it seems to me that your recommendations are counterintuitive to where i think many americans want to go. i don't think that they are reaching to see china pain that

role either. >> the chinese don't want to play that role. it would much rather do free writing off of our back. we provide security in the get the economic benefit. if we're going to lead and there are interested in where we are going to inevitably we will become a bigger and bigger voice a bigger and bigger influence, and the trend is in that direction. it is not just pipelines. the chinese sovereign growth fund is massively investing in the middle east. the middle east sovereign funds i massively investing in china. so the question is, you know, the consequences of short run decisions, bought tickets for now. if we are signalling to the region we are leaving, if we are reducing our footprint, we have to try to a two lesson in the least of all is going to happen in our absence? >> well, on that note, that gen of the camera says it is time to

close. thank you so much for coming in today. it has been a very, very interesting conversation. thank you, again. thank you for the book. >> thank you. this is a great -- being with you. >> that was after words cannot book tv signature program in which authors of the lead is nonfiction books are interviewed by a journalist and a public policymakers, sledders' command others familiar with the material. airing every weekend on book tv at 10:00 p.m. on saturday, 12 and 9:00 p.m. on sunday, and of a.m. on monday. you can also watch online. get to booktv.org and click on after words in the book tv series and topics list on the upper right side of the page. >> george michael argues that independent terrorists like anders bearing, timothy mcveigh, and eric robert roth -- rudolph represent a new kind of warfare that will become far more prominent in the 21st century.

he also speaks about the reason boston marathon bombings. this 45 minute program starts now on book tv. [applause] >> good afternoon. before i begin i would like to think schwartz and the staff at the la blackberry -- library for hosting this afternoon and i would like to thank all of you for coming out its stake. today and going to talk about my most recent book, homegrown terror in the rise of resistance. the price of terrorism is undergoing significant change. notable trend in beating the prevalence of lone wolf attacks by individuals in small cells with little or no connections to larger groups. and so over the past several years several long wolf's incidents have gained headlines. for instance, in 2009 and

anti-abortion activist by the name most out reuter murdered a physician who performed late term abortions. in june of that same year a lone gunman, the number of longstanding right wing extremists opened fire at the u.s. holocaust museum in washington d.c. that, killed one guard. in november in muslim american psychiatrist and a u.s. army went on the shooting rampage in fort hood in texas. etiquette -- that attack killed 12 persons and left 31 wounded. more incidents followed in 2010. february attacks by the name of joseph stack planned -- flew his private plane into a building in austin texas which contained offices of the internal revenue service. lone wolf terrorism is not confined to the united states. july 2011 on the is bravely carried out a bombing and

subsequent shooting spree in norway. more recently in august of last year the nazi skinhead fatally shot six persons at a temple in wisconsin. so at a frequency of these lone wolf attacks indicate a shift in the nature of terrorism from organized groups to unaffiliated individuals. today i'm going to talk about this lone wolf resistance trend. what is a leaderless resistance? in essence it involves a kind of law will operation for which an individual or very small group engages in terrorism independently of any official movement, leader, or a support network. and to be effective as a strategic approach, the resistance a sense of multiple persons and groups share a common ideology and they are willing to act on the shared use in a violent manner. let me give you a brief outline

of my presentation. first i will explain some of the factors that i believe give rise to this low will trend. several technological and political factors are leading to the kind of militarization of terrorists and insurgent groups around the world today. so talk about geopolitical factors. specifically this notion of a new world order, sometimes referred to as the unipolar era in which one superpower predominates. this is really drastically changing, the security environment within which terrorists operate. after that i will talk about new technology and how it can be effectively utilized by small terrorist groups and low walls. then i will look at some case studies and including the american extreme-right and other radical environmentalist movement, the anti globalization movement and radical islam. next to my will talk about the implications of this resist this trend and weapons of mass destruction.

after that i will discuss the characteristics of a new face of terrorism and why it is moving in that direction of lidless resistance. and i will talk about some recent examples. first there will discuss the case a break in norway. after that will talk a little bit about chris garner and finally i will recap my main points in the conclusion. okay. first, let's look at geopolitics the collapse of the soviet union drastically changed the security environment within which terrorists operate. during the cold war the soviet union and several communist bloc states workover supporters of terrorism. and initially after the cold war at the end of the cold war terrorism went into steep decline. large part due to several leading terrorist groups lost imperial support from communist states. so this development works against the viability of large

terrorist organizations. they are more vulnerable to disruption because governments increasingly are coordinating their counter-terrorism efforts with the united states. and for obvious reasons, this trend accelerated after september 11th. as to be expected in the aftermath, the federal government moved support from the american public and implemented more vigilant measures to root out terrorists at home and abroad. for instance, the u.s. patriot act was signed into law in october of 2001. in 2003 the department of homeland security was created. furthermore, after september 11th there has been greater intelligence sharing. not only between federal agencies, but also with state and local law-enforcement agencies as well. and despite differences to after september 11th, foreign governments increased their coordination of a counter-terrorism efforts with the united states. moreover, new technology has

enhanced the government's ability to monitor potential terrorist and their supporters. so as a consequence of a large terrorist groups are increasingly vulnerable to disruption. but that said, small groups and low walls are still able to mount terrorist operations. so some aspects of new technology actually favor the terrorist. the internet. at the center of an ongoing revolution in communications and networking. the medium enables new forms of organization and greater dissemination of information. the dark side of the internet is that it can be used by terrorists and extremists movements to disseminate their propaganda. terrorist groups and sympathizers can communicate with one another, raise money demand plan and coordinate operations. so the internet enables geographically dispersed people to collaborate on projects, including insurgency in

terrorism. so through the internet like-minded people can find information about a particular ideology. and what is crucial in holding this -- these decentralize circles together, these networks together is a shared ideology. shared doctrine enables these networks to maintain their sense of cohesion and purpose. furthermore, the rise of the so-called new media has really led to a diffusion of soft power around the world today. the democratization of the media has empowered many people who previously would not have had much voice in the marketplace of ideas. for instance, a website such as youtube, people can bypass the mainstream media and post videos that are being mixed directly to the public. and terrorist groups can take advantage of these platforms by posting videos that exhort their fellow travelers to commit

violent acts. so the internet facilitates leaderless resistance and the number of ways. for one thing, the internet enables covert communications and great and in many. the cost of the internet is low, and that allows for greater access to the medium. the internet enables dissident groups to circumvent restrictions on speech. such as. in the internet can also serve as a recruiting mechanism and has worked nicely with some groups. through websites a person can become a true believer of an ideology without any formal connection to the organization. furthermore, websites conserve to instigate terrorism without any specific connection to the perpetrators. for example, in the late 1990's there was a website called the number of files.

it was operated by an anti-abortion activist in oregon. the site listed the names and addresses of physicians who perform abortions. and this site contained these unsettled suggestions that there should be some kind of retribution against them. so when a doctor was killed his name was crossed analyst. so various friends and technology and networking are contributing to the miniaturization of terrorists and inserting groups around the world today. dole now going to some of the case studies. first of the american extreme-right. at the present time the american extreme-right is a small movement. does not really have broad base support. and the extreme right faces repression from both the government and private monetary organizations such as the southern poverty law center and the anti-defamation league presents as a consequence the

extreme right cannot really conduct any kind of sustained organized terrorist campaign. i have a picture on the screen there of the compound in waco texas, back in 1993. although it really wasn't a right wing group, those people and the extreme right subculture interpreted the rate as a message from the federal government that would have no compunction about repressing dissident groups. so the leaderless resistance concept really crystallized in the extreme right subculture back in 1992. in that year, a longstanding activist published the seminal vesicle leaderless resistance. in it he argued that the traditional hierarchical organizational structure was untenable under current conditions. as he reasoned in a technologically advanced society such as contemporary america,

the government could use electronic surveillance and other methods to penetrate dissident groups and then revealed a chain of command. from there the organizations would be effectively neutralized from within by infiltrators. so as a strategic alternative the men vote to a small cell model of organization. applying this model he argued that it was the responsibility of the individual to acquire the necessary skills and information to carry out what needed to be done. some members would take action when and where they saw fit. as being -- as was pointed out, leaderless as the -- resistance approach was an intelligent miner for authorities because it would be too difficult to impose trade all of these numerous cells. so, that as it was disseminated through computer networks to the 1990's. and is revolutionary approach quickly caught on in the extreme right subculture and other

people elaborated on it. for example, richard kelly, eight christian identity minister popularized alone will approach in a book that he wrote called vigilantes' of christian them. in the book he wrote about so-called priests and how they metered out justice throughout history. not long after the publication of his book several right-wing terrorists identifying themselves carried out numerous criminal acts including robbery. however, their name appears more as a kind of state of a mind rather than of formal organization. another person who contributed to low will approach was the late dr. william l. pierce. he was a leader of the neo-nazi organization called the national alliance located hillsborough, west virginia. but years ago he wrote a book called the turner diaries. and it is a novel about an underground terrorist group that precipitates a race war that doubles as america.

in florence over timothy mcveigh who carried out of the most lethal act of terrorism prior to september 11th. that is to say, the oklahoma city bombing. he did not belong to a group, but he did have at least two accomplices. william pierce wrote a sequel to the tennant diaries, called hunter. it is worth mentioning that the radical environmentalist movement has used the leaderless resistance approach as well. a leading figure in the radicalization of the environmentalist movement was at work -- edward abbey. he began selling billboards in new mexico in 1958. and in the early 70's other groups to follow suit with similar operations. for example, there was a group called the decorators. they cut down billboards and destroyed newly constructed homes in the area of tustin, arizona. and their exploits became the

model for a gang of activists depicted in a book called the monkey wrench gang. that was written by edward abbey. that novel is believed to have inspired some environmentalists to seek a more radical vehicle for their activism. this culminated with the creation of earth first in 1980. so over the years the movement became more prone to vandalism. this led to the creation of even more radical spin of organizations. for example, earth liberation front was founded in england in 1992. not long thereafter the united states. members, they pursue a so-called direct action approach to saving the environment. that involves things like sabotage and vandalism. it is essentially a leaderless movement. rather than having a formal member, the guidelines, they produce these guidelines that exert activists to cause

economic damage to those that they believed the spoil the environment. now, today ecotourism has not been very lethal, but it has been quite costly. there is much overlap in the between echo extremists and the radical animal liberation movement. in 1976 the animal liberation front was founded. it was founded in mainland. it made its way to the united states. the organization's stated goal is to stop animal suffering through direct action. that includes rescuing animals from laboratories and inflicting damage on those facilities that use animals. there is no formal members. rather, activists are bound together by an ideology. finally, it is worth mentioning the unabomber, ted kosinski. later years he is bounced and anti technology and neology. the final years of his campaign

he reached out to the environmentalist movement. he really a simplified the law will terrorist. from 1978 to 1995 he carried a series of attacks by sending out packages containing bombs which ultimately killed three persons and injured 23 others. scattered elements of the anti globalization movement had taken up the leaderless resistance team as well. in the fall of 1999 diverse talents of the into globalization movement converged in the city of seattle to disrupt an important meeting of the world trade organization or the wto. and through the internet, various groups and activists were able to coordinate their efforts and a swarm or come together. so, the so-called battle of seattle was seen as a model for subsequent leaderless protests. now, previously left-wing revolutionary movements were supposed to be led by vanguard

parties with a centralized structure. but today there are at least that works of movements that seek to affect change. for example, anarchist's oppose the current capitalist version of globalization and seek to replace it with an alternative globalization based on socialism the anonymous group is an example of left-wing internet activism. members maintain online anonymity and conduct civil disobedience online with the primary goal of promoting internet freedom. for example, to a dozen 11, anonymous hackers attacked paypall, mastercard, and he said after they froze the accounts of wikileaks to make controversial website that publishes news leaks and secret classified information. it was created by the embattled australian journalist julien paul astonish.

the global islamic resistance movement has endured despite a multinational effort to eradicate after september 11th since the war in afghanistan commenced in october 2001, al qaeda has been moving toward a more decentralized approach to terrorism. and this new movement is sometimes referred to as al qaeda two. zero as differentiated from al qaeda central. basically it involves loosely affiliated groups that have low or no formal connection to the central organization. but they commit acts of terrorism on their own initiative. and the final years of his life he served as an inspirational figure rather than an actual command. he counseled muslims that gian was an individual do for every muslim that was capable of going

to war. so taking that idea one step further, a member of al qaeda by the name of obol mossad advanced the strategy of decentralization to fit contemporary conditions. shortly before he was apprehended in 2005 he released an online book called a global islamic resistance call. and in his book he proposed a strategy to of individual terrorism in which self-contained cells implemented war on their own initiative without direction from al qaeda central. he argued that it was folly for edgy hottest to fight from fixed locations because the units could be tracked and destroyed by western military forces. furthermore, he thought the traditional hierarchical model is outdated because of authorities capturing one member and then putting the whole organization a brisk.

instead, he advises islamists to focus in their own countries of residence rather than trying to make the long journey to afghanistan. just focus on the country in which you currently reside. a few years ago mark says monroe the book called leaderless geoid. and in it he explained that al qaeda new modus operandi is to advertise the demands for terrorist operations on the internet in the hope that local networks will carry out attacks without guidance from the central organization. each cell may pursue its own terrorist activities for their own local reasons, but by doing so they promote the grand strategy of al qaeda. a few examples illustrate this approach. for example, in march 2010 al qaeda american spokesman praised the fort hood killer. called him an ideal will model

whose lone wolf terrorism should be emulated. and in june of 2011 he appeared in another video in which he urged muslims and america to purchase guns and carry and attacks on their own initiative. take advantage of america's liberal firearms laws to purchase guns. another important to the hottest frequently appeared in the new media. his sermons are broadcast on sites such as youtube. he was killed in a draw on strike in august of 2011. he exerted strong influence on random jihadist including the ford a killer with whom he exchanged e-mail several times before the attack and for good. some people dismiss this notion of global terrorism as mainly a nuisance and say it can be

pretty much handled effectively by law enforcement, but it is worth mentioning that it is directed possible for small cells and even individuals to cause a lot of damage today due to the greater availability of weapons of mass destruction. so what makes leaderless resistance so potentially dangerous is the prospect of an individual or small cell obtaining a weapon of mass destruction or employing innovative tax to cut tactics in a legal matter. the ultimate terrace, a harvard professor, jessica stern arguing that the likelihood of terrorists using a weapon of mass destruction today is greater than it was in the past for several reasons. for one thing, such weapons are more readily available today than they were in the past. there has been a steady dissemination of dual-use equipment, and that enables the production of chemical and biological weapons. moreover, the motivations of terrorists are changing.

monetarists are more likely to be inspired by these apocalyptic and extremists ideologies rather than the secular ideologies that informed earlier terrorists. and it is believed that this will increase the proclivity to use weapons of mass destruction. for his part, osama bin laden explicitly stated his ambition to acquire weapons of mass destruction on more than one occasion. but be that as it made, despite efforts that span over a decade, there is credible evidence that his organization ever succeeded in acquiring nuclear weapons. but with the psychological hurdles to obtain nuclear-weapons so i terrorists could settle for less sophisticated alternatives. for small groups and lone wolves intent on inflecting nuclear terrorism, they could apply at dirty bomb. that would be a feasible option. rebought basically consists of

radioactive material conjoined with a conventional explosive and when detonated it disperses harmful radiation. an american affiliate with al qaeda was implicated in a dirty pots some years ago. by terrorism is well within the reach of small terrorist groups. today the most worrisome case of buyer terrorism involved in tax. lone wolf could potentially use anthrax to lethal effect as evidenced by the case of bruce ivans. shortly after september 11 to waves of letters laced with anthrax were sent to two u.s. senators and some media outlets in florida. and by early november 20015 persons had died from the contaminated letters. another 17 were second. moreover, it cost the government a few billion dollars for the subsequent cleanup.

so if the government's case against ivins is to be believed it illustrates the destructive potential of law will terrorism and violence. chemical weapons, though less lethal, are probably the most likely choice for terrorists because the hurdles for their employment are much lower than for nuclear or biological attacks. the first terrorist group to mount a major attack using chemical weapons was the japanese called function ring go. in march of 1995 members of the cold released sarin gas in a tokyo subway. that attack killed five persons and injured over 5,000 more. one, as proposition is that vital parts of the infrastructure could be targeted by attacking these critical systems terrorists could wreak economic and political havoc. the power industry in particular is vulnerable to system destruction. pipelines are also vulnerable to

sabotage because they are largely unprotected. so long loaves and small groups could attack these various soft targets. throughout history various political, social, and ecological factors have influenced the construct of strategy. over the past decade's the occurrence of state to state conflict has been steadily declining. however, a great deal of conflict still persists within states. recent trends suggest that we could be on the cusp of a new type of terrorism and insurgency , which is being driven mainly by technology. unique innovations that we see today, the virgins of human networks and how they influenced contemporary conflicts. one important social trend is the change in how communities are formed. new technology, including self

phones and internet makes networking across national borders a lot easier and cheaper than in the past. and so this development has resulted in a potentially larger pool of followers from which extremists and terrorist movements can recruit. so, the case studies examined in the study, that is to say the extreme right, the radical environmentalist movement, the anti globalization movement and radical islam increasingly see their struggles and global terms so, for each of these movements it is the 11th-hour which demands that they act quickly or else the forces of globalization will destroy what they see as their cherished communities. so, this encroaching process of globalization will undoubtedly generate some opposition from those people who feel threatened with the loss of identity and culture. and so, here the internet has been important because it allows

this crew to spread their message and exchange ideas. so, the rise of the new media has ushered in a new era of communications which allows for much greater and broader participation for users. not only in the spirit of social networking, terrorism and and services as well. so the main characteristic of this new face of terrorism is the increase in power and capabilities of the smaller and smaller entities. although the groups have espouse certain causes, may be small and seemingly inconsequential, nevertheless they can potentially generate quite a bit of destructive power. so, as the frequency of loan will terrorism in the news headlines suggest, leaderless resistance has become the most common tactical approach to political violence in the west. terrorism appears to be moving in the direction of leaderless resistance.

and this new technology continues to spread along with the capabilities of developing weapons of mass destruction, just a few angry people now have the potential to cause unprecedented may have. some of the perpetrators cannot these lone wolves could be more aptly described as deserters. people were just basically run off the deep end. but as it is conceivable that a new breed of more dangerous loan wolves could emerge in the future. and in the case which illustrates this possibility. according to its on-line manifesto he spent nine years methodically planning is a tax. he explained how he procured firearms and stashed cash is a weapons. all the while he evaded suspicion from authorities. for the first part of his attack he placed a bomb that exploded at the offices of the prime

minister. the second part of his attack was a shooting spree in the summer camp where labor party leaders and their children. presumably the attacks were intended to send a message to the government that he disapproved of the liberal immigration policy. the new media figured very prominently. shortly before he began his attack he up loaded an electronic book on the internet call 2083, at declaration of independence. and in addition the uploaded a video on youtube that was tiled the knight templar are 23. a video that contained numerous references to the islamic do are interspersed with these iconic image is of crusaders. now, years ago the unabomber employed the major newspapers to publish his manifesto in order

to ensure maximum exposure to his ideas. he was able to take advantage of the internet and post his manifesto on line and by doing so he could bypass the major media outlets. the notoriety stemming from the taxi predicted would serve as a kind of marketing and for his manifesto. more recent episodes of low will terror appears to have been motivated by personal grievances . in february of this year chris garner went on a 1-man rampage which left four dead and four others wounded. his campaign of violence is significant because it has some more recent developments. on his facebook page you posted a rambling manifesto that explained in detail the reason for his attack and the grievances that spurred him on.

although he was driven primarily by personal grievances he could not resist framing his campaign in clause i political terms. politics is difficult to pigeonhole. on the one hand his manifesto creates leading democratic politicians. he espoused liberal positions with no apparent sense of irony. he defended gun-control and praised senator dianne feinstein for her efforts in that area of legislation. express support for new republicans as well. he even lamented that his favorite candidate, john houseman, fail to receive his party's nomination now despite episodes of erratic violence some observers dismissed the loan will trend as primarily a nuisance. some people argue that it could

be more aptly consigned to the field of abnormal psychology. nevertheless even persons to have psychological problems can commit acts of violence motivated in part by political ideologies. in fact, they may prove to be some of the most susceptible to extremists exultations to violence. after all, people with a stake in the system have something to lose and may be less likely to risk death. he conceded that he was under severe depression and suggested that his brain should be preserved after his death in order to study the effect of severe depression on the brain. and in his own words, he explained that he had nothing to lose, a trade he said was behind the success -- successful movement that had pitted the u.s. military over the years including al qaeda and the viet

cong. so the growing popularity of the new media and their expanding set of platforms, things such as web for all -- they really democratized the creation and distribution of information. and to be sure this development has enriched our lives in many ways. it is not any person with a grievance can use these platforms in conjunction with violence as a method to bring dramatic attention to his cause. so in one sense boehner succeeded in that the chief of the l.a. police, charlie beck, announced that the department could reopen the case which boehner referenced in his manifesto. his online sympathizers that created facebook pages in his honor and collectively received over 30,000 lakes in just a very short amount of time. in a bizarre attributes of the creative video game.

why testing by the level at -- level of online encouragement his rampage could be a harbinger of more may have to come as more and more disaffected lone wolves results of violence to get their messages out to a larger audience. so several trends, including more intrusive surveillance, increased intelligence sharing and greater international cooperation all work against large terrorist groups. new technology, namely the internet enables greater networking of people dispersed around the world, including extremists and terrorists and several extremist subcultures feel existentialist threatened by the historical process of globalization, and they are willing to fight against governments and parties believed to be its agents. finally, the greater availability of weapons of mass destruction and an increasing

number of soft targets could make a loan will terrorism highly destructive in the future at this time if you have any questions i will be glad to try to answer them as best i can. wait until this tournament and when the microphone over. >> given the fact that one of the suspects had a connection in russia was wondering if you doubt that the rise of law will terror might lead to greater cooperation between governments in order to monitor the activities of individuals as much as groups. >> yes. this gentleman brought up the most recent case of boston. the two brothers. yes, they were -- the older brother had made a trip to russia back in 2012. they are originally from

kazakhstan to my belief. and i think this will lead to greater cooperation. as i mentioned 04, after 911 with respect to the iraqi government's, overreaching in its authority by prosecuting against saddam. nevertheless, there has been tremendous cooperation between these governments, not only between traditional allies like great britain and germany and france, but also russia. despite some differences that have quite a bit of cooperation. in fact, using the case in boston at the request of the russian government, the united states, the fbi conducted an investigation into the older brother. that information was given back to the russians. at least that is what i read over the past couple of days. so i think this will definitely create increased cooperation between governments and intelligence sharing and counter-terrorism policy.

>> why in your opinion do you think american citizens choose to act in this way and trade over? become terrorist? >> the young man had a question about adam did on. why some young people renounce their country and become terrorists. he is an interesting figure. from california. he converted to islam back in 1995. he made his way to pakistan in 98. very interesting figure because although he is an american, over the past few years he has emerged as the al qaeda spokesman on the internet. he seems to have exhibited quite a bit of alienation. his parents were kind of like flower children. he was well schooled. he did not really have many friends. the fact that he was often described as a very bright young man. some, yeah, there are a lot of

trends today. they leave people feeling alienated. the process of globalization. i think it has undermined certain cultures. an identity for some people, and that can be a very fearful proposition for some people. they excel and extremist movements that gives them a sense of identity. and so i think for that reason and others that is why some young people are connected to dissident movements like al qaeda and radical islam. >> my question is due to the fact that there is an increase, do you think that there is any specific method that they could use to decrease the possibility of these threats? do you think it is just a threat that has been rising? >> yes. the and men have a question of loan will terrorism. essentially what can be done to

mitigate this problem. there are a few things that can be done. it is worth mentioning that low walls, although they may act alone, they may be self radicalized, they do not live in a vacuum. there are people within their friends, fellow students and so forth. and some people, i think, can be aware of these kind of red lights and a possible danger signs. more research that could be done to try to understand radicalization process, why some people susceptible to these movements. with respect to these red flags, some will espouse radical positions, where do we draw a line? we have a very strong first amendment tradition in the united states, a tradition of free speech and there is nothing illegal about holding unpopular opinions coming extremist opinions. but that said, there can be some measures taken to try to understand those people who might be susceptible to

extremist. law-enforcement can investigate people like that. they are limited to what they can do until there is strong evidence that a person really has the intention of carrying out terrorism. but since september 11th the fbi operates under something called the attorney general's guidelines. there were actually put in place in 1976. in essence the fbi cannot really commenced an investigation into an extremist terrorist group until there is evidence of a so-called crow predicate. a criminal predicate, the threshold for that is below probable cause. authorities have to have some kind of articular double reason why they decide to investigate a group. since september 11th those guidelines have been read calibrated and it is no easier for the fbi and law enforcement agencies to get that kind of information. i was reading an article the other day. the fbi actually set up a bogus

extremist site. one young man was the victim of a sting operation. he basically was corresponding with the operators of the website. unbeknownst to him there were actually fbi agents and he was arrested for getting involved in some kind of terrorist attack. >> one of your points was that the rise of technology is decreasing globalization and recruitment. would you say that this recruitment would lead to hierarchal structures making a comeback? these lone wolves get together and get people on their side? would you say they make a comeback? >> the young lady and a question about the changing structure of terrorist organizations. as i mentioned earlier, terrorist groups are moving away from a hierarchical model. more of an amorphous

organizational structure. she was asking of with the increasing number, could be possible for them to coalesce and create new organizations with hierarchal structures? that is probably unlikely. the only time something like that could really happen is when terrorist groups operate in places where the states are not very strong, places like afghanistan or the tribal areas. they're really isn't the presence of the long arm of the law. in situations like that you can have groups that flourished and take on the structure of your traditional hierarchical organizations. because of the tremendous surveillance and increased surveillance, interested measures like that will be very difficult for those traditional hierarchical organizational models to converge.

okay. thank you. thank you for coming up to my lecture. if you have anymore questions or want to talk to me, i'll be glad to do that. thank you very much. [applause] >> book tv is on facebook. like us to interact with book tv guests and yours, watch videos commanded up-to-date information on events. facebook.com/booktv. >> author shirley would house murdoch's next. she talks about her book along this flight, the story of two pilots to embark on a historic endurance flight in an effort to reopen the local air base. there remained in the air for 47 days. >> it was a small airport back in the '20s. the military came in and established a training base during the second world war.

originally it was the army air corps and then it became the u.s. airforce, and it was a very active base and it was quite in a tribute to yuma until after the second world war ended and it closed and everybody laughed. we were not a war anymore and it was thought that they did not needed anymore. and the same thing was happening with the proving ground. it was closing down. the little town had about 9,000 in population and it was dwindling because there was no construction. tourism and not been established yet as an interesting thing. the town had not a very bright future. so with a population of 9,001 going, the junior chamber of commerce that something has to be done. we have to attract attention to our good weather and try to get the air base reactivated. they came up with an endurance light. the chamber of commerce convention in parker arizona, up

about 80 miles from here. they were members of the junior chamber of commerce. one of them was manager of the local radio station. he was always promoting yuma and try to think of things to do. they said two of those men. two of them knew of an endurance fight going on in southern california. two men were trying to stay aloft for about a thousand hours and brick a world-record. a couple of them said, i know one of those pilots. we can do that. we could do that. we can show the whole world that there is good flying weather every day. attract attention to that because every time the flight would be mentioned there was going to be a mention of the town and get the military interested in reactivating the air base. that is how the idea was born. one of the man in the car was an ex navy pilot. he said, oh, that's a good idea. you find an airplane and will

flight. well, the manager and owner of the agency. he did not feel that he could take the time away from that business. they tried to think of another pilot. the thought about what house it was also an ex navy pilot. he knew him well. bob was my brother. so he became, for that reason, he became one of the two pilots. they found an airplane. it was loaned to them, a new airplane was loaned to them by two men were partners in a aaa amusement company it was called. it was a fourth place airplane. it took up the two backseats in the right-hand seat and put a caught in, sort of a mattress for the off-duty pilot. they took turns, four hours each client. the off-duty pilot can sleep or exercise or do some of the chores involved with the gasoline and oil. so they trained, practiced in and figure out how to handle refueling and have to stay aloft

zero weeks and weeks and weeks. they first took off in may of 1949. and they had some engine trouble after just two or three days. so their first attempt failed. and then they get in august to try again. a state of several days. then they had another major problem. it was hot. a really hot here. people said, enough going to try it. oh, yes. we will go up to a 3,000 feet, go up for is cool. took a few months to get parts and repairs done, but then they took off on the 24th of august and never touched the ground until the tenth of october. they went to phoenix a couple of times. there were supposed to drop a package to somebody in phoenix. one hour to san diego and ticked up the beach is a couple times. they stayed locally most of the time, except for one night when my brother was taking a nap. what was the pilot at the moment. the kind of dozed off.

they went down to mexico. at night before you realized it was going on. you look up and said worry. i don't know. the pilot. another thing those let's look like yuma. the refueling was pretty interesting it was a friend of our family and my later marry that own the brand new buick convertible which she had just bought. sitting right here. but for $2,800. he had my brother start practicing with it, the car and with an airplane to see how the refueling of work. turned out that they took some clean cans from a dairy, two and a half gallon capacity and wired the bail handle on took. the off-duty pilot sitting on the right could reach down. abandoned air base, whatever direction they wanted to go. go around 65 miles-per-hour.

the crew from the car would hand at the gasoline. the up to the pilot would reach down and pick up. maybe for cans. then they would do more and more runs until they had enough to last about 12 hours later. they were reviewing a six in the morning and six meeting. later in the end of the fight the increased and had one in the wee hours of the morning because the engine getting kind of tired and it did not want to much weight in the airplane. they change that. then they would make a pass around, make a circle around for a second run. the off-duty pilot would put a gasoline from the can into a big reserve tank that had been installed and and the antis down on the next round pick up more full intake of food and paving equipment. a little bit of a change of clothing. they could go whatever direction they wanted to, according to the

wind. as my brother said, 500 acres of asphalt abandoned. the crew was all volunteer. everything was done volunteer. meals were prepared by a local restaurant and delivered to the airport by the police. everything -- there was an update our involved in the whole project. it was just -- the spirit of human was involved. every little old lady in town but there were winking back at her, her porch light. there were the heroes of the day. they started getting national attention at some point as they neared the breaking the record. there was a program called news of the world and radio. he got involved at about the time they broke the record. he actually interviewed the pilots by radio every night the newsreels done involved at some point in time, probably kind of

light and the flight. they had an news service that they received. ms. pepper clippings from 32 different countries. it did give or wide attention. it landed on the tenth of october. and the whole town, when they broke the record the old town, the lights went out, everything turned off. i missed all that because i was away a school. when the actual record was broken every siren and train whistle and george bell and car horn, everything made noise. it was pretty exciting. big parties and the big parades and celebrations in the city. they did not complain about anything. the people asked if they were bored. they said, no, there was enough to do. they somehow did not complain about anything. and neither did the wives complain. they both have jobs. yet there were out there for all of refueling.

they took it really well. they lost a little bit of weight. they had a pretty good diet plan. they lost a few pounds. there were thin. there were not overweight. it was not serious, but it did happen. >> would ultimately ended up happening to the base? >> it reopened within a little more than a year. 1951 may reopen then became active. now every military -- every navy or marine pilot in the country train's rear. commanding officers of both bases give a great deal of credit to the publicity that the flight brought to bring the air base back in the proving grounds reopened again. and the city when for 9,000 to -- i think last i heard was 110, probably more than that now. >> what happens to the plan? >> well, unfortunately it was sold. nobody knows why in the world the city that the pain away, but it did then my dear friend who was the

co-author of the book with me, he and another man decided to try to trace it down through the faa. they went through the records of 19 different owners during those years, about 50 years. they were in advance of the 50th anniversary of the flight. it found your plan and minnesota on by former. he had floats on a tall and the like. the chamber of commerce got involved and purchased it from the man. he was willing to sell it because he realized it is important. so they went there in a u-haul truck and brought it back and spent about two years restoring it to its original condition, a paint job and everything. it has been in storage for years without a good home. the mayor said before he was elected, if i am elected i will find a home for that airplane. eventually it was arranged to be put year in city hall.

in my husband and i decided to let what the city use the card. we found the car. the refueling car was worn out. about 1500. >> starts and stops. it was totally one out. eventually my husband and i found another car, same model and restarted back to the same color and red leather seats and everything and have loaned it indefinitely to the city. >> what has happened to the city of those pilots had not gone in that land? >> it probably would have struggled along. maybe eventually tourism would have become a matter of interest , but certainly nothing like an happened with the military. those pilots were like our astroids. it was a local big deal in a huge difference in the future. >> for more information on book tv recent visit to yuma, ariz., and many other cities visited by our local content vehicles go to c-span.org / local content.

>> mrs. grant was also, you know, they had this extraordinary roller-coaster. for most of their lives euless was regarded as an abject failure unable to provide for his own family. then in almost no time at all suddenly he was the most popular man in the country, the man who had saved the union on the battlefield. ..

argues choice. is bad for american democracy. this program is a little over an hour. [applause] >> thank you. not just for hosting this event put for having it here where so much great stuff happened. and i want to thank those who made this book possible. our