california a good place said they were concerned with labor issues, but the democratic party they also wanted defense contracts, said they used republicans such as former actor and dance band george murphy who is at the jail and of his career, used him as a lobbyist to talk to vice president richard nixon, who was vice president of dwight d. eisenhower to make sure they were the eisenhower administration defense contracts. it's in california. if you look at the very and,

when they elect ronald reagan, what if the act tours involved in the campaign to revitalize the republican party. there is ultimate success shouldn't elide the fact that they have their ups and downs was over candidate and 52. some of the hollywood locals such as louis b. mayer and ginger rogers and demand by the the name of tasks on the nomination. they didn't like eisenhower. in 1964, when barry goldwater the senator from arizona ran in the primaries, some of the republicans, such as justin kerch and leonard firestone

supported nelson rockefeller who is seen as the eastern establishment. they thought goldwater wasn't the best candidate and he was supported by the fire right. since conservatives on the far right. it's the story of the republican party. then and today, factual his son infighting and political powers. today the conservatives in hollywood, the republicans are trying to regroup. there's some well-known stars that are conservative. they tried to organize many of the hollywood conservatives today are libertarian, which is good politics for hollywood because libertarians believe in

individual freedom, but smaller government and less taxes, too. anyway, i was day the reels dory of when hollywood was right is in there. from the 1940s to 1980. the conservatives and republicans of hollywood still have a history of how they were able to recruit and have influenced the southern california. so there's history to be told in history for those few republicans in services in hollywood to learn.

>> at now, sam roberts presents a history of the new york city station, grand central terminal. open every second come in 1813 in a company 750 deaths people daily. this is about an hour. [applause] >> thank you, cynthia and all of you for coming. i was at ed koch is in the world series a couple weeks ago when bill clinton walked in carrying sheets of papers like this that i want to assure you love this is not the eulogy. these are just the letters at koch sent me while i was president. i'm happy to say this is not the eulogy either because we still have grand central terminal. he came close not to having it, but fortunately with save doubletalk about that. i'll talk a little wild and be happily answer any questions you might have. when i began this book and that

was my colleagues at grand central publishing, came up with the title, "grand central: how a train station transformed america." and then i went home and said that's a pretty ambitious agenda to have to live up to. i've realized that it easily do that. camara researched the book, the more i realize this is a transformative place. just stop and think if you go anywhere in the world and say this places i grand central station, everybody knows which are talking about. it's a metaphor for frenzy, chaos and the dizziness and muscle. people recognize it all over. rinse the german, triumphal homecoming, hope filled send us. the targeted saboteurs, terrorist bombs. passengers have included

president living and dead, kid up for summer camp from their and soldiers went to war. everyone has a favorite grand central moment. ben cheever, whose father, pulled a suburban commuter said it's as inviting is a rich person's house with the doors thrown wide open. the concourses larger than the nave of notre dame cathedral and it's strangely inviting. even as a child i make is no way depicts brothers to be fitted for a flannels who have achieved the skin of my thighs, i did not feel diminished. brian selznick discovered you go, the book and film character at grand central. i am best memories when i was a kid growing up the oakland my father would take me to places

around the city. understanding him about the platforms of the train terminal, looking up at this cleaning locomotive. new york's central number 371. the engineer leaned out and said hey, you want to come up and drive this thing? what could be better than this? who put me on a flat, put my hand on the throttle and the engine chug forward two or three feet. to me it seemed like a mile. i was driving a locomotive at grand central term. new yorkers take things like that for granted and i assumed when i started working on this boat, i knew everything there was to know about. again, they learned so much and keep learning and every time i give a book talk like this, someone comes up with the yen and says, did you know that so so? it is a learning process that

goes on and on and make my day job at the time, i'm getting paid for getting it proscribe treat education. technically grand central is a terminal, but there were terminal conjures up an aim and grand central is the place beginning, not the least of which is that done. trains terminate there. b-bravo people like to recall the apocryphal group who asked the connector rather a stream at new york city, to which the conductor replied to be an awful crash if it didn't. you couldn't tell that story about pennsylvania station. for all its splendor, one person described it as reducing your tray two-minute stop from the long island city to robbery new jersey. terminal suggests a destination and has been make it wait to new

york since 1913 in the city's gateway to the continent. to those of us, john didion wrote this, to those who came from places for grand central's patient was a radio program, new york was no mere city. this sudden infant atli romantic notion, the mysterious nexus of love than money and power, the shining perishable treatments of. i'm not sure how major event for. i don't, but every saturday morning on cbs radio, an announcer would thomists it always seeks its target, shining rails in every part of our great country are aimed at grand central station, part of the greatest 80 shonda denied that it forces a fantastic metropolis day and night, trains rush towards the hudson river, speech

on its eastern bank or 140 miles, flashed briefly by the long red wrote of houses south of 125th street, dive into the two and half mile tunnel, which burroughs to make the glitter and spake of park avenue and then grand central station. crossroads of a million private lives, jake antics page with a thousand dramas daily. imagine listening to that in some other part of the country in the image that would conjure in your mind. since then, the terminal has threaded it out of popular culture even more. not then portioned sulfite oysters that martinis. cary grant called his mother from a phone booth before fleeing town in the 20th century limited with the

northwest. and was robbed of main concourse in madagascar. it's interesting. we can take it for granted, but from a commercial standpoint, grand central is one of america's first multiuse building inc. shops, restaurants, offices, all the diversity of the city within the confines of one building. i have to admit i'm not sure i totally believe the story, but holiday magazine for coffee exploits of a newly married couple who strain to niagara falls was canceled. so they honeymooned ekron control. they got a room at the bill or link to the terminal. they dine, dance, took advantage of the shops and exhibition halls and did all those without ever seeing a train. more recently they returned a

year later to celebrate their wedding anniversary. grand central is home to the first television studio. edward robert broadcast with my line from their? tonight team 50s, when the screen was shaking it with their vibrations from the trade it in and out of the terminal. cbs-tv easterner tuba city seven street where it still is today. who are great trains at the the term which goes back to ancient times was popularized in the 20th century limited. porters would roll out a red carpet for full-length of the platform and passengers would go down that carpet and traveling

the queen mary, elizabeth and went across country. it's dinnertime boring grand central term. until charles god, who is the burden coprincipal of later became skidmore college, and grand central was the first place where that was begun. one of those things i discovered is seven years later, charles dowd was killed in an accident that state. he was run over by a train of all thing. unfortunately, history does not tell us whether the train was on time. grand central was sitcom submits civic monument for merger two architectural firms.

one was read at sun, which sounded like a landscape for. but alan stamm was the brother-in-law of william baucus, the chief engineer of the red wrote. but then, whitney warren came on the scene, another architect or moran and whitmore, connections with the railroad trumps those. it's not who you know. it's not what you know, who you know, although each of the architectural firms brought a lot to the equation and you can make an argument with some of what they did was greater than its parts. the original grand central was built in 1871. familiar times that this place is neither grand nor central.

in the metal of nowhere. this is a time when the city was mostly below canal street, below houston street. so what was the station to another town mayor? was so fascinating when you look at the history, the vanderbilts delivered midtown manhattan to their tourist guide. they shifted the entire center of gravity of manhattan to make tom and that was all the result of grand central. what kind of take for granted ramps and set of stairs. so people want to send, train travelers would not have to schlep their baggage up and down stairs. a lot of people have no idea what ramps for her. one hearken back to julius caesar and said these were the earthworks the ancient romans

built when they built a world city, which they use to get to the rampart. the notion of aerate, which has been monetized in his work on for dollars coming into play again as the mayor wants to resolve parted his worth grand central, air raids prevented fraud tend and purposes. it was the death of her park avenue and by doing that, monetized all of this real estate. one thing we forget is the train tracks created this giant cash in the middle of manhattan. they ran almost from lexington avenue avo at two to 59th street and open submerged new york and decided to get them

over. that just change the entire face of manhattan. and their preservation will go into that later and this paul goldberger said, became the poster building for every landmark in the united states. it's a legal principle enshrined at grant central terminal. one of the things i learned is the terminal sorted pecan by accident in 1902. coming out of the park avenue tunnel in the fog, snow, rain, set in senders couldn't see a light in front of that that crashed into another train, killing two dozen people. "new york times" wrote is slowly the harvest reaped in the hole under the new york streets is

being garnered in the homes of new rochelle, tom is dead and maimed are beginning to ask each other on how this occurred, but why and the y was quite simple. engineers could not be throughout the site in and the coal burning locomotive generated in that tunnel. the railroad was terrified it and its officers throughout criminally liable if not for this accident, then for the next one be inevitable. so they decided to let her fry the railroad by electrifying the railroad, they were able to do two things that never could have happened. they were able to build a double deck terminal that no longer had to be an open train shed for all the air to circulate and back over those trainers on park avenue, creating a blvd., land,

waldorf-astoria, residential buildings for the most part worth billions of dollars then and now. grand central is built as the world's largest rail terminal. 44 platforms accommodating 67 tracks. that is much better than penn station number was. one of the things the new york senator was looking at what it felt as terminal was over a shoulder at this place going up the west side, penn station because electrification meant something important to the pennsylvania railroad and the pennsylvania and new york road where the pepsi of railroads if you will. total fierce competition. but at that point, the pennsylvania railroad dropped all its passengers of a new jersey and they have to take a ferry across manhattan.

electrification meant they could build a tunnel under the hudson river and they did that and built a tunnel under the east river to connect to the long island railroad and that is yet another reason the new york central realized it had to build a giant, majestic, grand central terminal and the middle of. veteran the became the north commuter railroad. it actually surpass the long island. this book is not about a building. it is the biography, people, chief engineer who comes with her ingenious plan. brian henry who befriended the homeless, under john had to field customer could play in the information booth.

the most frequent guest whoppers the restroom? back in is how do i get out of here because there's so many passageways. the third is a tribute to good taste is way with the apple store. people can't find it for my woven into the fabric of the term. people like chocolate no-nonsense who played a major role in saving grand central. she had a long history and historic preservation when the dam was built in each out, the kennedy administration gave funds to preserve antiquities and egyptians says would like to give you something in return for jacqueline onassis paid the temple and little did she realize she would be living on fifth avenue across the street from one of the things i learned

this when she had a dinner party, she could crawl across the street and the metropolitan museum of light at the top left and our for her and her guests. that is clout in new york. when the city looked like it a lot to sue for the patent central road was to the cities of what the designation wanted to build a skyscraper and talk. the city was not going to repeal the ruling, which i didn't know either because the city said it would be hoped liable for damages from the railroad if it appealed and missed the bus and was damages to come up to $80 million, which in those days was a lot of money. so jacqueline anastas read a story in "the new york times," learning about the hoped for an

appeal. word doc on that later became part of the landmark conservation commission was an intern i picked up the phone and yelled over to the head of landmark preservation commission. as a woman who says she's jacqueline onassis, followed and of course it was. one of the things i enjoyed in researching the book was discovering secrets of grand central terminal. the goal in the place and see out the spare lightbulbs on the marquee in front of it. this giant, ornate brass chandeliers with their lightbulbs. couldn't they afford crystal or clothes or something a little more ornate quake varied delivery. the vanderbilts for showing off electricity. this is that gas or some other means of illumination. we've got lightbulbs, which in 1913 were relatively new and

they festooned them all over the place. another thing if you look carefully in the decorative motifs or acorns. why acorns? therein the invented family crest of the vanderbilts. why acorns? mighty oaks like the vanderbilts grove. all over the place or acorns oak leaves. one of the mistakes that grand central, the biggest mistake although most people bipolar computer. the constellation are backwards. why they are backwards, no one is quite sure. the best explanation i could find is the columbia university astronomer, who divides the sky chair for the painters assume

they will hold over their head and instead they put it down and painted. what you see is to have the baby of the constellations rather than a bottom bottom up, grabbed a few from the main concourse. as at a lecture like this a couple weeks ago and pointed out there's a little rectangle on the southwest corner of the ceiling, and maybe this day, very small. the color of his microphones. what it is this a deliberate to show before and after with this booklet before it was clean in the 1990s. what's interesting is when the engineers for not to say, wife feeling this black, this great? they assumed it was from the same various and sit and smoke

of the locomotives. turned out to us from tar and nicotine of smokers that grand central station. but someone pointed out to me, did you notice which constellation that the tangle of theater? the rectangle made from tarring nicotine is next to cancer. [laughter] the train doors that grand central. although his departure times are wrong. if you ever miss your train, please don't call me at home. the 152 to white plains on that train board really leaves that 153. the rowboat gives you an extra minute to race down the platform to catch her train. so again, don't take a chance if you don't have to, everyone of his departure times in fact is

wrong. would you think the various? metro-north for the mta. if the guy who never played with electric trends was not invited to the centennial gala, that he bought for his successor to the railroad is made tom trackage ventures, bought grand central about 160 miles of track. it's about a 200 year lease, so you don't have to worry. metro-north has the option to buy the terminal in 2018 and probably will do that. metro-north pays $2.5 million to a publicity shy owner i may say that doesn't sound like much. the fact is all of the

environmental liabilities considerable for industrial era where about the inherent venture one. the whispering gallery. i always thought this was one of those urban legends that people make out. if you stand outside the oyster bar and you can see people doing this. a little weird, you little desire and standing in whispering into the wall. the parabolic title ceiling carries that over about 40 feet to the other end of the gallery and you can hear people clear is about. so you walk down there and see how these people talking to the wall. only in new york, right click grandson show has deepest basement in new york, 90 feet

deep. deeper than the federal reserve and the reason is this where the trains farmers are the change from alternating current to drive the trains. what's even more fascinating is in a couple years when the long island dell road offense, that the smith, that concourse will be 140 feet deep, bloody street level of 42nd street. as the earth cooled, graham central titles up to my old flash in the crest of his violent, settled here, the first emigrants still unassimilated, ever indigestible. the 13th a diameter facing 40

seconds straight described as the largest expanse of may be an urban legend and there isn't any record of that. the sculptures of minerva, hercules for the largest cultural group in the world, sculpted across the river in long island city. the former lincoln building across the street originally named for lincoln was rechristened grand central place in an affirmation of the terminals cachet, the city's resurgence. imagine naming something after grant central the 70s or 80s. the homesite hotel is the west and grand central. metro-north estimates 10,000 people come to grand central every week day just to eat at

november with the destination with $27 million a year, which in effect subsidize the railroad. instead of succumbing to the penn central is desperately shortsighted survival strategy of destroying the terminal and noted the skyscraper above it, it is reconstituted in the original vision as a grand public space. robert amster wrote the board on what were created a convincing expression of the belief that the cause of capitalism are not inimical to the enhancement of the public realm. in the metropolitan transportation authority, not the kind of thing you'd expect from an entity demonstrated obama capitalism and they can thrive together.

brutal flexing of corporate muscle, brutal engineering. know what they're building epitomizes the partnership that bothered the best in tanks of government with public spirited driving investment. there are with penn station, mike wallace, the cowriter of gotham manhattan covered over its tracks had underpinning for the pride of park avenue apartment and hitting for new york's superrich. we forget the superrich have been on th a century as one island of upper-class stability after

another. union square is overrun by commerce and the common people. the vast park avenue structures provided a stability which had never noted new york and the establishment is a wealthy enclave held to draw hotels, departments doors, luxury shops are channeled committee managers and professionals from the rapidly developing and mostly affluent suburbs to the north back to midtown each day provided it is sent to for corporations to relocate there, funneled commercial travelers and tourists, fostering a burst of office, hotel construction, restaurants, theaters. finally the terminal itself is a powerful midtown nightmare. it's great sorry concourse mike wallace said, staircases grayness of paris operas.

the romance of the 20th century limited service, all crucial fact recent shift in the city's cultural and commercial center of gravity to its doorstep. and you can't go home again, thomas wolfe wrote of the late lamented penn station, graceland dance of noted light fell ponderously afford stations for and the calm voice of time hovered along the walls of dealing of that mighty room. a room barbarous with the event the distant sound of time. today, pens they should obviously is a very different place. it fiscally memorably summed up what had been lost when he said one entered the city like a god. one scuttles them out like a

rat. paul goldberg is never as overpowering or grandiose and that may be why survives. there is so subtly, so tightly that it couldn't be the doubt. flawless architectural glory is the way in which it confirms the value of the urban ensemble. today the sound of time reverberate in grand central and within any other place that i can think of embodies the voice of the city and the residents of urban america. to thank you for listening in on the happy to answer whatever questions you might have. [applause]

questions? >> at us like to introduce the man who really made this book possible, with great photographs if you haven't seen it already, chief photographer for the spoken former photographer for the metro-north frank english. [applause] [inaudible] >> qaeda trains turn around? here are two loops that go wonder 40th street, said the trains coming into the station can turn around and head out. as is usually more for long-distance and current ones. most of the trade now have cabs at either end anyway and they

come in and sort of go at the other side. there were two loops they are in grand central is said to have the safest mainstream of america because it was built to withstand the trade sending off the tracks of one of those lower lutes. i do think anything more need be said about that. [laughter] >> thank you for your presentation. at the risk of taking attention off -- [inaudible] to save a previous incarnation of the central. >> very good question. thank goodness he received back in the 70s.

they were two incarnations of the grand central before that. the one in 1871 in 1899 to 1900s is rebuilt. then they need to grand central station. and after the train accident in 1902, william lopez three said it had to be torn down. they didn't need this gorgeous cantankerous tape open train shed because there was no more smoke from the electrified locomotives. you can also check over park avenue. i don't think there is much of an outcry. it was one of those things are the place had been renovated. so in 1902, 1903, they're going to tear it down and build another place at once people saw

the plan for the new grand central terminal, they realized it was far superior to anything there before. [inaudible] which really change the beautiful profile of the building looking south. >> william lopez had this vision for terminal city, sort of a civic center an opera house and ultimately in the new york central building, which stands on the north end of grand central pass the panhandle was added later. it's one of the two places i can think of that provide a real vista. put down park avenue at grand central and fifth avenue at washington square. not many other places in manhattan i like that.

the panhandle was built to make money. they tore down an old baggage handling place north of the station. what was fascinating was penn central is arguing against the landmark designation later on was a little like a kid who is accused of killing his parents and sis have mercy, i am an orphan because the lawyers of penn central said this has r-rated been ruined as a landmark by the pan am building, which they don't, so why worry about another skyscraper? believe it or not, the pan am building was adapted to the site and need to be less mammoth than it was going to be originally, but it still sticks out like a sore thumb.

>> i'm curious, there are some wonderful rare road terminals and other cities. also more, what is the chronology? this grand central before or after? and it was after, did you take examples or mother railroad terminals? >> a boucher contemporaneous. reagan's stand for new york central before they went to work at grand central. the big ones for roughly, if i'm correct, the late 1880s, 90s, early part of the 20th century. most of the modeling was not the rather terminals and that's what made it so unique. if anything it hard for the school of architecture, a french

version. the grand staircase is modeled after the paris opera for penn station is described as being inspired by people who say grand central was, too. isis innovations, the two levels, the ramps, but walkways, the sky when does, and innovation for you have form and function together, biting my dad, letting aaron annulling people to walk from part of the building to the other on corridors i find a little in irving to authentic glassware, but one of the great day for chris control is seen silhouettes of people going by between offices in various corners of the building. the viaduct around the buildings of park avenue, which shares a

building stuck in the middle discreet. so traffic can get around it was innovative and ingenious at the time, not borrowed from other places. >> in the back, on the right-hand side. i do not lack [inaudible] >> you are close. it was a think alexander and he was the head of the pennsylvania railroad and i believe he was indeed very spreader.

[inaudible] >> yes, right, sure. he was the one who envisioned pants station. what is so interesting is penn state should never have the same in pact on midtown that grand central did. we got a post office, macy's, one or two other things, couple of hotels, pennsylvania, new yorker, but not as svp and refused actions are vital that grand central triggered. [inaudible] >> absolutely. i had to meet more people interviewing me about the book. at the clock and everyone knew where it was.

the funny thing is when i met people at the clock, i would. late meet someone also ahead plant to meet. it's like being in the town square of new york pd standard terminal and everyone goes by. i don't know how accurate this really is, that something like 750,000 people passed through that terminal every day -- every weekday. what grand central opens, "the new york times" said sunday was his project needs to handle as many as 100 million passengers. in 2011, before sandy, it got up to 82 million growing it will probably hit 100 million in not too many years. i [inaudible] >> two questions.

the bulbs, are they environmentally friendly? that's a problem because of the rail but wanted to go polled said that where environmentally friendly, but also energy efficient to save money, the landmark preservation commission said you can't put those spiral fluorescent bulbs then. that's just totally out of character. so they had to find someone who developed holmes not totally bound like the original, but that the landmarks preservation commission said were okay. 1944 -- 1942% of the tourists who landed the enemy can send from a german u-boat and they rendezvoused at grand central terminal. more specifically went wanted to produce real theater to catch up on board news. talk about the banality of evil.

it's not editing the grand central targets for sabotage or not. one other thing i forgot to mention that grand central -- that justifies this a title of how a train station transformed america, the civil rights movement. the brotherhood really began at a meeting in harlem. [inaudible] >> the answer is i don't know. i don't think edison had a connection. it started in the 20s or are the latest 30s and kept going into the 50s then maybe early 60s.

[inaudible] >> is the perfect thing for people waiting for a train. you might not have had time to see gone with the wind, but you certainly could see a couple of newsrooms. [inaudible] >> it is a retail store of some sort and i think it is in the gray bar passage. something else in the gray bar passage that i just discovered recently that it's kind of weird. because standard time begin at grand central, there's a clock that if you're going from lexington avenue towards the main concourse, you can see under the clock engraved in the marble. assist eastern standard time because the railroad was so proud of the fact that eastern standard time had become it grand central. the problem is that is wrong

eight months or nine the year. they don't cover up the sign. the clocks are on daylight time, but the sign still says eastern standard. [inaudible] [inaudible] >> i think there would be an ongoing exhibit at the transit museum. both of grand central and possibly the one of proclaimed, too. frank, do you know? there is an exhibit in vanderbilt hall at the history of the station. one of the accused in games, it

can be just learned much. walk through the room and the florist for road, this marble floor. i said to someone by the throes the floor? turned out that was the main waiting room and he would be sitting on the benches with their feet impatiently waiting at carrefour is enough for her. >> i wanted to know about this story of the train car underneath grand central terminal that franklin roosevelt used to get at the waldorf astoria and a special elevator so no one could see he was handicapped. i [inaudible]

>> there is a train car, what looks thicker freight car, a baggage car that could well have pulled fdr's car. it is the size at which a car would say. the doors are wide enough. the car was that grand central no question. i looked at secret service logs the mid-1840s to confirm this. those of us took a train to the waldorf and went up into the hotel in part to avoid congestion and security reasons during the war and in part to hide the fact he had polio. it's not entirely clear whether that baggage car was used for his vehicle. one of the things in researching the book i discovered that just amazed me was whenever the president of the united states is in town now and staying at the waldorf, there is a fully

manned train running under the waldorf astoria, waiting to whisk them out of town and casey requires an emergency means of egress, in case there's some biological attack on the street for a traffic accident or congestion. there is a train waiting on duty, manned 24 hours a day when the president is in town to take him out. [inaudible] >> yeah, you can see a marrow of their. >> that's where the entrance was.

>> jacqueline kennedy is known -- [inaudible] i was wondering if you would know specifically what power she was able to garner in bringing energy together with people she now, what things dishing out a wide influence specifically to bring about? >> what she had was the power of public opinion. the city was this close to not appealing the court decision that said it overstepped its bounds legally in declaring grand central event. now a debate whether the mayor has the power to ban 32-ounce soft drinks. but that is the question of could the city exercise its police power? did declare each grand central a

landmark in building a revenue producing skyscraper constitute a taking under the law? she read that story and called daemon to support our society and with the municipal art society, with philip said, with fred hath heard, with a number of other people could add koch couple of pat moynihan's ballot public opinion and galvanized the movement to save great central. did that influence the court decisions themselves? one never knows. judges are somewhat swayed by public opinion, but it created the momentum to keep the appeal going, which it did until 1978 when the supreme court ultimately ruled and said this landmark law is valid and set the stage for landmark preservation over the country.

>> did anything ever happened to the benches in the waiting room? there's still some benches in the much, much smaller waiting area during the station master's office and trying to envision it. the west side of the terminal. some of those benches that they are. i don't know what happened to the other benches. the great mighty oak from little acorns benches. [inaudible] may be. >> i will find out. that's another thing i love learned in researching the book. i [inaudible] >> why don't you come up here? >> the reason i'm not so much as i might to her guide. the other benches or in the middle of the food court.

the middle of the staircase that goes down from the top. >> speaking of staircases. there is a secret staircase if you're standing in the middle of the main concourse, there is a secret air case and it reminded me of the orson welles movie, the third man, where he disappears into the kiosk and winds up in the series that bni. in the middle of the information that is a spiral staircase that goes down to the information booth on the lower level, which never see, can't see a little door that opens and vicious one of those fascinating things. the great staircase, the marble staircase on the eastern end of the main concourse when they're renovating grand central in the

90s, they discovered the original plans as the twin staircase on the west side. it's not entirely clear why that wasn't built. the prevailing wisdom is they figured he was going to go to the eastside? retentiveness, cow pastures. what do we need another staircase where? when you are restoring of landmark, can you put something back that wasn't there? that triggered an enormous philosophical debate of landmarks and preservation. it is slightly different from the east staircase because it had to conform with the americans with disabilities act. the width of the stores a little bit different from the original one on the eastside.

ibm mac >> one of the people about the station lived there. the campbell apartment, a great place to drink and watch yuppies drink -- [laughter] mr. campbell was on board of the red road and had a company that is a precursor of credit rating company. he did not live in that apartment. he could have lived in it because he was so big. he transported a medieval palace from italy or france and had it re-created their, which you can now see. i can't vouch for the fact he lived in a house in connecticut. he was a rather eccentric hair care however. among other things can be used to work at his desk with his

pants off because he was so obsessed with not having memory called company would take off his pants and hang them when he was at his desk. i'm not sure if you would want to get it to greet you when you walked into his office. but that was mr. campbell. >> did you speak to the possible coming transformation of the area around grants then show, which you know is going to happen? >> mayor bloomberg wants to rezone the area of come up so and so there can be more intolerant buildings. one of the problems is one of those updates are anachronistic. they are old, not particularly suited for high ceiling, for the internet.

there are some landmarks in that area of course the warehouse. the waldorf is a landmark come to some of the others. some in the area itb land tax. biggio club, graybar building, the roosevelt hotel.

given particulaparticula rly what's going on on the west side with the project. there's a lot of new space coming on line. >> the reason for this book became about 20 was on this reservation in the conference and there were 20 of us from arizona state university and demonstrators. one side of the wall was looking out and really looking out and zoning out to cause it was a

long meeting and what i saw was an armored car leaving the reservation and you can imagine that it was coming from the tribal casinos going to a bank. i thought how ironic as i sat there and began to ponder that, you can imagine 100 years ago, 100 years maybe a little more in the late 18 hundreds when the indians in and the population had dropped below 238,000. it was the thought that indian reservations were going to vanish. so it was the wagons that brought food and supplies onto the reservation and 100 years ago brought food and supplies to this reservation right here in 100 years later in 2013 you see now armored cars leaving the reservations so the vehicle literally turned 180 degrees around. you can imagine and so indeed it

is one of free building but strategically doing that. so it's been quite a chore for the gila indian reservation community and other indian nations who have gone into the indian gaming operations. here in the native american community and there are a lot of native communities and in fact there are 22 different indian nations in arizona and arizona is quite a large state because arizona in all of its vastness, there is actually a percentage is like 20% of the total land of arizona belongs to indian tribes. so you can imagine that the southwest, it's a very difficult place to live. as you can see there's a lot of desert and it's very harsh demanding land in the interesting part is made of people have learned how to survive in this area. the first part of it is really the natural resources because water in particular but cold

uranium and oil is under their land so in developing those, and it was really a difficult decision because the tribes were faced with well, how do you and why should you harvest the natural resources of mother earth? it's really much of their philosophy in a relationship with the earth because products came from the earth. very strategically and in good marketing organization and good leadership and very effective leadership they were able to manage their resources and then you have something else that comes along at the beginning of the 1970s. interestingly it came with the florida seminoles in the florida seminoles were first to come up with unregulated indian gaming and what that meant was that as other tribes saw them particularly the antigua of connecticut they travel to florida to see and to watch and

learn from the seminoles how did you guys do that in starting the indian gaming operation which was legal at the time. they took these ideas and suggestions back to connecticut and they came to recognize the tribe and obtained trust land which was the former reservation put into trust status and then began to build gaming operations which has since developed into the largest gaming operation in the entire world. so from that we have other tribes imitating and using the example of the florida seminoles and the antigua's and the foxwoods and you have something like you see behind me right here as a tribal casino. the interesting part of this in building the indian nations is most tribes who entered into the gaming operations did not succeed. in fact about 20% of those who would go into the indian gaming operations actually of that 20%

not that many but several have done quite well like the gila indian reservation here. so it's really good management, very impressive leadership and kind of knowing what you are doing in a very different world. in order to start something like this, in i indian communities have to actually have trust land so normally they have reservation so they have to have a reservation so tom sometimes they build off the reservation but it has to be land and you have to have that as a first step. trying to obtain land and put it into a trust is a very long and drawn out process and sometimes it's opposed by the communities and sometimes as opposed by even indian tribes. as that's done after after the long procedure then you have to have revenue. you have to have resources to start any type of business. gaming operations that are started and las vegas have financial backers so there are people like harris can see no

operation have wrought in indian tribes in starting their indian games operation but the interesting part is these financial backers want a profit so whatever the tribe makes in the first year than they take a certain percentage like 40% or perhaps even 60% of the general revenue while the tribe is left to pay the bills. security, road construction and the jack potter one and everything like that. they will have to be paid through money so the tribe is to deal with that. once they get over the of building and constructing something like this. starting on a smaller scale and building another casino that's even larger so what we have now and 2013 is actually kind of indian gaming like a second era

so the smaller gringos you don't see them anymore and you see large resorts and even more plush resorts. the interesting part of this is that tribes are thinking and they have these casinos conventions every year about how to go into the electric gaming because people are wanting to do gambling in two or three different ways at once so they're looking at electronic courts and electronic ipads or something like that so they can do two things like football games or basketball games at the same time. gaming in itself has gone into another kind of style or way of gaming and tribes are looking at that at the same time. the profits that are made when they realize the profits that your, then tribes usually have two things that they can do in one way or the other and one of them is really kind of paying out the payments sometimes in a monthly payment to tribal

members. it depends on how many tribal members they have. a lot of people want to be members of that tribe in particular. or they can do it maybe and quarter's like quarters of the year and maybe every three months. it would be made to tribal members so as that is one way. another way is that a lot of the tribes who invest in central gaming take that revenue and invested back into the tribe through scholarships and largely education because native leaders realized education is the key to the future especially for their youth. so they do that quite a bit. programs for the elderly, programs for medical, all kinds of things like that and sometimes it goes into hotels. sometimes the florida seminoles have purchased the chain of the hard rock cafe except for two

franchises. one is in london and another one i don't recall that they own the entire chain. so they're looking ahead to see if it's profitable and this is in capital. indian capitalism. it's a different capitalism because it's still part of the whole economy idea. the whole ideas with concept is one of taking care of the community, that everybody who is a member of the tribe and in the community or the reservation there making sure people that belong to this community have services, health, dental and educational opportunities. it's much like the state of verizon or any other state or even a corporation that you work for and they would have benefits for that. so indian gaming tribes were successful providing benefits to their people.

there is always controversies surrounding indian gaming and really i think to raise that question another way there is suspected controversial -- controversy around any gaming. tribes are making money but there may kenya in a bad way. they're making it at the expense of people who can't afford to gamble but when you look at that you can say the same thing of las vegas or atlantic city or any other place that likes gambling so there's always there is always that type of controversy and there is always the -- of organized crime. really that has been studied and proven that it is not. that's not to say that there couldn't be but is from proven largely that that's a false rumor. indian gaming does have its good things but if you think about it anything that is successful as an organization or a program or even as an individual there will always be numerous can

criticisms. when people read this book what i want them to see is to look at the glass being half full. half full and not the bottom half but the top half with optimism as they look at the success of the tribes building their nations. but a little bit more than that because if you look at the metaphor of the glass, the water glass being half full let's move it to a different context. the indian environment like a water board so the waterboard in which that was a drinking vessel long time ago for a lot of the tribes, then let's look at the water being half full and look at the optimism and all the positive things like rebuilding and the triumph over tragedy that indian nations have done in d.c. that. you can also look at some reservations who have not done well and so often america is

looked at reservations and from the historic stereotypes and 34 stereotypes and 34 negative. they are as many as six that are natural and six that are positive so if you think about the history of the united states and the tribes is really one in which people came here from europe in different parts of the world and colonized and tried to think wish native people who are fighting patriotically. they weren't resisting. resisting what? resisting colonization? is that something positive? they were pedro did we trying to defend their homeland. so in terms of their homeland in a very patriotic way that course there is this conflict and people who write the history. and the people who wrote the history are largely nonindian people so that is one of the reasons for this book.

let's look at the water being half filled. >> for more information booktv's recent visit to mesa arizona and at many other cities by their local content vehicles go to c-span.org/local content.