with the sophistication which is a phrase they used on the first version as einstein would say is the key to understanding the way of the good lord created the universe. he believed in simplicity as beauty just as newton and kaplan, as all great people that try to understand the universe. they understand that simplicity as a way of saying we have not just eliminated staff, we've gotten to the essence and we understand this and we can feel

it's what us grew does in a particular computer with we that maxwell's equations deal with the speed of light. it is a true simplicity that is in trouble and steve's mind to duty. for example when he is creating the ipod, that absolutely wonderful machine, and what he had done over and over again was not invent totally new things. i can remember having an mp three music player before the ipod. but they were brain dead. they were horrible. you couldn't figure out how to write songs and and making playlist come get to the interface, how do i get to the song i want? steve said make it simple. he said just this simple, a thousand songs in your pocket, three clicks to get to any song. they said okay. no manual, no instructions. so they would show the different interfaces they were coming up with and they would have different ways i can't get to it in three clicks and he would say

not good enough. we need a screen for the title and for the artist and he said no, no, you don't need all that. three clicks, any song. finally they come up with this beautiful intuitive design you'll remember, the original ipod to scroll you get to any song you want it as you scroll it went down faster. as all simple and intuitive and he loves it but he looks at it and there's a big about him on the top. he says what the -- is this? i will leave out the middle were. they were a little scared to answer but at one point somebody finally said that is the on and off button. steve nods and says what the -- does it do? they are a little scared because they know what it does. steve it turns it on and off. and then he says why the -- do

we needed? it dawns on them if you quit using your ipod id powers down and if you start using it knows to power itself back up. you don't need the big about -- button. and it was that understanding of the beauty and the essence of simplicity. i think that when it came to einstein he had a beautiful vision of simplicity that he always asked himself what is the simplest way to make things as simple as possible in order to understand the universe? he was driven by the second characteristic i wanted to talk about, which is just pure driven curiosity. einstein, when he was

6-years-old, his dad gave him a compass. a toy compass with a needle pointing north. einstein goes around and nothing is touching the needle. there is nothing physically hitting it yet it keeps swinging and pointing north. the day after day, he said, he walked down the of the looked at it trying to figure it out. you and i remember getting the compass when we were kids and we would say lookit points north. and about a minute, minute and a half later we are on to something. look, a dead squirrel and something else. for his entire life, einstein was curious, driven by passion and curiosity for what is a force field, how does electromagnetic field and gravity, how does it pushed physical objects, what is the difference between a force field and particle object?

he's doing that his whole life. at age 17 he starts studying maxwell's equations that is described in the electromagnetic field. if you get maxwell's equations or if you are einsteinian you look at the equations, they say and electromagnetic wave travels at the same speed, the speed of light relative to you no matter how fast you are travelling towards the source away from the source it cloistral let 186,000 miles per second or so, the constant speed of light. he said he does a thought experiment. he said what if i was riding alongside and i caught up with and it appeared to be stationary relative to me she said his equation still not allow for that. he said he walked around for days on end his palms sweating

because he couldn't figure out how this could be. i remember what was causing mine to sweat at age 17 and it wasn't maxwell's equations so that is why he's einsteinian we are not even after he exaggerated, he's a runaway chemicals to switzerland, he goes to the second best college, the paul retek and he can't get a job or his doctoral information accepted. he isn't a preeminent physicist in fact the only job that he can get is a third class examiner and the swiss patent office looking at the devices to synchronize clocks. why? switzerland have gone on the standard time zones and if any of you know, swiss people tend to be rather swiss and wanted to strike seven and burn at the

same moment so the only way to synchronizes to send a signal but in the too distant clocks and whether it is a light signal, whatever type of signal travels at the speed of light and you have a patent what if i caught up with it? still curious. finally by a thought experiment he says if somebody is traveling really fast in one direction towards one of the clocks, the synchronize would look different to him than somebody traveling in the other direction because the signal would take that fraction of a nanosecond to catch up. so if it is different depending on your state of motion, time is different depending on your state of motion, and he makes the correct leap that the speed of light is always constant but time is relative depending on your state of motion.

don't be afraid if you don't get it right away it will take ten years to figure out this 1905 paper is so cruel but that was the curiosity and drove him. franklin had it as well. they were all runaways at 17 and the dropouts in some way. the college president says you don't have to emphasize the fact all of them drop out of college, do you? franklin is a runaway and drops out before he gets to go to college and he goes over to the newland after running away to philadelphia because he wants to be a printer and by the fonted and tight and prices but he hears from the ship captains helped teaks of a list to get across the atlantic to europe than it does coming back, something not explained by the prevailing turn of wind so lever, benjamin franklin as

curious. he's heard about these things, he drops of their role in to the notion that a different that every few hours and measures the temperature of the water and is able for the first time to chart the gulfstream to understand what it is. this cool and curiouser the age of 17 but more than any other regular ordinary citizen, he travels through his life back and forth across the atlantic more than anyone. even at age 80 when he's coming back from england after he had done the treaty of paris into the american revolution he's still dropping barrels of water taking the temperature still trying to chart the gulf stream but i wasn't just the curiosity. for the his salient trade was tolerance. we are standing on the national mall that is a testament to the

common ground for we the people. the notion that we can find common ground and all come together. but if both ends of the ball there are buildings in which the notion of understanding, tolerance and common ground or in conflict these days just as they were in 1776. he realized that ability to tolerate, and he had run away from the puritan to a philadelphia that was filled with the ayaan clich hans, quakers, jews, slaves and being a shopkeeper on market street he had to be open and tolerant and be part of a society from its diversity and you see that when he forms his club of tradesmen and artisans in philadelphia and with a look at the train you need to be a good citizen he lists all of those industry and honesty shines it around to the

other people on the market street showing how well he has mastered each of the virtues of the leather apron quote said franklin, you are actually missing a virtue you might want to practice. he says what's that? and then a friend says hugh levity. you might want to try that for a change. what i love about franklin is he said i was never good at the virtue of you devotee. i could never master it. but i could master the pretense of humility very well. the pretense of his devotee is just as useful for the reality of you devotee. to listen to the person next to you yet made you try to find that common ground we all share certain values. so from his life with his you know that the and pretense of humility, he's the founder who

brings us together to fight the common ground. the continental congress creates a committee. franklin, jefferson, john adams, jefferson gets to write the first draft, the wonderful library of congress has the first draft out in the library of congress and you see them draft and say we hold these truths to be sacred. we hold these truths to be self-evident because their rights come not from the dictates of the dogma of one religion or another but for the consent of the governed and irrationality and reason. the sentence goes on in the draft to say they are endowed

with certain inalienable rights. john adams and riding by their creative certain inalienable rights. that balance of the role of the divine providence and our own rationality and reason and consent of the government informing our government, that type of balance created this new in one bastionwe created ba done marku devotee liste ..d to try to find the common ground and happened at the constitutional convention after they had come back for the last time still measuring the gulf and they're fighting in philadelphia over the big state little sticky issue the connecticut compromise has gone down in flames. finally franklin gets up and he does a speech about humility. he says the older i get, something strange happens to me. i realize i'm wrong at times to

be he said you are going to get old and it's great to happen to you. you will realize that times you are wrong so we should listen to the person next to us andry to so may be we should each listen to the person next to us and tried to find thec common ground n proportional representation and he has them line up and sign it. he says we have to doubt our own and infallibility because this is a document that brings us to get there. when they open the door, a woman comes upper and says dr. franklin, what has been given to us and he says republic, madam if you can keep it because it was up to each one of us to understand that tolerance that is the heart of our society. those were the virtues of the

people i wrote about. they also had one other particular virtue which is this ability to think differently, that imagination to think outside of the box. feinstein, sitting there on the desk at the patent office devotee else has read what begins with the premise that time marches along second by second no matter how we observant every other physicist and scientist has taken that as gospel that the patent clerk says how do we know? let's think about this differently. every now and then when i did my talk people would come up afterwards and say i'm white einstein. i think differently. i don't have to remind people it's useful to be like einstein and know what's in the box before you start thinking out of

the box. [applause] that he made it different and cool. likewise benjamin franklin took so many things he did for example, in the 1740's and 50's, people stultz lightning was thunderbolts from god. they would consecrate and less the bills on the church steeples to ward off lightning and store the gun powder and the churches so it kept hitting the steeples and people were killed and things would blow up. finally frankland said maybe we should think about this differently. he flies the kite in the rain which we think is a little experiment but it's a significant scientific experiment at the time to understand that lightning is a flow of electricity that can be drawn down by a lightning mog. steve jobs when he comes back to ethel after being ousted in the wilderness for 12 years the

first thing he does is an ad campaign saying think different. he read it to the -- will be from memory that adds that he wrote and it was years to the crazy ones from the misfits, the rebels, the round pen in the square hole. he goes on and says those e enough decrees emf to think they can change the world are the ones that do. by the time he finished he was crying. that's always been the mantra, the devotee to think different. but in thinking different and following your passion they also did one more thing all three of them. every now and then every time you hear a baby boomer give a college commencement speech you the advice of falling your passion. they all three followed their passion but the important advice is that the whole world isn't just about your passion, it's about being part of something larger it's not just you and

your passion it's being larger than yourself and that is what these three people understood. steve jobs around this time last year when he was feeling very ill i asked him about that and what he thought the legacy would be and he said yeah i talk about falling passion but what i really now realize is that there is a flow of history and we all take things out of that flow of history and get to use them. ways of taking food or building houses or wonderful products people before us have created and part of our role in life is to put things back into that flow of history that are beautiful and reflect what we believe to really ask income do you think it will live on? he had been trained as a buddhist. do you believe in god?

he said all like to believe that when i die, my wisdom and all the fun have learned would endure some hell and still be there in some fashion and spirit and some incarnation. he said but i guess sometimes i worry a little bit that may be when you die it's just like in on and off switch just click and you're gone. i was taken aback of course and just stared for a moment then he gave me that wonderful half smile and he said maybe that's why i didn't like to put on and off switches on apple devices. [applause] [laughter] else for einstein, one of those equations must pay for that year translated to equals mc squared and that set things in motion including eventually the atom bomb.

when he is dying his aorta is elected and he decided not to have an operation comegys in princeton knowing he has a day or so left. what he does is signs the bertrand russell lubber neinstein manifesto to say we have to control these atomic weapons. but even as he's dollying that still 17-year-old, 6-year-old come curious how does that force field work. he asked his assistant to bring nine pages of the patients he was working on in his office and he sat in his deathbed writing equations making mistakes and crossing them out, trying to figure out a unified theory that would help explain the electromagnetism, gravity, the force fields and just to look at them and see the story he would see the last line where it dribbles off and saw as his body

he's writing one last line of equations he thought would get him and the rest of us one step closer to the spirit manifest in the law of the universe. as for dr. franklin, that tolerance carries with him a larger thing, being part of something larger. during his lifetime he donated the building front of each and every church built in philadelphia. at one point they were building a new hall and it's still there and called the new hall left of independence hall and he wrote the fund-raising document that says even if the constantinople were to stand here to teach us islam and preach to us about mohammed we should offer a pulpit and listen for we might learn something. on his deathbed he is the largest contributor to the synagogue, the first synagogue built in philadelphia.

so when he dies instead of his minister accompanying his casket all of the ministers, preachers and priests in philadelphia went on to the rabbi of the jews that is what they were fighting for back then when the country was founded and that's still a struggle that we are in this world today so i hope that you have enjoyed my dissolution of the three lessons of my great heroes. thanks. [applause] time for a couple questions if i may. the person with a virginia t-shirt and in the washington national. >> one of the characteristics i thought you might speak of at least in the phenomenal portion of your book about steve jobs

was the characteristic of the focus and when he returned to apple to focus -- >> if i had to do the seven or eight lessons, simplicity is related to focus and what steve always did is i've got to filter out distractions. for example, when as you said returning to apple they were making like 40, 50 versions to milk the profit of it. he said why are we doing all of these computers? he said we have to focus and it's the home office laptop desktop that's it, for computers when they finally get the computers done right, they take that top 100 people and argue what should be the next product and biggar all of the white board to be, first page after two and a half days on the hundreds he crosses out the

bottom seven and says we can only do three. we have to focus. and that's why the ipod ekimov iphone, ipad -- yes, sir. >> i wonder if you have any particular commentary on the ecstasy of steve jobs and also any attempt on any of these people you did biographies on. espinel live in the right century. i love books and the the narrative so i am not an expert to talk about the movies. i love them and i go to them but that is just not my expertise. sorry. >> thanks for being here. great bookend loved a lot. you did a lot of interviews and audio recordings. we got to hear some of those a while back. i wonder if there's a plan to release those in the future. >> at the moment it is complicated because there are

things that are personal and i respect steve and the only thing i had to leave all of the dhaka you have to balance when you do a booklet is useful to the reader but also it can be too hurtful to somebody or compromise apple. i didn't put in all this stuff about adel because the people had the right to try to make tv on their own now. we've been given it and have a wonderful woman that deserves the last question. >> there's so much publicity about china coming and we know -- >> one of steve's things was

focus and this book, you'll see why doesn't he worry more about fox? he did. he is somebody that went over and said to me i can't do everything. i really have to as a gentleman in the beginning of the question focus on what we must do best and what my true passion is. sometimes people say he didn't focus on chinese workers or whatever it may be. but i do think that by creating the ipad he would have done more to transform education in this country than a whole lot of people who tried like myself to focus on the agricultural reform. by creating great product that showed the intensity of his ability to connect duty with science which is what makes our nation great in the 21st century. and if you say should also focus on these other things?

i will remind you we are in the biography. this isn't the how to tend to read these are not management books that say here is how to live your life. ben franklin led his life differently than einstein and different than steve jobs and he was a great philanthropist that brought people together and cared about all of the supplies in america and how they worked but he never invented the ipad, iphone. everybody does something different and the reason i tried to weave three people together is to say don't try to just emulate one person but realize it is a flesh and blood people. franklin made mistakes. he allowed the advertising of slavery in the pennsylvania gazette he realized it was abhorrent but he becomes the president of the society for the abolition of slavery to make up for what he called that